Field Crop Rotation Research Articles

INFLUENCE OF BIOLOGIZATION AND CHEMICALIZATION ON WATER CONSUMPTION OF CROPS IN FODDER CROP ROTATIONS

The work presents the results of research into the effect of biologization (intercropping legume component with grain crops) and chemicalization (use of mineral fertilizers) applied in each fi eld of fodder crop rotation on the moisture content of leached chernozem in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia. Water consumption and crop productivity in six-fi eld fodder crop rotations over four years of the second rotation were studied. Only recognized locally-bred crop varieties were cultivated in the experiment, such as Krasnoobsky oat, Acha barley, pea Novosibirets, vetch Priobskaya 25, alfalfa Flora, awnless brome Rassvet, hybrid maize Obsky 140 SV and fodder bean Sibirskiye. It was established that intercropping of the legume component caused the increase in the consumption of productive moisture reserves from the soil by fodder agrocenoses from 66 mm to 84 mm and the application of mineral fertilizers resulted in the moisture consumption increase of up to 74 mm. The use of methods for fodder crop rotation improvement led to the increase in the total water consumption of fodder crops. As a result of mineral fertilizer input it increased from 244 mm to 252 mm, and due to the intercropping of legume component it rose up to 262 mm. With regard to increasing the consumption of productive moisture reserves from the soil layer of 0-100 cm, crops ranked in the following order: perennial grasses – silos – fodder-grain crops – cover crops, whereas with regard to increasing the total water consumption they ranked in reverse order. The use of chemical agents increased the yield of dry matter by 1.6 times, while water consumption coeffi cient decreased by an average of 2.2 times in the crop rotation. Application of biologization led to the yield increase by 1.4 times, reducing water consumption coeffi cient by 1.9 times. In the control crop rotation, maize consumed the least amount of moisture (346 m 3 /ton of dry weight), and the most moisture was consumed by the grain part of barley (2933 m 3 /t of dry weight). When applying mineral fertilizers, the maximum and minimum water consumption fell on the same crops – 290 m 3 /t and 1087 m 3 /t dry weight respectively. When the legume component was sowed in each crop rotation fi eld, the minimum moisture consumption was in the fi elds with awnless brome intercropped with alfalfa, namely 384 m 3 /t dry weight, while the maximum consumption was in the fi elds with barley and pea grains – 1199 m 3 /t dry weight.

Урожайность культур севооборота при применении агротехнологий различной интенсивности

В 2013 – 2016 гг. на типичных для большинства хозяйств Ивановской области дерново-подзолистых легкосуглинистых почвах изучали агротехнологии разной интенсивности (обработка почвы, удобрения, гербициды) в стационарном полевом севообороте с чередованием культур: пар чистый – озимая пшеница – овес + клевер – клевер – озимая рожь – картофель – ячмень. Сравнивали 4 системы обработки почвы: отвальную (общепринятую), плоскорезную (ресурсосберегающую), комбинированную (отвально-плоскорезную) и мелкую (ресурсосберегающую). На фоне обработок под культуры севооборота применяли удобрения и гербициды. Плоскорезная и мелкая системы обработки почвы оказали положительное влияние на сохранение влаги в почве. В среднем по культурам севооборота за вегетационный период запасы продуктивной влаги по плоскорезной системе обработки почвы оказались выше на 6,2 % или на 1,8 мм, а по мелкой — на 4,9 % или на 1,4 мм (HCP05 = 1,4) по сравнению с отвальной. Самая высокая плотность сложения отмечена по мелкой обработке почвы. Более активно биологические процессы протекали в рыхлой почве чистого пара и картофеля. Засоренность посевов при плоскорезной и мелкой обработке соответственно в 1,6 и 1,5 раза больше, чем при отвальной. Применение гербицидов позволило снизить её на 50 – 80 % и в севообороте обеспечить повышение урожайности на 0,14 – 0,34 т/га (HCP05 = 0,13). Положительное влияние на развитие растений оказали удобрения. Максимальный выход продукции в среднем по культурам севооборота получен по плоскорезной системе обработки почвы в комплексе с применением удобрений и гербицидов — 7,34 т/га, несколько меньший по отвальной — 7,24 т/га, минимальный при мелкой — 6,66 т/га.

WHEAT YIELD DEPENDING ON THE DIFFERENT LABILE PHOSPHORUS SOIL SUFFICIENCY

The goal of research is to study the influence of long-term (55 years) fertilizer application in grain and soybean crop rotation on the productivity and mineral nutrition of wheat. The object of research was wheat of variety Aryuna, sown in the 3rd field of crop rotation. The study of nutritional conditions of wheat was conducted in the production process phase – the tillering at 3 levels of provision of soil with mobile phosphorus, formed as a result of long-term application of comparatively low (background 1), middle (background 2) and high (background 3) average annual fertilizer load per 1 hectare of rotation area. The maximum accumulation of nitrogen in wheat plants was noted against the background of the aftereffect of long-term application of increased rate of fertilizers. The amount of mobile phosphorus in soil correlated with the background of provision, formed as a result of long-term fertilizer application; the value of accumulation of the element in top mass corresponded to a high level – the parameter of content in the tillering phase. On the average for 3 years, the excess of crop yield relative to control amounted to 0,21…0,26 t/ha on the background 1, 0,27…0,28 on the background 2 and 0,76…0,78 t/ha on the background 3. The increase in the accumulation of air-dry top mass in the tillering phase and wheat productivity by 93 and 85%, respectively, is due to the level of provision of topsoil with mobile phosphorus.

Fungal community profiles in agricultural soils of a long-term field trial under different tillage, fertilization and crop rotation conditions analyzed by high-throughput ITS-amplicon sequencing.

Fungal communities in agricultural soils are assumed to be affected by soil and crop management. Our intention was to investigate the impact of different tillage and fertilization practices on fungal communities in a long-term crop rotation field trial established in 1992 in Central Germany. Two winter wheat fields in replicated strip-tillage design, comprising conventional vs. conservation tillage, intensive vs. extensive fertilization and different pre-crops (maize vs. rapeseed) were analyzed by a metabarcoding approach applying Illumina paired-end sequencing of amplicons generated by two recently developed primer pairs targeting the two fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer regions (ITS1, ITS2). Analysis of 5.1 million high-quality sequence reads uncovered a diverse fungal community in the two fields, composed of 296 fungal genera including 3,398 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) at the 97% sequence similarity threshold. Both primer pairs detected the same fungal phyla (Basidio-, Asco-, Zygo-, Glomero- and Chytridiomycota), but in different relative abundances. OTU richness was higher in the ITS1 dataset, while ITS2 data were more diverse and of higher evenness. Effects of farming practice on fungal community structures were revealed. Almost two-thirds of the fungal genera were represented in all different soil treatments, whereas the remaining genera clearly responded to farming practice. Principal Component Analysis revealed four distinct clusters according to tillage practice and pre-crop. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) substantiated the results and proved significant influences of tillage and pre-crop, while fertilization had the smallest and non-significant effect. In-depth analysis of putative phytopathogenic and plant beneficial fungal groups indicated distinct responses; for example Fusarium was significantly enriched in the intensively fertilized conservation tillage variants with the pre-crop maize, while Phoma displayed significant association with conventional tillage and pre-crop rapeseed. Many putative plant beneficial fungi also reacted differentially to farming practice with the most distinct responders identified among the Glomeromycota (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF).

Rye cover crop retains nitrogen and doesn’t reduce corn yields

Intensive nitrogen (N) fertilization is often associated with corn (Zea mays L.) production, and winter cover in the form of rye (Secale cereale L.) is proposed as a means to conserve inorganic N and soil carbon (C). Yet the seasonal niche for cover crop in field crop rotation in North Central USA is highly variable, leading to uncertainty regarding cover crop benefits. An 8-year study in SW Michigan examined winter rye cover vs fallow in a corn-corn-soybean (Glycine max) sequence, and interaction with a 7-rate N fertilizer gradient. Soil C, water retention, pH and nutrient status were negatively affected by high N fertilizer. Rye cover had almost no detectable soil amelioration, but did maintain mid-season N availability relative to fallow plots, as indicated by soil inorganic N (90 kg ha−1 vs 57 kg ha−1) and consistently high corn SPAD readings by 1.5 units. Soil aggregation, porosity and soil C pools were not influenced by the presence of a rye cover crop, with the exception of large particulate organic matter C. Over 8 years corn yields were not reduced in plots with a winter rye cover, under widely variable weather conditions. Overall, a rye cover crop had minimal impact on soil C but was an effective N management tool with no corn yield penalty.

Сезонні закономірності впливу елементів мікрорельєфу на стан посівів озимої пшениці

Виявлено, що причиною строкатості стану рослинності у польових сівозмінах дослідного господарства є поширені тут неоднорідності мікрорельєфу різної форми та глибини. В межах мікрозападин змінюються властивості ґрунтів, й відповідно стан розвитку рослин та їх врожайність. Основним фактором впливу на ґрунти й рослинність є гідрологічний режим мікропонижень, який істотно відрізняється від водного режиму рівнинних територій. В залежності від перерозподілу атмосферної вологи по рельєфу поля варіюють властивості та біологічна активність ґрунту, фізіологічний стан рослин, змінюються показники якості врожаю. В статті розглянуто особливості поширення мікропонижень (мікрозападин) рельєфу на полях НДГ «Великоснітинське» Фастівського району Київської області та аналізуються сезонні закономірності впливу цих мікрозападин на стан посівів озимої пшениці. При дослідженнях використовувались наземні польові та лабораторні методи, а також аеровізуальні спостереження квадрокоптером. Такий комплексний підхід дав можливість встановити зв’язок між особливостями водного режиму дослідного поля та агроекологічним станом рослинності та ґрунту окремих елементів мікрозападин.

Экономическая эффективность полевых севооборотов при оптимизации структуры посевных площадей

In a long-term places, located on the experimental fields of Siberian Research Institute of Agriculture (Omsk), the schemes of field crop rotations were modernized by introducing oil crops (rapeseed, soybean) into rotation and replacing the repeated wheat crops with barley and oats. Accounting of grain crops productivity and accompanying observations were carried out in three field rotations of different lengths of rotation (four- and five-field) and on permanent sowing. The repetition of the experiments is fourfold. The system of agrotechnical measures recommended for the zone of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia was applied. The study of predecessors in the cultivation of crops for various purposes was carried out in field experiments using conventional methods. The humus content for rotation in the soil layer of 0-40 cm increased by 0.19% in the crop rotation “rapeseed - wheat spring wheat - barley - soybean - spring wheat”. The largest accumulation of humus (0.83%) was in the rotation “soybean - spring wheat - barley – oats”. During the years of research wheat productivity varied from 0.82 to 2.22 tons per hectare. Wheat was the first crop in all its predecessors to form grains, on average, by 0.3-0.5 tons per hectare, than the second crop. The yield of soybeans in the crop rotation was 1.23-1.78 tons per hectare. The productivity of rapeseed was low, its productivity over the years was 1.31 tons per hectare. Grain-fodder crops (barley, oats) averaged 0.4-0.6 tons per hectare, higher than the spring wheat productivity in the alternating rotation. The maximum yield of grain from a hectare of arable land was noted in the crop-steam rotation and amounted to 1.7 tons. An increase in the yield of feed-protein units was observed in crop rotations saturated with oil crops (rapeseed and soybean) and amounted to 3.4-4.0 tons per hectare. The economic calculation showed that the cultivation of field crops in the rotational crop rotation of “soybean - wheat - barley – oats” increased profitability by 44%, net income - by half, in comparison with the control variant. The obtained materials can be used to develop schemes of field crop rotations for the zone of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia.

Эффективность длительного систематического внесения минеральных удобрений в полевом севообороте в условиях Республики Марий Эл

Эффективность длительного систематического внесения минеральных удобрений в полевом севообороте в условиях Республики Марий Эл

Оценка засоренности агроценозов и эффективность дифференцированного применения гербицидов в севообороте

In precision agriculture, the estimation of agrocoenosis for weediness is carried out using satellite images or aerial surveys, mobile ground equipment and land survey using the traditional framework survey in the adopted global positioning system. According to the results of the survey or inspection, a map of crops weediness is built, on the basis of which the exact application of herbicides is carried out. At the same time the development of new plant protection technologies is associated with the need for special studies aimed at identifying their practical widespread use. The study of the effectiveness of differentiated herbicide use for agricultural crops in crop rotation was carried out in 2003-2010 at the experimental site of the Mordovia Research Agricultural Institute with an area of 1 ha divided into 45 sectors. The research was carried out in crop rotation: winter wheat (test sowing) - spring wheat, annual grasses - spring barley - bare fallow - winter wheat - spring wheat. It has been established that weeds placement in the site areas was extremely uneven, that allowed carrying out herbicide application selectively in places with a high weediness level. Locally differentiated herbicides use in field crop rotation provided 29.4-37.0 % decrease in its consumption and at the same time did not lead to the increase of cultivated plants weediness. To identify the effectiveness of herbicides in field crop rotation an economic assessment was carried out, which revealed the advantage of differentiated application of herbicides over traditional use. In comparison with the traditional technology, the difference in the average cost of herbicide application was 134.56 rubles/ha, or 33.6 % decrease. Therefore, the differentiated herbicides use is a promising direction in the development of effective resource-saving technologies in agricultural production.

Влияние приемов основной и предпосевной обработки почвы и удобрений на продуктивность звена полевого севооборота

The article provides the results of 2014-2016 studies of the effect of macro- and micro fertilizers in the link of field crop rotation on fodder productivity and weed infestation on the background of basic and presowing cultivation of leached chernozem. The link of the crop rotation is presented by: (barley + meadow clover - meadow clover of 1 year of use -meadow clover of 2 year of use). In the main soil treatment variants, plowing (with PLN-4-3.5), disking (with PM-3 x 4) and non-moldboard tilling (with KPE-3.8) were used. The presowing treatment was carried out by the units IMT-616 (Europack) and KPS-4. Microfertilizers are represented by a complex of chelated microelements Microvit. The first grain crop of the rotation link (barley) provided the largest yield of feed units per 1 hectare - 3.72 tons of feed units/ha on plowing, the smallest on non-moldboard tillage (2.82 tons of feed units / ha), which was 0.24 tons of feed units/ha more than on the background of disking (3.06 tons of feed units / ha). Foliar top dressing with Microvit was more effective than seed treatment on all backgrounds of basic tillage, where the increase in productivity was from 0.25 to 0.66 tons of feed units / ha, while in seed treatment the increments were from 0.15 to 0.38 tons of feed units / ha. Feeding efficiency of the clover of 1 year of use in the sum for two cuts varied from 4.16 to 5.30 tons of feed units/ha. According to the basic methods of soil cultivation, this indicator varied; between plowing (4.98 tons of feed units/ha) and disking by 0.50 tons of feed units/ha, between plowing and non-moldboard tillage by 0.36 tons of feed units/ha in favor of plowing. In the second year of use, the growth of crop productivity was also observed from plowing (3.52 tons of feed units/ha) to disking (2.62 tons of feed units/ha) with an intermediate value on the background of non-moldboard tillage (3.12 tons of feed units/ha). Over the years of research, the application of the Microvit preparation on clover for all variants of basic tillage was most effective in foliar top dressing, where an increase in productivity was observed from 0.20 to 0.67 tons of feed units/ha versus 0.06-0.46 tons of feed units /ha at crop seeds treatment. The use of clover for two years for food and subsequent plowing up as siderate helps to reduce the contamination of the crops in the field crop rotation link from 17% in 1 year of use to 7% in 2 year of use in comparison with weed infestation of cover crop.

CROP ROTATIONS ENSURING THE GREATEST YIELDS UNDER DRY CONDITIONS OF THE LOWER VOLGA REGION WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION REGIMES FOR VEGETABLE CROP PRODUCTION UNDER CONDITIONS OF VOLGA-DON INTERFLUVE

An estimation of various agro-biological methods in crop rotation of dry-steppe zone of light chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region is given. The effectiveness of a grain-fallow four-field crop rotation has been established, where green manure crop mass of winter rye, straw and leaf-weed mass of crops are plowed in soil, which increases organic matter and nutrient content in soil, reduces humus loss, and stabilizes grain yields. It was noted that only in four-field grain-fallow green manure crop rotation there is a positive balance of the main nutrients in the soil per hectare, where additional organic matter enters arable layer of soil in the form of winter rye green manure crop. In this variant, the balance was: nitrogen +39.7; phosphorus +0.7 and potassium +49.9 kg/ha. In six-field grain crop rotation with ginger as a sidereal crop, a positive balance is achieved only for phosphorus +14.1 and potassium +35.5 kg/ha, for phosphorus there is a negative balance of -3.5 kg/ha. In the eight-field grain crop rotation with 50% of legume crops, a positive balance is achieved only for potassium, +29.8 kg/ha. The balance of humus can be regulated by the structure of areas, alternation of crops in field crop rotations, application of plant residues in the form of sidereal crops, straw, leaf-weed mass, decrease in the proportion of fallow and tilled crops in the structure of biotivated crop rotations. The most complete biologization is possible in green manure crops, where humus losses decrease 1.5 times or more. A positive balance of organic matter is ensured in four-field biologized grain-fallow crop rotation - +3.33 t/ha.

Anti-Erosion Optimization of Agricultural Equipment: Local Level

Soil erosion is a major factor in their economic and environmental degradation. Protection of land from erosion is characterized by insufficient methodological support at the local territorial level. Purpose. To reveal the advantages and disadvantages of the current state of anti-erosion design on the example of a particular agricultural enterprise. Methods. Cartographic, with application of geoinformation technologies, computational, statistical and mathematical. Results. On the example of one of the private farms of the Kharkiv region, the draw backs of the existing structure of the crops area of agricultural crops in the anti-erosion aspect are shown. It was optimized taking in to account the specialization of the economy. The soil was washed out in different scenarios of land use. The introduction of erosion-optimized crop rotation allows to reduce the forecast of soil fault in field crop rotation by 1.3 times. Conclusions. The structure of the crop area of agricultural crops, even meeting the formal requirements of normative acts, does not provide adequate protection against water erosion. It requires additional expertise using mathematical models of erosion. Minor deviations from the recommended standards of permissible flushing can be adjusted by means of agrotechnical measurеs, significant – additional organizational and agronomic measures.

Сорные растения полевых севооборотов

The purpose of the research is to trace the dynamics of weed infestation and determine the species composition of weeds in field crop rotations, to show the impact of crop rotation, agricultural background and time on weed infestation of crops. Studies were carried out in 1998 - 2017 in the conditions of the Republic of Mari El on sod-podzolic medium-loamy soil with a high content of mobile forms of phosphorus and exchangeable potassium. The biomorphological spectrum of weed species showed that the share of juvenile weeds accounted for 26 species, perennial-9 species. During the research in the studied agrocenosis there was an increase in weed abundance: in the first rotation - 60.78 pcs/m2, in the second - 67.48 pcs/m2, in the third rotation - 75.95 pcs/m2. During the research there was an increase in the number of such annual weeds as Polygonum aviculare, Erodium cicutarium (L.), Veronica polita, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Viola arvensis, Fumaria officinalis and Stellaria media. The number of Chenopodium album and Echinochloa crus-galli increased significantly, especially in the last six years of research. Every year the infestation with Galeopsis tetrahit, Centaurea cyanus, Apera spica-venti and Amaranthus retroflexus was decreasing . The greatest annual weed infestation (71.86 pcs/m2) was in grain rotation, and the least - in grain-fodder fallow rotation (54.83 pcs/m2). The maximum number of perennial weeds was found in the I crop rotation - 14.08 pcs/m2. The variant without fertilizers showed the least infestation with annual weeds- 59.95 pcs/m2. Against the background of N60P60K60 their number increased by 8.98 pcs/m2 (LSD05 - 5.50).

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ СОРТОВ ОЗИМОГО ЯЧМЕНЯ РАЗЛИЧНОГО ЭКОЛОГО-ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКОГО ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЯ ПО ОСНОВНЫМ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННО-ЦЕННЫМ ПРИЗНАКАМ И СВОЙСТВАМ

The study of winter barley varieties of different ecological and geographical origins on the main economic-valuable traits and properties Barley is a grain crop of multiple uses; its grain can be used for various purposes. Barley productivity greatly varies on different areas of cultivation, that’s why we carry out ecological variety testing to reveal reactions of the varieties on different soil-climatic conditions. It allows selecting cultivars adapted to definite soil-climatic conditions. The purpose of the researches is to study main economic-valuable traits and properties of winter barley varieties in the conditions of the southern part of the Rostov region. The experiments have been conducted in the fields of experimental crop rotation of the department of barley breeding and seed-growing of the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy” in 2014-2016. The objects of the study were 25 cultivars of winter barley of different ecological and geographical origins. As a result we have selected the varieties with various economic-valuable traits and properties. The varieties “Polet”, “Zhiguli”, “Erema”, “Timofey”, “Artel”, “Samson”, “Platon”, “Gordey”, “Romans”, “Andryusha”, “Espada” (Russia), “Khobbit”, “Vutan”, “Galation” (Switzerland) possess a complex resistance to leaf diseases. The varieties “Erema”, “Timofey”, “Vivat”, “Gordey”, “Romans” (Russia), “Vutan”, “Galation” (Switzerland) are the most productive and resistant to lodging.

Influence of extreme systems on the growth performance of dark-grey podzolic soil and productivity of the culture of the polish space of Western Forestry of Ukraine

The article presents results of the research concerning impact of mineral, organic and organic-mineral system of fertilization with a different share of organic fertilizers on the fertility of dark-grey podzolic soil during the period of four cycles of a short cycle cereals-growing crop rotation. It is argued that application of organic-mineral fertilization with the share of 15.0 ton/ha of organic fertilizers secures increase of the content of total humus in the soil (+ 0.24% and + 6.24 ton/ha to the indicator of the first cycle) after the fourth cycle of a short cycle field crop rotation. Mineral system of fertilization does not supply an extended reproduction of humus share in the soil (-0.06% and -1.56 ton/ha, as compared to the similar variant of the first cycle of crop rotation). It is determined that the dynamics of the content of the main elements of mineral nutrition in the soil also depends on fertilization system. Under conditions of stationary field experiment the largest share of low-hydrolysed compounds of mineral nitrogen (139 mg/kg of soil), phosphorus (113 mg/kg of soil) and potassium (109 mg/kg of soil) in one layer (0–20 cm) was secured by organic-mineral system of fertilization with the share of organic fertilizer of 15 ton/ha at the end of the fourth cycle of crop rotation. Comparing to the first cycle, the share of the main nutrition elements in the variant increased by 27.1, 36.1 and 39.7% respectively. Such a system of fertilization supplied the highest level of the yield of agricultural crops during the four cycles of crop rotation. However, one should note that payback of yield was reduced from a cycle to cycle in case of fertilizers application. Key words: fertilization system, crop rotation, humus content, nutrition elements, yield.

Dynamics of mobile potassium in typical black soil in short-term crop rotations

Changes in the content of the exchange potassium of the soil in the system of short-rotation crop rotations depending on the saturation and placement of crops in them was shown their intensification (fertilizer system).
 Quantitative changes in exchangeable potassium in soil during vegetation of plants hanges depend not only on their consumption by plants, but also on the intake of potassium from organic compounds into the soil solution. In particular, direct application of 20-40 t / ha manure together with N60-100P40-100K60-100 for row crops, provides a high content of exchangeable potassium: after the cultivation of corn - 110-140 mg / kg, sugar beet - 140-200, sunflower - 130-220 mg / kg. The lowest content (70-80 mg / kg) of exchangeable potassium was observed in all fields of control crop rotation (without fertilization), where potassium of the soil and root residues of the cultivated crops served as a source of potassium for plants. Also in most fields after harvesting barley spring (100-120 mg / kg), for applying under the culture of N60P40K60.

The influence of abiotic factors on forming grain quality of bread winter wheat in the conditions of the Donetsk region

Purpose. To establish the dependence of grain quality formation of bread winter wheat on the effect of abiotic factors in the conditions of the Donetsk region. Methods. It was field research supplemented by analytical studies, measurements, calculations and observations in accordance with common methods and methodological recommendations in crop production. The research was carried out on experimental plots in field crop rotation of the State Enterprise “Experimental farm “Zaboishchyk” of the DSAES NAAS”. The years of the research were different by agroclimatic conditions during grain formation and filling: 2014 was wet, 2015 was dry, and 2016 was the optimal for the annual rainfall. Results. Weather conditions had the greatest impact on test weight (79.8 %) and 1000 kernel weight (61.8 %). The most of 17 winter wheat varieties studied formed the maximum 1000 kernel weight under increased rainfall and humidity during period of grain filling. The highest 1000 kernel weight (44.6 g) has been recorded in the variety Ihrysta. This index was the most stable in the varieties Yuzovska and Ihrysta (coefficient of variation 2.9 and 2.1, respectively). The degree of influence of variety characteristics on gluten indices (both quantity and quality) was 72.0 % and 67.9 %, respectively. Grain protein content almost similarly depends on the conditions of the year, and on the characteristics of the variety. Under high moisture protein content decreased, but variation of this index was insignificant. The varieties tested were quite stable in protein content and gluten quality. The minimum variability on test weight, gluten content and 1000 kernel weight was in the variety Ihrysta, whereas on protein content in the variety Yuzovska. To evaluate several indices simultaneously it is advisable to use one typical dimensionless scale with binary conversion of response 1 and 0 (meets or does not meet the normative requirements). This makes it possible to determine the abiotic conditions of growing when grain of given variety meets the requirements of regulatory documents established. So, the grain of the varieties Ihrysta and Peremoha corresponded to normative requirements (the value of complex quality index is 1) regardless of agroclimatic growing conditions, and grain of the variety Yuzovska did only under optimal and wet growing conditions. Conclusions. It has been established that gluten indices (quantity and quality) essentially depended on the variety. Weather conditions had the greatest impact on test weight and 1000 kernel weight. The dependence of the grain protein content is almost the same both on the year conditions and on the variety characteristics. The transition to the using complex quality index allows determining under what abiotic conditions the grain of given variety meets normative requirements.

Statistical Analysis of the Influence of a Disturbance Factor on Formation of the Spatial Structure of the Great Bustard (Otis tarda L.) (Otididae, Aves) Population in the Trans-Volga Region

This paper examines the influence of the location of settlements, railroads, and highways on the spatial structure of the Otis tarda population in the Trans-Volga region that was studied in the years 1998–2016 in a model area of 12000 km2 that is located in the southern part of the Saratov Trans-Volga region. The zone of the impact made by our estimated disturbance factor due to the movement of people and a variety of ground vehicles along various-purpose roads on the territorial distribution of bustards in autumn can be denoted as a 300–500 m width band on both sides of the transport communications. Shelterbelts that were created along transport communications render a beneficial effect on the distribution of O. tarda and reduce the influence of the disturbance factor. Furthermore, crop rotation fields with side sizes of more than 1 km can be considered a factor that compensates for the anxiety of birds. We have found that in the Saratov Trans-Volga region, because of the large size of crop rotation fields and significant development of roadside and shelter belts, no special measures are required to protect O. tarda such as restrictions on the movement of people and vehicles over the territory where this species lives.

Effectiveness of field isolation distance, tillage practice, cultivar type and crop rotations in controlling phoma stem canker on oilseed rape

Modern agriculture has led to simpler agricultural landscapes that favour the spread of pathogens and increase pressure from pests and diseases. Landscape-dependent interactions between crops and pathogens, including disease related dispersal patterns, and the benefits of reducing pathogen significance call for the design of disease-suppressive landscapes. Model-based assessment is the most efficient method of choosing among management strategies. Based on a case study in France, we ranked the effectiveness of different crop mosaics for control of phoma stem canker on winter oilseed rape (WOSR). Assessed crop mosaics were developed from strategies defined by local stakeholders: (1) isolating target from source fields (all WOSR or only WOSR harbouring RlmX specific resistance), and (2) specifying tillage on WOSR stubble according to cultivar type (with or without RlmX). Model simulations highlighted the effectiveness of WOSR-isolation as compared to RlmX-isolation. Our analyses suggest that tillage (mouldboard ploughing) was the most important factor in explaining the size and genetic structure of the pathogen population (determinant in explaining the breakdown of resistance), and yield loss. While the pathogen population and yield loss decreased with intensive management of non-RlmX-cultivars (85% of WOSR), the same management with RlmX-cultivars modified the genetic structure of the pathogen population. Increasing isolation distances led to reductions in pathogen population and yield loss only in the strategy of WOSR-isolation. Isolating source and target RlmX-cultivar had no effect on the evolution of the population's genetic structure. Although effective in phoma stem canker control, changing tillage can require significant changes for farms. Isolation distance would require extensive information on the landscape, and imply an aggregation of crops that might or might not be possible depending on a farm's spatial organization. This study could lead to the design of a Decision Support System targeting high risk (diseased) WOSR fields to be ploughed or isolated from the following year's cultivation.

我が国の飼料イネ・飼料ムギの二毛作体系の普及に向けた技術的な展望( 我が国の水田における飼料生産の動向と展望)

我が国の飼料イネ・飼料ムギの二毛作体系の普及に向けた技術的な展望( 我が国の水田における飼料生産の動向と展望)