Field Crop Rotation Research Articles

Humus balance in a short crop rotation of Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine depending on fertilization systems of typical chornozemic soil

Four year research (2015–2018) at Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University proved that plant residues and non-market products of the field five course grain row rotation are important sources for soil humus formation. On the unfertilized areas, fertilized withn8 t/ha of animal manure + N76P64K57, 12 t/ha of animal manure + N95P82K72 and 16 t/ha of animal manure + N112P100K86 humus percentage formed due to humification of plants matter was correspondently 51.4; 40.3; 37.7 and 36.1 %, with animal manure – 0; 15.3; 17.2 and 18.7 %, with by-products of farming – 44.0; 40.8; 41.7 and 42.1 %, with herbage of white mustard – 4.6; 3.6; 3.4 and 3.1 %. With the increase of fertilizers level this index regarding plants matter and green manure decreases, while animal manure provides for the index slight increase. On the unfertilized areas humus balance under cultivated crops as sunfl ower and corn is negative, but under other crops in rotation it is positive. On the fertilized areas under all crops this index is positive. When applying the biggest amount of fertilizers, annual gain in soil humus is 1.1 t/ha. Humus balance is negative on all the variants of research under the condition of disposal of non-market products from the fi elds of crop rotation. Along with plants matter, plant by-products and herbage of white mustard the amount of humus provided to the soil was equal to the application of correspondently 14–33, 12–36 and 1.3–2.6 t of animal manure per hectare of tilled fi eld. Under zero, the fi rst, the second and the third levels of soil fertilization, soil received correspondently 4.08; 5.98; 7.46 and 8.73 t of plants matter 68–71 % of which are root and the others are above surface. The percentage of by-products of crops in the rotation increases with fertilizers amount increase. Soy, winter wheat, sunfl ower and spring barley have a bigger gain in above surface rather than root mass due to increase of fertilizers amount. The highest productivity from one hectare of tilled fi eld in a crop rotation (5.63 t of dry matter, 7.84 t of fodder units, 0.671 t of digestible protein) is gained due to application of 16 t/ha of animal manure + N112P100K86, though the most economically viable amount is 12 t/ha animal manure + N95P82K72. Key words: humus balance, soil, fertilizers, crop, by-products, plants matter, crop rotation, grain crops, index of ecologization, productivity.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ОРГАНОМИНЕРАЛЬНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ УДОБРЕНИЙ С ЦЕЛЬЮ ИНАКТИВАЦИИ ТЯЖЕЛЫХ МЕТАЛЛОВ ПРИ ВЫРАЩИВАНИИ КАРТОФЕЛЯ В СТЕПНОЙ ЗОНЕ САМАРСКОГО ЗАВОЛЖЬЯ

The aim of the research is increasing the productivity of potatoes via the use of organic fertilizers. Research was carried out on crop rotation fields with potato plantations of Arnica and Arosa breeds. The distance between the ridges is 75 cm, the ridge height is 18-20 cm, and the distance between seats in a row is 24 cm. In the applied crop rotation, potato was planted on fallow steam. The object of study is the soil of the upper farm field (0-30 cm). The results of applying programmed soil fertilizers for potato plants consisting of background mineral fertilizers N120P150K300 and manure in doses of 20 t/ha and 60 t/ha for four experimental plots with an area of 210 ha are pre-sented. Determination of heavy metal content was performed within the certified laboratory of the Federal state Uni-versity «Station of agro-chemical service «Samara» by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Based on the results of heavy metals mobile forms in the soil, a concentration coefficient was calculated, which showed that the actual av-erage value exceeds the background level. The lead concentration coefficient amounting to 1.6 – indicates the ac-cumulation of the element on the research area. Organo-mineral fertilizer N120P150K300+manure 60 t / ha allows you to restore the balance of mould on the research ordinary Chernozem, get an increase in yield of 4.1-8.9 t / ha, has an effect on reducing the content of gross heavy metals in the soil: Cd – by 1.2-1.4 times; Cu – 1.1-1.2 times, Pb, Zn, Mn and Fe – 1.1 times compared to the control area. Within the experiment N120 P150K300 + manure 60 t / ha lead mobility reduces to 3.9%, copper, zinc, iron-less than by 1 %, cadmium mobility increases by 3.4-5.7 %.

Host plant nutrient contents influence nutrient contents in Bradysia cellarum and Bradysia impatiens.

The chive maggot Bradysia cellarum and the fungus gnat B. impatiens are two primary root pests of plants, which can coexist on the same host plants and are the devastating pests on liliaceous crops and edible fungi. Their growth and development are affected by the nutrient contents of their host plants. In this study, we assessed the effects of different host plant nutrients on the nutrient contents of these two Bradysia species. The nutrients of the chive (Allium tuberosum Rottl. ex Spreng.), board bean (Vicia faba L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. ramosa Hort.), cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata rubra) and pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) roots were determined, and their effect on nutrient content of the two Bradysia species after feeding on the host plant for three continuous generations were evaluated. The results show that chive and B-bean contained higher levels of protein, free amino acid, soluble sugar and starch than others. As a result, the soluble sugar, fat and protein contents were significantly higher in both Bradysia species reared on chive and B-bean than on cabbage, lettuce, W-cabbage and pepper, suggesting nutritional preference of these insects. Based on our results, we concluded that the two Bradysia species displayed nutrient preference toward chive and B-bean, which provides a reference for understanding their host plant range and for control of the insect species via field crop rotations.

ECOTOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF GRAIN PRODUCTS OF AGROCENOSIS ON THE CONTENT OF PESTICIDAL RESIDUES UNDER CONDITIONS OF THE FOREST RIVER STEPPE

The article presents the results of ecotoxicological assessment of grain production of agrocenosis according to the content of organochlorine pesticides. The aim of the research is the ecotoxicological assessment of the grain production of agrocenoses by the content of pesticide residues in the conditions of the forest-steppe right-bank. Field studies were conducted on the territory of agricultural enterprises of Shargorodsky, Peschansky and Kalinovsky districts of Vinnitsa region, located in the forest-steppe right-bank. Laboratory analyzes of soil, grain and seeds of field crops of agroecosystems were carried out in certified laboratories (Scientific-measuring agrochemical laboratory of Vinnitsa National Agrarian University and the laboratory of the testing center of Vinnitsa branch of the State Institution «Soil Protection Institute of Ukraine»). The studies determined the danger of contamination of grain products of agrocenosis with pesticides and their negative impact on the soil-plant system. The research results showed that due to the resource-saving level of chemicalization when growing field crops, the average humus content in the soils of right-bank forest-steppe agroecosystems was 2.3−3.4 %, nitrogen, which is easily hydrolyzed − 63.0-77.0 mg/kg, mobile phosphorus − 120-180 mg/kg, exchange potassium − 68-94 mg/kg, while the hydrolytic acidity was 2.5-3.5 mg. equiv. / 100 g of soil and pH (salt) − 5.0-7.2. The agrochemical parameters of soils of agroecosystems, where intensive levels of chemicalization of agriculture are used, the elemental content, in particular in the available forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, was 1.4-1.6 times higher, but the hydrolytic acidity was almost halved and the soil pH increased. It was found that when growing winter wheat using resource-saving technologies, the pesticides load per 1 ha of agroecosystem is 3.53 l/ha, and for intensive technologies – 4.73 l/ha. When growing spring barley, respectively, 3.53 l/ha and 4.03 l/ha, and corn - 0 and 0.85 l/ha. In general, the cultivation of winter wheat by intensive technologies causes an increase in pesticides load per 1 ha of agroecosystem by 25.4 % compared to resource-saving technology, the cultivation of spring barley by 12.4 %, and corn by 98.8 %. It was established that in the forest ecosystems of the right-bank steppe at different levels of chemicalization of agriculture, the actual fluctuations in the agrochemical parameters of the soil depended on the field and predecessor crop rotation, and the content of organochlorine pesticide residues differed within the error and did not exceed their maximum permissible concentrations. The content of residual trace amounts of γ - HCH in the grain and seeds of the studied cultures was less than 0.02 mg/kg with a MPC of 0.5 mg/kg, DDT − less than 0.02 mg/kg with a MPC of 0.2 mg/kg. Key words: grain products, pesticides, organochlorine pesticides, agrocenosis, pollution.

Rye plant parameters in the Westsik crop rotation experiment

Our research work was carried out in the Westsik crop rotation field experiment in 2018. The main research purpose was to analyse the effect of the different organic and chemical fertilizers on parameters of rye. Our results revealed some differences between the different fertilization methods. One spike weight, grain weight of one spike, rye plant height, rye plant weight per m2 and 1000 seed weight in crop rotations VII, XV and VIII were different from the data of all crop rotations. This finding can be explained by the fact that crop rotations VII and XV were non-fertilized, only 23.3 t ha-1 straw manure (VII) or green lupine manure was applied as a second crop (XV). In addition, crop rotation VIII consists of four parts where we apply chemical fertilization with green lupine manure as a main and second crop. There is a positive close correlation between rye plant height and other studied characters (rye plant weight per m2, spike length, weight of one spike, grain weight per spike, spike weight per m2, grain weight per m2 and 1000 seed weight).

Measures of weed control by means of environmentally friendly technologies in summer-autumn period

Goal. To select criteria for optimal solutions for calculating techniques of effective control of weeds in the summer-autumn period, taking into account their biological groups, the level of weed infestation and harmfulness.
 Methods. The experiments were carried out in a stationary field crop rotation, laid down in 2010. Carrying out the experiment and determining weed infestation was performed according to generally accepted methods. To process data and criteria for optimal combinations of weed control methods, the calculation method was used.
 Results. The essence of the optimal solution for controlling weeds in the summer-autumn period is as follows. The period of time, during which effective control of weeds can be carried out is determined. This is the period from harvesting the crop to the end of the weed growing season. The number of possible agro-technical technique of control is taken into account. It is assumed that for the emergence of annual seedlings or the restoration of the organs of vegetative propagation of perennial weeds, an average of 15 days is required. The possible harm in the given field of various biological groups of weeds is calculated in points by multiplying the actual weed infestation in points by the value of their harmfulness by rank. A table is compiled of the ranks of the effectiveness of agro-technical control techniques for each biological group of weeds. The most effective individual weed control techniques or their combination are selected. Each technique or combination thereof is evaluated and summing up the results; effective methods for controlling weeds are determined by indicators of the least residual damage. In order to determine the reasonability of increasing the number of agricultural practices, the conditional weed harm score is calculated by dividing the sum of the results by the square of the number of techniques. A decrease in the conditional score with an increase in the number of agro-technical measures shows that a further increase in the number of weed control methods is impractical.
 Conclusions. In the system of ecologically safe farming, the main attention in the weed control system belongs to summer-autumn agro-technical techniques. Calculation of such weed control in specific soil and climatic conditions can significantly increase the effectiveness of both individual agricultural methods and their combinations.

Influence of soil amended with zeolite and/or mineral N on agronomic performance and soil mineral N dynamics in a soybean–winter triticale crop rotation field experiment

Although there are numerous studies describing the positive influence of legumes as cereal pre-crops, little information exists on the specific crop rotation soybean–triticale. Besides that, fertilization of soybean is very complex due to its symbiosis with rhizobia where mineral nitrogen could have negative effect, therefore new soil conditioners, e.g. zeolite, need to be examined. An investigation in growing seasons 2017 and 2017/2018 was established to study these knowledge gaps in a combined field experiment, where soil mineral nitrogen (SMN) was also monitored. Firstly, the influence of soybean seed bacterial inoculation (inoculated and non-inoculated seeds) as factor 1, and four fertilization treatments (1—no fertilizer, 2—600 kg zeolite/ha, 3—30 kg mineral N/ha (at sowing) + additional 70–90 kg/ha of mineral N, and 4—combination of treatments 2 and 3) as factor 2 on soybean yield performance and nutritional composition was evaluated. Neither factor influenced soybean seed yield (average 3128 kg/ha). However, zeolite had favourable effect on root nodulation where the number of nodules and nodule dry mass per plant were significantly increased. Secondly, winter triticale was sown after soybean harvest on the same plots. Only 40 kg N was applied at BBCH 30 (beginning of stem elongation) to the whole experiment. Interaction of soybean experimental factors significantly influenced the triticale grain yield. Finally, regression analysis revealed that triticale grain yield (average 5537 kg/ha) was highly dependent (R2 = 0.927) on initial SMN content, left after soybean harvest.

Microbial Biomass, Respiratory Activity and Nitrogen Fixation in Soddy-Podzolic Soils of the Pre-Urals Area under Various Agricultural Uses

Indicators of the microbiological activity of virgin (mixed forest and forb–grassy meadow) and arable (permanent black fallow, permanent barley crop, field crop rotation, perennial legume crops) soddy-podzolic soils (Eutric Albic Retisols (Abruptic, Loamic, Cutanic)) of Perm oblast were studied. Depending on the type of land use, the content of organic carbon (bichromate oxidation method) in the soil varied from 0.78 to 1.57%; the carbon of microbial biomass (substrate-induced respiration method), from 366 to 1236 μg/g; basal respiration rate, from 1.62 to 3.13 µg C–CO2/(g h); and nitrogen-fixing capacity (acetylene method), from 11.53 to 77.18 µg C2H4/(kg h). The maximum values of the studied parameters were noted in the soil under the mixed forest, and the minimum values were in the soil of the permanent (42 yr) fallow. In the soil under forest, a low specific respiration of microbial biomass—2.5 µg C–CO2/(mg Cmic h)—was determined, which indicates the stability and maturity of this ecosystem. The most stable functioning of the microbial community among the arable soils under consideration was observed in the soil of the plot with the long-term (30 yr) cultivation of perennial legume crop (eastern galega, Galega orientalis). The contents of the soil organic matter and the microbial biomass carbon and the specific microbial respiration under galega were close to those of the soil of the forest ecosystem. The content of microbial biomass carbon and basal respiration displayed strong and moderate correlation dependences with the total content of soil organic carbon and its labile fraction.

Comparative bioenergy estimation of field crop rotations using perennial and annual grasses in the Rostov region

Annual and perennial grasses are important not only as a source of green fodder, hay, silage, grass meal and haylage in feed production, but also as good forecrops, due to the ability to accumulate biological nitrogen in the soil (since it decreases the cost of mineral fertilizers), to disinfect the soil from micro zoo pests, to improve the physical condition of the soil (since it decreases soil density). Perennial grasses are also an important component of biologized crop rotations, since the amount of crop residues remaining in the soil after harvesting is several times greater than after winter crops. The field trials were conducted in 2009–2016 by the staff of the laboratory of row crop cultivation technology of the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. The experimental plot is located in the southern soil-climatic zone of the Rostov region (with insufficient and unstable moisture). The soil of the experimental plot is ordinary heavy loamy chernozem on loesslike loams, with 3.2% humus, neutral pH, and a high content of movable phosphorus and exchange potassium according to Machigin. The current paper has presented a bioenergetic estimation of grain (4-crop rotation sequence with annual grasses included) and biologized (8-crop rotation sequence with 25% perennial grasses) crop rotations. It has been established that nutrients’ amount per 1 ha of crop rotation area of biologized crop rotation is higher than in grain crop rotation on 22% of dry matter, on 40% of raw protein and on 39% of metabolic energy. Energy consumption per 1 kg of raw protein is lower on 27%.

The sowing date of winter durum wheat

Winter durum wheat is one of the most important crops. This grain crop forms the grain from which high-quality pasta and groats are obtained. The insufficient knowledge of the elements of cultivation technology of this grain crop is one of the factors that limits its widespread use. The sowing date is one of the main elements of cultivation technology of winter durum wheat, which determines the duration and conditions of vegetation, which its productivity depends on. The study was carried out at the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” in 2013–2018 in the field crop rotation of the laboratory of grain crop cultivation technologies. There were studied four sowing dates, September 10, 20, 30 and October 10 according to three forecrops (weedfree fallow, peas, sunflower). The total area in the trials was 55 m2, and the accounting area was 41.25 m2, fourfold repetitions. The arrangement of variants in the repetitions was systematic and sequential. The trial was laid down and carried out in accordance with Dospekhov’s methodology of a field trial (1985). As a result of the conducted study, it was determined that the minimum period from sowing date to winter durum wheat sprouting was in the variant with weedfree fallow (from 21 to 27 days) maximal period was in the variant with sunflower (from 27 to 37 days). From the germination period to the finish of autumn vegetation of winter durum wheat (from the early sowing date (September 10) to the late sowing date (October 10)), the vegetation period of the plants decreases, their provision with positive and active temperatures and moisture increases depending on the forecrop. The largest productivity of winter durum wheat was obtained due to weedfree fallow (from 5.74 to 6.44 t/ha), and the smallest productivity of winter durum wheat was obtained when sown after sunflower (from 4.61 to 5.09 t/ha). For all forecrops, the largest yields of winter durum wheat are formed when sowing from September 10 to September 30, which proved to be optimal for this grain crop.

Impact of Weather Conditions and Farming Systems on Size Distribution of Starch Granules and Flour Yield of Winter Wheat

The size distribution of wheat-grain starch granules has an impact on the yield of fine flour. The aim of the study was to compare the impact of conventional (mineral fertilizers, pesticides) and organic farming treatments (cover crops, composted cattle manure) on (i) the size distribution of starch granules, (ii) the level of the first break whole and fine flour yield. The grain samples of winter wheat cv Fredis were taken from a long-term field crop rotation experiment established in 2008 at the Estonian University of Life Sciences in Tartu County (58°22′ N, 26°40′ E) on Stagnic Luvisol soil. The weather conditions during the grain filling period of winter wheat had a strong impact (p < 0.001) on the grain starch granule size distribution. The proportion of starch granules with a smaller diameter (C-type granules) was higher in years with a longer grain filling period. The size distribution of starch granules was not influenced by farming system. The increased proportion of C-type granules increased the fine flour yield significantly. Fertilisation with organic manure and twice with mineral nitrogen increased significantly the mean diameter value of different starch granules.

Продуктивність короткоротаційної сівозміни з різними бобовими культурами на чорноземі типовому

Goal. To analyze results of long-term research in productivity of different short field crop rotations in conditions of left bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine. Methods. General scientific and special: long-term field — to determine quantitative performance metrics of short crop rotations, and analytical. Results. They determined the yield of crops in crop rotations, as well as the calculated productivity of different 4-filed rotations. The positive role is emphasized by leguminous predecessors for leading grain crop of Ukraine — winter wheat. It is revealed that the use of pea, lentil and vetch-oat mixture in the short crop rotation increases the yields of winter wheat and root crops of the 3rd culture of crop rotation — sugar beet. The influence of crop rotations on crop yield in the 4th year of the rotation (spring barley) is somewhat reduced. The role of fallow in the crop rotation is known. Numerous studies have established that in the conditions of insufficient and unstable moistening the best precursor for winter wheat is clean fallow. The fallow makes it possible to prepare the soil, retain enough moisture and nutrients in the form available to plants practically at any weather conditions. This helps to obtain high yields of winter wheat, but the productivity of the 4-field crop rotations with this precursor is greatly reduced. This primarily happens due to the lack of products in the field of clean fallow. Conclusions. In the conditions of unstable moistening of the left bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine on typical chernozem, the higher output of food-protein units was got in the crop rotations with soybean, pea, lentil and vetch-oat mixture. The worse indices were got in the rotation with Lathyrus sativus L. The low productivity had short crop rotations with silage maize and beans. Studies revealed a significant reduction in the productivity of crop rotation with a clean fallow. It provided minimal productivity due to the lack of production in the first field.

Зміна агрофізичних показників сірого лісового ґрунту за тривалого застосування органічних і мінеральних добрив

Goal. To study changes in agro-physical properties (density and total porosity) of grey forest soil under the influence of abiotic and anthropogenic factors on the completion of the 50-year period of the grain-tilled crop rotation. Methods. Field (visual and phenological observation of phases of plant development), statistical processing of research results, correlation analysis. Results. The results are given of the determination of the density and the total porosity of the gray forest soils (2008 – 2010), and the formation of a plow sole in the phases of development of corn for silage. Their characteristic features are the increase of density and reduction of porosity of the soil to 8% in comparison with the upper (0–20 cm) and bottom (20–40 cm) soil layers. They determined permanent changes in agrophysical properties of the soil depending on the fluctuations of abiotic factors, which was confirmed by the results of the correlation between them. They also proved good perspectives for implementation in the field crop rotations of renewable and organic fertilizer systems, providing the best agrophysical soil properties. During the vegetation period, the density of the composition of the soil at the use of the organic fertilizer system increased from 1.21 to 1.33 g/cm3, and at the use of mineral fertilizer system — from 1.27 to 1.46 g/cm3. The variations of total porosity ranged from 55 to 47% respectively. Conclusions. It is established that abiotic factors (temperature and soil moisture) are variable. During the vegetation period, they influence the fluctuations of the density and porosity of the soil. Permanent change is confirmed by coefficients of correlation between abiotic and anthropogenic factors. During the vegetation period of maize, the density of the composition of the soil is increased and total porosity is reduced with signs of optimization of agro-physical parameters at use in the crop rotation of organic fertilizers.

Comparison of water-physical and microbiological properties of apple orchards soils with indicators in other agricultural lands

The aim of the research is to compare the physical properties and biological activity of the soil in apple orchards with the soils of other lands: strawberry, chokeberry, black currant plantations, field crop rotation, forest plantations, and deposits. In apple orchards, in a layer of 0-40 cm row-spacing, there is a relatively low content of agronomically valuable, water-resistant aggregates, and the lowest moisture capacity. Due to the significant accumulation of snow in the garden and the annual leaf fall of the apple tree in the trunk strips, the same high cellulolytic activity is maintained as in other woody phytocenoses.

The influence of field crop rotation on the accumulation of stubble and root residues in the arable layer of sod-podzolic soil

The purpose of the work is to conduct a comparative assessment of the amount of smelted plant residues in various field crop rotations in the conditions of the Mari El Republic. The work was completed in 2013-2018 on a stationary site in a two-factor experiment. The first factor is types of crop rotation and crop rotation. Four crop rotation with a different set of crops. Cereal crops occupy 83% in the first. The share of cereals was 67% in the second and third. Cereals occupy 50% and perennial grasses and potatoes 50% in the fourth crop rotation. The second factor is mineral fertilizers: 1) without fertilizers: 2) N60P60K60. On average, 3.02 ± 0.06 t / ha of stubble and root residues was received per year according to the results of studies in the control grain-grass crop rotation with a one-year use of clover. There are no perennial herbs, but there are potatoes in the first fruit-bearing. Here, plant residues entered the soil by 41% less than in the first crop rotation. The accumulation of stubble and root residues was 2.91 ± 0.07 t / ha in the second crop rotation. The decrease is due to the cultivation of potatoes, which does not leave plant residues after harvesting. The largest number of stubble and root residues was formed in the third crop rotation (3.37 ± 0.07 t / ha). The use of mineral fertilizers increased the mass of stubble and root residues in all crop rotations by 0.16 t/ha.

Field crop rotations in organic agriculture of the Volgograd region

Soil fertility in biologized crop rotations depends on the saturation of them with legumes and sideral crops, perennial grasses, the involvement of grain crops in the organic matter cycle. The crop rotation was studied: 1) four-field grain and steam: clean steam winter wheat chickpeas spring barley (control); 2) five-field grain and steam: occupied steam (clover green manure) winter wheat chickpeas spring barley mustard + clover; 3) seven-field grain and grass: occupied steam (green manure oats) winter wheat mustard chickpeas safflower dyeing spring barley sainfoin (hatcher field); 4) semi-field grass and grassland: occupied steam (phacelia green manure) winter wheat spring wheat chickpeas grain sorghum spring barley alfalfa (hatchery field). The highest balance of organic matter was ensured in a five-field grain-steam crop rotation with clover for green manure +1.92 t/ha, in this crop rotation the highest balance was observed for nitrogen +23.8 kg/ha and phosphorus +1.3 kg/ha, grain harvest from 1 ha of arable land 0.51 t/ha. The greatest balance of potassium was ensured in the seven-field grain and grass-crop rotation with facet on green manure +8.8 kg/ha. The highest humus balance was observed in a seven-field grain-grass-crop rotation with oats per green manure +0.12 t/ha.

Почвоулучшающая роль пожнивно-корневых остатков в полевых севооборотах

Почвоулучшающая роль пожнивно-корневых остатков в полевых севооборотах

ВМІСТ КРЕМНІЮ ТА ФІЗИКО-ХІМІЧНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ ГРУНТІВ ХМЕЛЬНИЦЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ

Silicon plays the significant role in the growth and development of plants, their resistance to stress conditions. However, there is limited research on the content of various forms of silicon in soils, the relationship with soil cations, which is particularly relevant in the context of intensive agriculture and climate aridization in Ukraine. The purpose of the present study was to determine the content of silicon compounds of different mobility in the arable soils of the Khmelnytsky region, the spatial variation of these parameters, and to detect the dependence between the content of silicon compounds and soil particle size. The study was performed at the area of LLC "Lotivka Elit" of Shepetivka district of Khmelnitsky region in field crop rotation. We determined for soil samples: particle size distribution and content of fractions of granulometric elements of different sizes, pH of salt extraction (1,0 M KCl solution), humus content, calcium and magnesium exchangeable compounds by extraction with 1,0 M KCl solution. The results showed that the content of silicon compounds in soils depends on the particle size distribution of soil, the value of exchangeable acidity, humus content, and the composition of exchangeable cations.

Evaluation of anthropogenic sustainability of agro-gray forest soil in intensive agriculture by change of its biological activity indicators

Studies have been carried out with the identification of criteria for the anthropogenic stability of agro-gray forest soils according to the main indicators of biological activity under conditions of intensive farming. Soils of this type are dominant in the soil cover of the Republic of Tatarstan, so the results of the experiment can be widely interpolated to similar conditions of soil formation and serve as quickly defined markers for diagnosing anthropogenic pressure. Studies have been carried out in field crop rotation since 1992, using various doses of potassium at three levels of soil nitrogen supply. As a result of long-term use of fertilizers, changes in microbiological activity have been revealed, in the variant with the use of environmentally balanced doses of mineral nutrition, an increase in microorganisms from 3,400 thousand (control) to 4,000 thousand per 1 g of soil is observed. A subsequent increase in the dose of fertilizers led to a decrease in the number of microorganisms relative to the control. Under the influence of the optimal combination of fertilizers (option 3), conditions for the development of actinomycetes, ammonifiers, nitrifiers, cellulose-decomposing bacteria are improved, while very high doses of mineral fertilizers (N180P60K200) worsen them, indicating a decrease in the activity of beneficial bacterial microflora. This leads to a slowdown in decomposition of fiber, nitrification and other biochemical processes. Indicators of the biological activity of the soil correlate among themselves, as well as with other indicators of its fertility, with the productivity of crop rotation and therefore can serve as an additional diagnostic sign when assessing the anthropogenic stability of the agricultural soil of the agricultural soil in intensive agriculture.

Засвоєння основних елементів живлення з ґрунту й мінеральних добрив пшеницею озимою на чорноземі опідзоленому Правобережного Лісостепу України

Assimilation of basic nutrients from soil and mineral fertilizers of grain wheat on the black grain of the podzolized sand of the Right-bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine The effect results of prolonged use of different doses and ratios of fertilizers on chernozem podzolized in a field crop rotation under the conditions of Right-Bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine on the content of essential nutrients in winter wheat grain and straw, the precursor of which was soybean, were shown. It has been found that, due to different doses, ratios and types of fertilizers, the nitrogen content of winter wheat grain increased by 13–49%, phosphorus by 3–19%, and potassium by 6–14%. With grain, winter wheat absorbs nitrogen most – 49.4–147.8 kg/ha and phosphorus – 22.1–51.9 kg Р2О5/ha, and potassium – only 15.0–32.6 kg K2О/ha, depending on yield and quality. It is estimated that 27–33% of nitrogen, 35–36% – of phosphorus and 74–76% of potassium are returned to the soil with winter wheat straw from economic removal depending on fertilizer doses. Keywords: winter wheat, podzolic heavy clay loam chernozem, content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, economic removal.