Abstract
Background: Closed loop bi-hormonal artificial pancreas systems, such as the artificial pancreas (AP™) developed by Inreda Diabetic B.V., control blood glucose levels of type 1 diabetes mellitus patients via closed loop regulation. As the AP™ currently does not classify postures and movements to estimate metabolic energy consumption to correct hormone administration levels, considerable improvements to the system can be made. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the possibility to use the current system to identify several postures and movements. Methods: seven healthy participants took part in an experiment where sequences of postures and movements were performed to train and assess a computationally sparing algorithm. Results: Using accelerometers, one on the hip and two on the abdomen, user-specific models achieved classification accuracies of 86.5% using only the hip sensor and 87.3% when including the abdomen sensors. With additional accelerometers on the sternum and upper leg for identification, 90.0% of the classified postures and movements were correct. Conclusions: The current hardware configuration of the AP™ poses no limitation to the identification of postures and movements. If future research shows that identification can still be done accurately in a daily life setting, this algorithm may be an improvement for the AP™ to sense physical activity.
Highlights
Closed loop bi-hormonal artificial pancreas systems, such as the artificial pancreas (APTM) developed by Inreda Diabetic B.V. (Goor, The Netherlands), fully regulate blood glucose levels of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients by administration of insulin and glucagon using a closed loop regulator as shown in Figure 1 [1]
Because performing physical activity influences blood glucose levels based on the intensity of the activity [3], the APTM control system allows for changing insulin administration levels at different activity magnitudes [2]
The highest mean classification accuracy of 87.3% was achieved with user-specific models using the APTM
Summary
Closed loop bi-hormonal artificial pancreas systems, such as the artificial pancreas (APTM) developed by Inreda Diabetic B.V. (Goor, The Netherlands), fully regulate blood glucose levels of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients by administration of insulin and glucagon using a closed loop regulator as shown in Figure 1 [1]. (Goor, The Netherlands), fully regulate blood glucose levels of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients by administration of insulin and glucagon using a closed loop regulator as shown in Figure 1 [1]. The mainframe and transmitters contain tri-axial accelerometers that sense physical activity [2] using a sampling frequency of 20 Hz as a measure of the metabolic consumption rate to adjust the hormone administration algorithm. The current physical activity sensing method can be improved as the current implemented method of data processing 4.0/). The current physical activity sensing method can be improved as the current implemented method of data processing entailsheavily heavilydown-sampled down-sampled1D information.FurtherFurtherentails more,other otherfactors factorsthat thatare areofofinfluence influenceon onblood bloodglucose glucosedynamics, dynamics,such suchasassleeping sleeping[4],
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