Field Crop Rotation Research Articles

Spring wheat grain formation and filling and its productivity under various weather conditions

In the conditions of the Sverdlovsk region, spring wheat is the main grain crop, which occupies 40% in the grain wedge structure. The purpose of our study is to identify the effect of the weather factors and nutritional backgrounds on wheat productivity in field crop rotations. The study was carried out on dark gray forestry soil in the stationary trial of the Ural Federal Agricultural Research Center of the Ural Department of RAS. The object of study was the spring wheat variety ‘Krasnoufimskaya 100’, sown after various forecrops. The current paper has presented the results of the analysis of data on precipitation, average daily air temperature, STC according to some months, as well as the spring wheat productivity, depending on the moisture conditions and the background of nutrition. There has been identified that in the moisture years the growing season of spring wheat lasted 90 days, in the arid years it reduced on 10 days, and with moisture excess it was 102 days. All differences in the growing season length are mainly due to the length of the interphase period ‘heading – full ripeness’, which varied from 40 to 60 days depending on the year moisture conditions. When using mineral and organic fertilizers, the largest wheat grain yield (3.80–4.25 t/ha) was obtained with 1.62 units of STC in May-August. With insufficient moisture on an unfertilized nutritional background, the spring wheat productivity was not more than 1.4–1.6 t/ha, and under favorable hydrothermal conditions, it increased in 1.8–2.1 times compared to the arid conditions. The maximum intensity of grain formation in the interphase period ‘heading – full ripeness’ was identified under moderately moisture conditions.

SPECIFIC COMPOSITION OF CHICKPEA PESTS IN THE FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

The research aim is to improve the system of chickpea protection from pests, based on clarification of their specific composition and harmfulness under conditions of Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.
 In modern field crop rotations leguminous crops cultivation favors optimization of the phytosanitary condition of agrocoenosis, and new agrarian production is provided by the effective demand for grain at not only internal, but also external markets. At that climate changes with global warming and long droughty vegetation periods of leguminous crops testify to the importance of searching for new adapted crops, resistant sorts and improved technological cultivation methods of crops, especially, chickpea, essentially influencing grain economy in whole both in Ukraine and EU.
 Thus, it has been established, that ordinary chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an economically, phytomedically and ecologically expedient crop from both aspects of soil fertility increase and control of the harmful organisms complex that, in its turn, it worth special attention, so sowing areas, occupied by it, are completely important. Soil-climatic conditions of Ukraine are optimal for cultivating native highly productive chickpea sorts, not inferior to foreign ones with the potential yielding capacity as 2.5–3.0 t/ha.
 The authors elucidate one of main control peculiarities of the insects-phytophagans under new agriculture systems. It is typical, that chickpea is a comparatively new crop in the Forest-steppe of Ukraine and doesn’t favor the development, propagation and number increase of specialized pests’ species. It is noted, that due to fluffing and extraction of organic acids by leaves, chickpea manifests protective properties as to pests of leaves and generative organs. But chickpea is damaged by polyphagans with harvest losses in several variants up to 50% that testifies to the elaboration topicality of modern system of crops protection from phytophagans at resource-saving cultivation technologies

Characterization of the spatial heterogeneity of the agrochemical properties of arable chernozem soils in areas with a heterogeneous relief in the aspect of variable rate application

The heterogeneous relief leads to an uneven distribution of nutrients in the redistribution of crop rotation fields, which creates the prerequisites for contamination of adjacent environments and introduces risks to the production of eco-products when applying mineral fertilizers calculated for the entire. Taking into account the uncertainty introduced by the relief into the spatial distribution of soil fertility indices increases the accuracy of the VRA maps. However, it is often moved beyond the interests of introducing precision farming technologies. In this work, using various methods of regression modeling, the characteristic of the variability of the properties of chernozem soils on two arable lands with different heterogeneous relief is given. In the area with heights from 80 to 140 m, the relief determines from 24 to 58% of the spatial variability of soil properties, and in the area with a flat relief (110-150 m), the proportion of the dispersion of soil parameters described by the relief is much lower and amounts to 13-30%. It is shown that, in areas with significant elevation differences, it is possible to use regression techniques to describe the spatial distribution of soil properties, while in leveled areas, regression models need to be supplemented with a geostatistical description of spatial heterogeneity.

Agrochemical composition of southern chernozem and humus content under different farming systems in southern Russia

The purpose of the research is to study the content of various nutrients and the amount of humus using different farming systems (the traditional and direct-sowing farming systems) on chernozem in southern Russia. The stationary experiment was conducted in 2015 (five-field crop rotation). In 2021, the first rotation will end. Agrotechnics corresponding for this region was used. Fertilizer rates were applied in equal amounts. The soil is southern chernozem on loesslike light clays. The climate with pronounced continental features is characterized by a significant change in temperatures during various periods of plant vegetation. The average annual air temperature is 10 °C, the annual precipitation is 428 mm. Sampling was carried out in the first decade of October (the first field of crop rotation). The humus content should be one of the objects of environmental monitoring. It determines quantity and quality of crops and their resistance to dehumification. A tendency toward the accumulation of humus was observed when using the direct sowing method. The use of no-till has a positive effect on humus formation, which makes it possible to obtain large yields of better quality. When using the direct sowing method, the main nutrients (phosphorus and potassium) are less accessible. The ratio of carbon to nitrogen decreases which indicates higher nitrogen content.

Investigation of various options for processing gray forest soil in a field crop rotation

The paper presents the results of studies of various variants of the main treatment of gray forest soil in the experimental field in JSC “Lednevo” of the Yuriev-Polsky district of the Vladimir region Russian Federation. The experiment includes 12 strips, with an average area of 7.5 ha, consisting of 3 variants, with decreasing intensity of tillage and 4 repetitions. Based on the studies, it was found that the main problem associated with the physical condition of the soil was significant compaction of the soil at a depth of 20 – 25 cm. When using dump processing, increased soil heterogeneity was observed, and with “minimal” variants, the presence of weed vegetation was noted, which required changes in the strategy of using plant protection products and strict compliance with crop rotation. In this paper, it is recommended to remove the “plow sole” and reduce soil compaction by deep loosening of the soil to a depth of 35-40 cm in autumn, followed by a transition to a minimum soil treatment by cultivators.

Yield and quality of wheat grains in crop rotation in the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia

The influence of soil treatment systems on the upper layer of chernozem soil and intensification agents in the cultivation of spring wheat after rapeseed and soybean precursor on the yield and quality of grain in the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia was revealed. At the present stage the increase of the productivity and sustainable production of grain in the arid conditions of Omsk region implies the development of low-cost agricultural technologies and the sound use of intensification agents in growing new high-yielding varieties. The soy precursor contributed to the improvement of technological quality indicators against intensive background in terms of protein content by 6.7% (11.9-12.7%), gluten – by 8.4% (23.8-25.8%) and grain yield – by 23% (2.69-3.30 t/ha) than rapeseed, which is mainly associated with soil enrichment with digestible forms of nitrogen after soy precursor. The positive effect of combined soil treatment in combination with complex application of chemical agents on wheat grain productivity and quality after soybean and rapeseed precursors was established. It is noted that the largest thousand grain weight, protein and gluten content for both precursors were observed in case of flat-cut soil treatment with the improvement of technological parameters during complex chemization. In the southern forest-steppe cultivated lands of Western Siberia the rational integrated use of chemization tools and resource-saving flat-cut and comb-bined soil treatment systems in field crop rotation when growing spring wheat after rapeseed and soybean precursors optimize the quality of soil and grain, stabilize and increase crop productivity by 1.19-3.30 t/ha (14-23%). Soy and rapeseed are promising crops and the areas below them will increase in the region, and the agricultural technology of spring soft wheat after these precursors has not been sufficiently studied and presents a significant interest.

БАЛАНС ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ ПИТАНИЯ В СЕВООБОРОТАХ В УСЛОВИЯХ БИОЛОГИЗИРОВАННОГО АДАПТИВНО-ЛАНДШАФТНОГО ЗЕМЛЕДЕЛИЯ

In the light of recent developments, the use of biological techniques in crop cultivation technologies needs to be expanded. The role of crop rotations with a high proportion of legume grasses, green manure crops and intermediate crops is increasing. The purpose of the research is to study soil fertility dynamics in terms of the main nutritional elements and determine their balance for the development of the adaptive landscape farming system in the North-Eastern region of the European part of Russia. Experiments were carried out on the experimental plots of the FARC of the North-East in 2002–2009. Soil – sod-podzolic middle loamy. We analyzed data of a long-term stationary experiment in four grain-fallow-grass field crop rotations. Meteorological conditions during the years of research were close to the average long-term values and favorable for crop cultivation. The introduction of low doses of fertilizers (N45P45K45 as mineral, 11.5–22.5 t/ha as green manure) increased the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil by 11–14 mg/kg (LSD05 = 9.5) in crop rotations with occupied and green manure fallows. An increase in exchangeable potassium by 15 mg/kg (LSD05 = 14.1) was noted in crop rotation with two clover fields for green manure. A positive balance of nitrogen and phosphorus was obtained in crop rotation with occupied and green manure fallows. The nitrogen balance was with a higher intake of +157.8 – +483.5 kg/ha and balance intensity – 115–140 %. The balance of phosphorus has developed at +6.0…+49.6 kg/ha. The positive balance of potassium was only in crop rotations with the introduction of green manure fertilizers and intermediate crop (+69.9…+175.8 kg/ha). The intensity of the balance of these elements was 101–118 %. In the control crop rotation with bare fallow at a minimum intake of nutrients, the negative balance of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was obtained; the intensity was below 100 %. Productivity of crop rotation was at the level of 4.90–5.41 thousand fodder units. According to the optimal combination of productivity and the balance of nutritional elements, crop rotation with two clover fields for green manure and an intermediate crop stood out.

Types and quantities of weeds found in corn fields and the effect of herbicides on grain yield

Agrotechnical measures and crop rotation also do not ensure complete eradication of weeds. Therefore, it is necessary to use herbicides. Mapping by type and quantity of weeds grown among agricultural crops should be carried out in all crop rotation fields and herbicides should be applied on this basis, i.e. it is important to choose one or another herbicide based on the study of the composition and amount of weeds grown in fields. In the cultivation of corn in Uzbekistan, first of all, it should be aimed at obtaining high yields from its grain. To do this, it is necessary to use all available agro-technical measures. In modern intensive farming, weed control, which is common among agricultural crops, is a key measure.

Multi-factor analysis and agrolandscape land use design

The aim of the work was to conduct an agro-ecological assessment of agricultural lands, select a typical test area by key indicators, and conduct a comprehensive analysis with the mapping of the utilisation efficiency of this area. The aim of this work was to demonstrate the fundamental possibility of solving socio-economic and environmental problems of the land use in the context of reforming the land and property complex by the example of a specific project. The algorithm of the land management actions for efficient economic use of the territory of the key site has been offered. The proposed measures are based on the organisation of an arable land with the allocation of field, grain-grass and soil-protective crop rotations, grassing-down of spillways, and conservation of a low-productive arable land, design of a field-protective forest range, determination of the type of use of natural forage lands, allocation of places for the implementation of erosion-hazardous agricultural land afforestation, organisation of a bee park, clumps of broadleaves and micro-reserves. The prospectivity of transition from a spatial object of lands assessment to their agro-ecological type by means of morphometric analysis of the terrain using GIS-technologies, calculation of territory roughness, determination of the erosion potential of the terrain, and complex integration of the results into the typification of agro-climatic resources has been proved. The prospectivity of use of soil-recovering effects for the development of new models of resource-saving sustainable agriculture has been demonstrated.

Вплив систематичного удобрення на родючість грунту за вирощування кукурудзи на зерно

The article presents the results of research on the systematic application of organic and mineral fertilizers as the indicators of fertility of gray forest soil and the formation of corn yield per grain. It was determined that in the five-field field crop rotation during the cultivation of the crop, soil backgrounds with different physical and chemical properties were formed. Application of litter manure (direct action) at a dose of 60 t / ha on the background of moderate rates of fertilizers (N40-80R30-60K40-80) contributed to the neutralization of the soil solution to the values of slightly acidic reaction (pH sol. - 5.2-5.3 units), whereas in the absence of manure (mineral fertilizer system) the pH of the salt remained within the medium acid reaction. The most effective in terms of humus condition of the soil was the organo-mineral fertilizer system (12 t / ha of manure + N80P60K80) and organic (12 t / ha of manure per 1 ha of crop rotation area), respectively, the content of total humus was - 1.35 and 1.37% or in percentage terms by 25-27% higher compared to the control (without fertilizers) - 1.08 t / ha. Optimization of nutrient regime (hydrolyzed nitrogen, mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium) of the soil at the end of rotation was provided by the organo-mineral fertilizer system (N100P60K100 against the background of 60 t / ha of manure). The highest productivity of corn for grain (9.49 t / ha) was provided by the organo-mineral fertilizer system (60 t / ha of manure + N100P60K100), which is 86% higher than the control (without fertilizers), under these conditions the largest collection of crude protein was obtained – 0, 98 t / ha.

Ecologization of crop industry by introducing a bean component into the field crop rotation of Western Siberia

The paper studies field crop agrophytocenoses and their productivity in multi-year field experiments. Accompanying measurements and observations of crop rotations in the southern forest steppe zone of Western Siberia were carried out using the method of state crop testing and methodological instructions of B.A. Dospekhov. The soybean grain quality was determined according to GOST 10846-91 Grain and its processing products. Method of protein definition; GOST ISO 5983-2-2016 Fodder, compound feeds, compound feed raw materials. The mass fraction of nitrogen was determined and the mass fraction of crude protein was calculated. Sibiryachka soybean variety was used in crops. The experience has shown that the maximum accumulation of humus is ensured by crop rotation alternation. The use of complete fallow in rotation increases the productivity of the whole crop rotation to 2.36 t/ha with feed unit content amounting to 3.87 t/ha. Crop-replacing rotation differ from each other in productivity, however, the inclusion of oilseed crop in the scheme allowed balancing the content of feed units. The rotation of crops and the place of soybean in crop rotation significantly affected its yield. Protein accumulation does not depend on rotation and a set of precursors.

Sustantiation of monitoring the reproduction and control of the distribution of phytophagous insects in the field crop rotations of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Sustantiation of monitoring the reproduction and control of the distribution of phytophagous insects in the field crop rotations of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Regulating physical and chemical properties of leached chernozems in the forest-steppe of the Southern Urals

The objective of this study was to identify the effect of long-term use of lime, mineral and organic fertilizers on the physico-chemical properties of leached chernozem in the forest-steppe of the Southern Urals. Field experiments were conducted in the instructional farm of the Bashkir Agricultural Research Institute. The terrain is flat. Average annual precipitation varies from 389 to 500 mm. The sum of active temperatures reaches 2180-2230 ° C. The effect of experiment factors was studied in six-field grain-fallow and grain-grass crop rotation fields. The lime rates were calculated according to the total hydrolytic acidity of the soil. The dosage of organic and mineral fertilizers was determined to get the planned yields of crops in the given crop rotation. After liming, the reaction of the soil medium in the arable layer reaches optimal values for crops being pH 5.8-6.0. The amount of exchangeable bases increases from 38-41 to 43-45 mg-eq/100 g of soil. As a result of the complex application of liming, organic and mineral fertilizers, the physico-chemical properties of leached chernozem get close to the optimal parameters for field crop cultivation.

Differentiation of sunflower lines by cold tolerance

Purpose. The study purpose was to differentiate sunflower lines by cold tolerance and economically valuable traits for breeding hybrids with an increased adaptability to environmental stressors at the initial ontogenetic stages.Material and methods. Lines from a working collection of the Laboratory of Sunflower Breeding and Genetics of Plant Production Institute Industry named after V.Ya. Yuriev of NAAS (sterility fixers and fertility restorers) were taken as the test material. The field experiments were carried out in the scientific crop rotation fields of the Institute (township Elitne, Kharkivska Oblast, Kharkivskyi Raion). The field experiments were planned and conducted in accordance with conventional methods, with due account for the zonal features of sunflower cultivation.In the laboratory, the breeding material was assessed for tolerance to low temperatures by cold germination of sunflower seeds, with due account for the temperature mode peculiarities (5°C) and the germination length of sunflower line and hybrid seeds in a refrigerated thermostat (10 days). Cold tolerance was determined by germinability of sunflower seeds at 5оС related to the control (25оС). The resistance of breeding material to the causative agent of downy mildew was assessed in the laboratory by the method developed by YeM Dolgova et al. The oil content in seeds was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. Data were statistically processed using Excel software.Results and discussion. Using cold germination of seeds harvested in 2016-2018, we differentiated sunflower lines by tolerance to low temperatures at the initial ontogenetic stages.The low temperature tolerance of lines – sterility fixers (sterile analogues) was found to range 4.7% to 88.8%. A high cold tolerance was noted in lines Skh 93 A (88.8%), Skh 1006 A (79.3%), and Skh 777 A (76.4%). The cold tolerance of sunflower lines – fertility restorers was revealed to vary in the range of 11.3–93.6%. A high tolerance to low temperatures was noted in lines Kh 720 V (93.6%), Kh 4913 V (77.9%), and Kh 15146 V (62.0%).The field results characterized the lines - sterility fixers (sterile analogues) and fertility restorers by breeding characteristics and their year-to-year variability. The valuable economic features, morphological traits and resistance to the downy mildew pathogen are described for lines – sources of cold tolerance.Conclusions. By the laboratory method of cold germination, the sunflower lines were differentiated by tolerance to low temperatures at the initial ontogenetic stages. Five lines with a high cold tolerance - Skh 93 A (88.8%), Skh 1006 A (79.3%), Skh 777 A (76.4%), Kh 720 V (93.6%), and Kh 4913 V (77.9%) - were identified as sources of this trait. The genotypic diversity of the sunflower lines was evaluated by breeding characteristics and their year-to-year variability. The lines – sources of cold tolerance were characterized by valuable economic features, morphological traits and resistance to the causative agent of downy mildew

УРОЖАЙНІСТЬ І ЯКІСТЬ НАСІННЯ СОЇ ЗА РІЗНОГО УДОБРЕННЯ НА ЧОРНОЗЕМІ ОПІДЗОЛЕНОМУ

The productivity of agricultural crops is the most variable and integral indicator of their vital activity, which accumulates their genetic potential, soil fertility, weather conditions and components of agricultural technology. Soybean under optimal growing conditions (the reaction of the soil is close to neutral, sufficient phosphorus and potassium nutrition, the use of nitraginization) assimilates from the air about 70 % of the total nitrogen requirement. Therefore, it is believed that it is enough to apply only a starting dose of nitrogen fertilizers (20–40 kg/ha a. s.), to get a high yield with good indicators of grain quality. The results of studies of the influence of long-term (8 years) application of different doses and ratios of fertilizers in field crop rotation on podzolized chernozem in the conditions of the Right -Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine on the yield and quality of soybean seeds preceded by spring barley were presented. It was found that crop yields could be increased by 18–77 % owing to different doses, ratios and types of fertilizers. The highest indicators of seed yields for three years of the research (3,02 t/ha) were obtained under the application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N110P60K80 per 1 ha of crop rotation area, including under soybean – N60P60K60. Exclusion of the nitrogen component from the complete fertilizer (N60P60K60) reduced its yield by 26 %, phosphorus – by 17, and potassium by 11 %. There was no significant decrease in soybean yield in the variant of the experiment with a decrease in the proportion of potassium in the composition of complete mineral fertilizer (N60P60K30) for three years of study. The largest mass of 1000 soybean seeds was formed at doses of N60К60 fertilizers, and their protein content — under the application of complete mineral fertilizer in doses of N60P60K60 and N60P60K30.

Economic and biological assessment of Tartary buckwheat variety ‘Kalyna’

Purpose. To evaluate Tartary buckwheat variety ‘Kalyna’ according to morphological, productive and quality indicators in the conditions of the Research Center “State Agra­rian and Engineering University in Podilia”. Methods. The studies were carried out in the field crop rotation of the Research Center “Podillia” of the State Agrarian and Engi­neering University in Podilia (SAEU) in 2015–2020. The soil cover of the experimental field is represented mainly by low-humus, weakly leached soils. Experiment setting, material evaluation, analysis of plants, yield and grain quality were carried out in accordance with the generally accepted methods of state variety testing. An assessment of the Tartary buckwheat variety ‘Kalyna’ was carried out in comparison with the common buckwheat variety ‘Victoriia’. Results. The growing season duration of Tartary buckwheat variety ‘Kalyna’ was 87 days (38 days vegetative and 49 days gene­rative). In the studied variety, a larger number of the 1st order branches up to 5.5 pcs was observed. The number of leaves on the plant was 22–28 pcs./plants. In the studied variety, more than 50% of the grains were located on the main stem and the first order branches, while in common buckwheat this indicator was only 30%. Productivity was 2,28 t/ha, the number of grains in inflorescences was 4,4 grains, in common buckwheat – 0,72 t/ha, and 2.2 grains/inflorescence, respectively. The thousand kernel weight in Tartary buckwheat variety ‘Kalyna’ is 10.2 g less than in common buckwheat variety ‘Victoriia’ and is 17.4 g, with hulls – 19.5%, which is 3.2% less then in common buckwheat variety.Assessment of Tartary buckwheat variety ‘Kalyna’ for resistance to the effects of bio- and abiotic factors indicates that it was at the level of common buckwheat variety ‘Victoriia’.In terms of resistance to abiotic factors, ‘Kalyna’ variety is characterized by high resistance to spontaneous fallof grain (5 scores) and has simultaneous grain ripening (5 scores). Conclusions.The morphological and economic-biological indicators of Tartary buckwheat variety ‘Kalyna’ are significantly higher than the common buckwheat varie­ty ‘Victoriia’. It is recommended to grow Tartary buckwheat variety ‘Kalyna’ as a valuable cereal crop in the Western Forest-Steppe zone.

BASIC CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES FOR MULTI-FUNCTIONAL HYDRO AGROLANDSCAPE SYSTEMS

Based on the principles of natural analogies, the necessary diversity, the ability of soil formation and the integration of knowledge, multifunctional hydroagrolandscape systems have been developed, including multifunctional systems (crop rotation fields and irrigation technique), which ensure the fulfillment of the ecological and economic functions of the soils of hydroagrolandscape systems. Multifunctional hydro-agrolandscape systems for the purposeful regulation of the soil-forming process on irrigated crop rotation fields by designing crop rotation and an irrigation system on irrigated lands (hydro-agricultural landscape system) with the linkage of agricultural crops to irrigation equipment and technology, which move along with agricultural crops according to the rotational scheme, adopted in the crop rotation, ensure the maximum possible use of solar energy for the soil-forming process in specific natural and climatic conditions. The environment-forming functions of a multifunctional hydro-agrolandscape system are provided on the basis of the use of integral criteria to ensure the agroecological sustainability of irrigated crop rotations (hydroagrolandscapes), taking into account geoecological restrictions, that is, the weighted average irrigation rate (water demand deficit) of agricultural crops in the crop rotation should not exceed the deficit of the ecological water requirement of agricultural land systems. Thus, the design of highly productive hydrolandscape systems requires ensuring compliance with not only the principles of the necessary diversity and natural analogies, based on the creation of se-rotations with mobile irrigation techniques to control and regulate soil-forming processes, that is, the soil as an object of influence (reclamation) performing an ecological function , and agricultural crops as a subject perform an economic function, requires the need, on the basis of the principle of knowledge integration, to form ways of regulating the natural process that provide targeted regulation and control of soil-forming processes as environment-forming systems.

Phytosanitary problems in the development of No-Till technology in the Stavropol Territory

Relevance. The technology of cultivation of field crops without soil tillage — No-Till has been actively started to be introduced in agriculture of Stavropol Territory and other regions of the country. While mastering this technology, changes occurred in the species composition of harmful objects affecting the formation of crops. Methods. The purpose of the research is to study the phytosanitary condition of crops in field crop rotations without soil tillage, compared to the traditional technology. The research was conducted on the experimental fields of “North Caucasian FNAC” and industrial crops of agricultural enterprises in the Stavropol Territory. Pest numbers were determined and accounted for using methods and reference books generally accepted in plant protection. Results . As a result of research, the negative impact of post-harvest plant residues of winter wheat on subsequent crops in crop rotation, such as winter wheat, rape and others, was determined. In addition, winter wheat straw, which is not put into the soil, is a source of root rot infection. For the first time, a cotton shovel significantly damaged winter wheat in the arid regions of Stavropol Krai. For the first time, cereal leaflets started to damage corn and sunflower, damaging up to 70% of sprouts, while neighboring fields with traditional technology were not inhabited. Damaged by caterpillars, the young leaves of sunflower at the point of growth deformed, which later led to the formation of new underdeveloped stems. Mouse-like rodents on corn and sunflower, where the population reaches 200 colonies per 1 ha, were found to be harmful, while they were not found on traditional technology. The new pest of sunflower and corn field slug can completely destroy sprouts of these crops cultivated with No-Till technology. Studies have shown that it is necessary to adjust the system of plant protection for field crops cultivated using the technology without soil tillage.

Influence of crop rotations and mineral fertilizers on the humus state of the soil in a long-term stationary experiment

Relevance and methods. The article presents the data of scientific research on the influence of field crop rotations with the use of complex mineral fertilizers at a dose of 90 kg d. V. and without them on the humus state of dark gray forest heavy loam soil and arable land productivity in the Ryazan region. Research was carried out in the fields of ISA-a branch OF fgbnu FNAC VIM from 1992–1994. The aim of the research is to study the effect of long-term use of different crop rotations and mineral fertilizers on the humus content and changes in arable land productivity in dark gray forest soil and to predict the consequences of their use. In order to reproduce soil fertility and a deficit-free balance of humus, it is necessary, first of all, to have scientifically-based crop rotations in crops. Results. Our studies on dark grey forest heavy loam on granulometric structure of the soil, it was found that the saturation of crop rotations of legumes and legume-grasses contributes to the content of the total humus 0.16–0,195% for unfertilized and 0,324–0,290% in the fertilized soil, whereas in the rotation with the black field pair without application of fertilizer stocks this indicator of soil fertility in the layer 0–30 cm was reduced by 0,154%, the result of the increasing salinity and the lack of input of organic matter. It is noted that the long-term use of crop rotations saturated with grasses leads both to the stabilization of soil fertility and to an increase in the productivity of arable land, the initial value of which when the experiment was laid was 33.0 C.K. units/ha. at the end of the fourth rotation, the value of this indicator increased by 55.2% and 105.8%, respectively, on wind and fertilized backgrounds.

Influence of vermicompost aftereffect on the efficiency of spring barley cultivation in arid conditions of the Steppe of Ukraine

Barley is a crop, requires the availability of available nutrients in the soil, especially at the be-ginning of the growing season. The aim of the research was to determine the effectiveness of the aftereffect of using vermicompost when growing spring barley on different backgrounds in the Donetsk region. The studies were carried out according to the methodology of the field experiment of B. A. Dospehova. Research methods: field, supplemented by analytical studies, measurements, calculations and observations. The studies were conducted in 2017–2019 by laboratory-field method in field crop rotation in the experimental sections of the Donetsk SSES NAAS. The repetition in the experiments is 3-fold. The location of the plots is systematic. The soil is alkaline-chernozemic carbonate, having an average supply of mineral nitrogen and mobile phosphorus, low – potassium. The humus content of 4,2 % indicates a high potential soil fertility, but to realize the potential of the culture, additional application of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers is necessary. The technology for growing crops is generally accepted for the farms of the region, with the ex- ception of the factors studied. Variety of barley spring Avers. The experience scheme provides for: control (without fertilizers); background – saturation of crop rotation with vermicompost granular 2 t/ha; background + N30P30K30; background + N60P60K60; N30P30K30. The use of organic fertilizers under the predecessor in crop rotation provided improve nutriti-on conditions for plants, which positively affected the growth and development of spring barley plants. So, on the variants with the use of mineral fertilizers, the highest indices of the number of productive stems and the structure of the crop were noted in the background. The variant where N60P60K60 was added in the background produced the largest mass of 1000 grains – 49,8 g, which is 4,6 % higher than the control. Analysis of the study indicates the positive effect of the aftereffect of organic fertilizer (ver-micompost) on the yield of spring barley. The maximum yield of spring barley was obtained against the background of aftereffect of vermicompost 2 t/ha and the application of mineral fertilizers N60P60K60 – 5,05 t/ha, but due to high production costs, the profitability level is 114,9 %. The application of organic fertilizers under the background provides a yield of 3,67 t/ha and the highest level of profitability of 140,6 %. The optimal technological option provides for the introduction of mineral fertilizers in the norm N30P30K30 amid predecessor saturation with vermicompost. This allows increasing the yield up to 4,90 t/ha (by 1,46 t/ha or 42,4 % to the control) and obtaining a profitability level of 136,1 %. The use only of mineral fertilizer N30P30K30 in severely arid weather conditions of the steppe zone allows increasing the yield by 0,70 t/ha compared to the control but, due to the high cost of pro-duction, leads to a low production profitability of 99,6 %. Key words: spring barley, background, vermicompost, mineral fertilizers, yield, economic effici-ency.