English Equivalents Research Articles

APPLYING CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS FOR ELUCIDATING CERTAIN FEATURES OF CULTURAL FOREIGN WORDS

Understanding verbal art is a complicated and multifarious phenomenon. The present paper is devoted to the study of some problems related to certain cases of using cultural foreign words, which are revealed due to the application of the contrastive method of analysis. By the application of the method of linguopoetic confrontation of the original and the translated versions of a work of verbal art an attempt is made to identify transliterations of cultural foreign words not having their equivalents in English or French cultures. The usage of cultural foreign words in a work of fiction ensures a global aesthetic impact on the reader.

Discourse Markers of “Saying”: A Comparative Study

Abstract The present study compares the discourse markers (DMs) of “saying” in Mandarin Chinese ke yi shuo (lit. “can say”) and ying gai shuo (lit. “should say”) with their equivalents in English, by drawing the parallel corpora from The Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping (Volume III) (henceforth The Works), so as to uncover the pragmatic motivation for the variation in translating the DMs of “saying.” The analysis is conducted within a theoretical framework of speech act theory, by grouping the DMs according to their personal pronouns. Moreover, by comparing the uses of personal pronouns in English and Chinese, the current study confirms that The Works keeps the consistency between the two languages as well as with the characteristics and styles of Deng Xiaoping’s locution. It also finds that modalized DMs of “saying” (e. g., “I should say”), as a parenthesis, lose their status as matrix clauses and help reduce the tone of affirmation.

The prevalence of urinary tract infections in type 2 diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundUrinary tract infection is the most common infection in type 2 diabetic patients. Various studies have reported different outbreaks of urinary tract infections in type 2 diabetic patients. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of urinary tract infections in type 2 diabetic patients during a systematic review and meta-analysis in order to develop interventions to reduce the incidence of urinary tract infections in type 2 diabetic patients.MethodsIn this study, systematic review and meta-analysis of study data related to the prevalence of urinary tract infection in type 2 diabetic patients were conducted using keywords including type 2 diabetes, urinary tract infection, diabetes, prevalence, meta-analysis and their English equivalents in SID, MagIran, IranMedex, IranDoc, Google Scholar, Cochrane, Embase, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science (WoS) databases from 1993 to 2020. In order to perform the analysis of qualified studies, the model of random-effects was used, and the inconsistency of studies with the I2 index was investigated. Data analysis was performed with Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version 2).ResultsBased on a total of 15 studies with a sample size of 827,948 in meta-analysis, the overall prevalence of urinary tract infection in patients with type 2 diabetes was 11.5% (95% confidence interval: 7.8–16.7%). The prevalence of urinary tract infections in diabetic Iranian patients increased with increasing number of years of research, (p < 0.05), and with increasing age of participants (p < 0.05), but however the prevalence decreased with increasing sample size (p < 0.05).ConclusionThis study shows that urinary tract infections are highly prevalent in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, due to the growing prevalence of diabetes and its complications such as urinary tract infections, the need for appropriate screening programs and health care policies is becoming more apparent.

Creators of the Vocabulary of Anglophone Psychology and Their Relationships

The vocabulary of anglophone psychology largely developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The creators of this vocabulary include such well-known names as William James, Joan Riviere, E. L. Thorndike, and James Strachey. Along with others, they invented many new words and word meanings for psychology. The more a psychologist responded to the need for new vocabulary the more likely were they to be mentioned in publications. Moreover, linguistically creative psychologists occurred together in publications to a greater extent than less linguistically creative psychologists, with William James having the most co-occurrences. A network is presented that links each member of a sample of 59 linguistically creative psychologists to the other member of the sample with whom they most frequently co-occur (e.g., E. L. Thorndike co-occurs most frequently with William James). For each pair, we provide brief descriptions of their similarities and/or differences. There is also a cluster of translators who created new English words and word meanings in order to capture the meanings of words in other languages that had no satisfactory equivalents in English. Generally speaking, the more success psychologists have had in filling the lacunae in psychology’s vocabulary, the more they have been recognized by others.

Investigating the Influence of English on Balochi, Following the Colonization of Balochistan: Morphology (Bamposhti dialect; a subdialect of Sarawani dialect)

There are not many words in Balochi which have analogous equivalents in English, but even the small numbers of them make people think there is a relationship between the two languages of Balochiand English. This research aimed to investigate if the colonization of Balochistan had an impact on the Balochi language (Bamposhti dialect) in the case of morphology.There are not many words in Bamposhti Balochi which have equivalents in English being similar to them in terms of pronunciation; 18 of these words,were investigated in this research. The investigation on these words revealed a shocking result. Only 4 (%22.2) of the words which were investigated on, found to be English loanwords. The data collected in this research proves the idea that there is a relationship between Balochi and English in the case of morphology. It also proves that the colonization of Balochistanis the reason of which Balochi has English words (loanwords).

Benefits of International Loanwords for English-Speaking Learners of Lithuanian

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This study explores the benefits of international loanwords in Lithuanian for the learning of its vocabulary by English speakers. This study focuses on the international vocabulary that originate from Latin or Greek, much of which, however, was borrowed through Russian, English and French. The author examined the lexes of the above-mentioned category in the Oxford 3000 wordlist and counted the number of the Lithuanian equivalents of identical category. As a result, a total of 511 vocabulary items of that category were found in the approximately 3,000 basic Lithuanian words corpus. This study categorised the collected Lithuanian lexes by suffixes to propose regularity in cross-linguistic similarity. Many of the high-frequency English words ending in -tion and -ion corresponded to Lithuanian words ending in -cija (e.g. administracija ‘administration’) and -ija (e.g. diskusija ‘discussion’). Moreover, English words ending in -y were equivalent to Lithuanian words with the ending -ija (e.g. filosofija ‘philosophy’, geografija ‘geography’, harmonija ‘harmony’). Similarly, the Lithuanian agrikultūra ‘agriculture’, architektūra ‘architecture’, kultūra ‘culture’, literatūra ‘literature’, struktūra ‘structure’ and temperatūra ‘temperature’ regularly correspond to their English equivalents. Thus, suffixes are key elements for vocabulary learning. Therefore, the present study concluded that international loanwords in Lithuanian could accelerate learning high-frequency Lithuanian vocabulary by English speakers.

Активные русские пословицы тематической группы «Судьба» и их сербские пословичные соответствия (на фоне китайского языка)

Статья посвящена сравнению пословиц в трех языках (русском, сербском и китайском) на основе многоязычного словаря М.Ю. Котовой «Русско-славянский словарь пословиц с английскими соответствиями». В результате данного анализа сопоставляются языковые картины мира трех наций. Объектом исследования выступает пословица как лингвокультурологический феномен, предметом – пословицы о судьбе в русском, сербском и китайском языках. В исследовании выявляются общие черты русских, сербских и китайских пословиц о судьбе (тематическая группа «Судьба), а также указывается на их различия. В работе дается определение пословицы, рассматриваемой в качестве объекта исследования в трех языках; сравниваются русские пословицы о судьбе с их пословичными параллелями в сербском и китайском языках. В статье исследуются полные пословичные параллели, пословичные параллели с другой внутренней формой (аналоги) и лакуны.

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This article highlights the research results concerning the English-Ukrainian translation peculiarities of the NATO special terminology to denote the security and defense sector activities. This terminology is of special significance for the military terminological activity within the linguistic support as a relatively new domain of the troops� (forces�) support due to its special value for the National Guard of Ukraine in terms of establishing and maintaining its cross-cultural communication with the NATO allies and partners. The research was based on the English-Ukrainian and Ukrainian-English glossary "NATO Glossary of Defense and Security Policy Terms", developed under the DCAF in 2017. The choice of the equivalents for special terms to denote defence and security sector activities is grounded on the principles of concepts coherence, accuracy of wording, the term etymology, and the semantic content comparative analysis of the terminological units and their equivalents in Ukrainian and English. It has been defined that the terms functional identity in both languages allows preserving the nominative and systematic nature of the term. The typical translation methods for the analyzed terminological units have been identified (lexico-semantic shifts, loan translation, and explication), as well as the structural and compositional patterns of equivalents selection in the Ukrainian language. The majority (64,5 %) of the analyzed glossary terms are used to denote the activities of the National Guard of Ukraine. The research results underline the importance of military terminological activity of the National Guard of Ukraine in order to systematize the terminological system of this agency and, in a broader context, to better understand military and law enforcement activities of similar law enforcement agencies of other countries.

Comparison of story-based and game-based vocabulary teaching in secondary school English lessons

The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of the story-based and game-based vocabulary teaching methods on learning the English equivalents of Turkish words, using these English words in sentences and writing these English words correctly. It was also aimed to investigate the effects of these methods on English reading comprehension skills of the students. Pre-test - post-test without control group experimental design was used in the study. The study design consisted of two groups as the Group Story and the Group Game. An achievement test prepared by the researchers was applied to both groups as a pre-test at the beginning of the research and as a post-test at the end of the research. The study was conducted in the 5th grades of a secondary school in the 2nd term of the 2014-2015 academic year. The study group consisted of 54 students, 27 students in the Group Story and 27 students in the Group Game. The study was completed in 8 weeks in total, 40 minutes per week. There was a significant difference between the pre-test and the post-test scores of each group. No significant difference was found between the mean scores of the pre-test - post-test difference scores of the two groups. In conclusion, it is possible to say that both the story-based and game-based vocabulary teaching methods are efficient in vocabulary teaching in secondary school English lessons.

Translation methods for dealing with the incongruity of labour law terms in the Polish and British legal systems – a case study

The paper aims to discuss incongruent Polish and British terms referring to labour law. The terms characteristic of each of the three separate legal systems: of England and Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland are called British terms in this paper. The Polish terms under analysis appear in the Polish Labour Code Act of 26 June 1994 and name types of benefits granted under the Polish Labour Code. The English equivalents of each Polish term researched have been used in two Polish Labour Code translations into English and have been accommodated in the most up-to-date bilingual Polish-English legal dictionary. The research problem is to verify whether the published typology of translation methods used in the Polish-English translation of civil and criminal law terms encompasses translation methods applied when translating Polish labour law terms into English. The translation methods are defined according to Hejwowski. The theoretical part of the paper includes a presentation of the definitions of a term and incongruity of terms. On the basis of the research, however, it may provisionally be presumed that the published typology of translation methods used in the translation of incongruent Polish and English civil and criminal law terms encom passes the translation methods employed when translating labour law terms into English, as the equivalents under analysis have been formed as a result of the application of as many as four out of the ten methods of the typology.

Representation of the West and the Ideological Position of the Author in Belayettira Baralinda

Written by Tana Sarma Belayettira Baralinda [Roaming through England] is a pioneering work of travel account in Nepali literature. It recounts the author’s observations of European society during the mid-sixties of the twentieth century. The purpose of this paper is to see whether the author accepts the hegemonic discourse of the west of its progress and civilization or resists and contests it. For the textual analysis, it uses Antonio Gramsci’s concept of Hegemony, Michel Foucault’s Discourse theory and Edward Said’s notion of Orientalism and the generic parameters of travel writing. As the original text is in Nepali, the writer has translated the cited parts into English and wherever is necessary, the Nepali is also used followed by its English equivalent. This review finds that it undoubtedly is a classic work of travelogue in Nepalese literature which presents a vivid picture of Europe of the mid-sixties of the twentieth century. It is more varied and surpasses its predecessors like Jungabahadurko Belayet Yatra and it is more analytical and multifaceted. It has saved itself from the fault of admiring the west without being objective and critical. Thematically, it covers three areas: admiration of the west as the place of progress, plenty and freedom, sporadic critiquing its inhumanity and the expression of authorial ethos in the description of the west. The paper concludes that, despite sporadic moments of critiquing, Sarma’s travel account approves western hegemonic discourse.

Formal Shifts Use on Achieving Pragmatic Equivalence in English – Indonesian Translation of KungFu Panda

This study is concerned with the analysis of Catford’s formal shifts use in speech act translation from English into Bahasa Indonesia in Kung Fu Panda movie. The analysis covers the use of level shift and category shift on achieving pragmatic equivalence and how the visual-verbal relation happened along with the pragmatic achievement process. This study took documentation and a questionnaire on collecting the data. In this study, a theory from Baker (1992) was applied to analyze pragmatic equivalence achievement. Moreover, the theory from Halliday (1994) in Martinec and Salway (2005) was used to identify visual-verbal relations. The results of the study depicted (1) the use of level shift and category shift were very needed which led to pragmatic equivalence achievement (95,3%). Based on the target readers and expert raters, (2) the visual-verbal relation helped the translator on target text arrangement by providing the context of which the speech act was being uttered. The visual-verbal relation identified in the Kung Fu Panda movie were exposition (12,7%), enhancement (9,3%), extension (5,3%) and locution relation (72,7%). (3) The translator tended to use category shift dominantly (66,67%) for recreating the most suitable target text that was similar to the source text’s pragmatic meaning.The large identification of visual-verbal relation locutionallowed target and expert readers to perceive the meaning lied in speech act only from the word given.

A Review of Isaac Oluwole Delano’s Pioneering Works on Yoruba Grammar, Orthography, Lexicography and Cultural Education.

Tis is a reproduction and an improved version of our opening chapter on Selected Works of Chief Isaac O. Delano on Yoruba Language. In it, we reintroduce the seminal works of the legendary writer and language educator, I. O. Delano. Many of these works have become obscure to the reading public due to an apparent lack of intentional publication. Delano, known for his prolific writings, wrote a few books relating to Yoruba language and grammar. Tis segment looks at four major non-fiction works of Chief Isaac O. Delano. For the most part, the segment deals with his efforts on Yoruba language, but to some extent, too, it looks at some additional non-language related writings often embedded in his works on language. For example, in Appendix I of his 1965 book, A Modern Yoruba Grammar, the author provides an array of proverbs and sayings in the language with their English equivalents. In Appendix II, Delano infused two old texts into the book, which comprise of a sermon and an essay on schooling. Clearly, Delano seems to have a penchant for dissemination of relevant cultural education in all his works. Indeed, one could say Yoruba Cultural education has always been apparently one of Delano’s passions as well as hidden agenda in writing his books, and he does so relentlessly. In what follows, we 216 Toyin Falola and Michael Oladejo Afolayan examine the four works in no particular order, although the Modern Grammar is given a relatively more detailed review and summarization. The four books are: A Modern Yoruba Grammar; Àgbékà Ọr̀ ọ̀ Yorùbá: Appropriate Words and Expressions in Yoruba; Conversation in Yoruba and English; and Atúmọ̀Èdè Yorùbá.

Translation as a Linguistics Process: A Case Study of the Concept of Equivalence in Translation TL----SL

In this study, the linguistics processes guiding the concept of equivalence in translation of Source Language and Target Language are vividly discussed. When translating from one language to another, it's necessary to decode the source text and look for an acceptable translation in the target language. The main purpose of this paper is to explain the concept Equivalence in Translation to this end. The data used were drawn from some Yoruba lexical words, idioms, proverbs and figurative expressions as well as its English equivalents. According to the most authoritative research in the fields of grammar and sociolinguistics, grammatical analysis is insufficient to explain the nature of language. The results also show that knowledge of a language is a composite of knowledge of a language's structure and usage in a socio-cultural setting.

Polish-English LSP Dictionaries in Translation Work: Labour-Law Terminology from the Polish Labour Code in Terminographic and Translation Practice

The purpose of the article is to show the applicability of selected Polish-English LSP dictionaries in legal translation work. The paper analyses how well labour-law terminology, found in the Polish Labour Code, is covered in Polish-English LSP dictionaries and compares them to equivalents selected by Agnieszka Jamroży, the author of an English translation of the Polish Labour Code. Based on a collation of the English equivalents present in the reviewed resources, the author presents some conclusions as to what the studied dictionaries lack and what terminographers should focus on when compiling a labour-law dictionary that would be more useful to translators and other users. Essentially, the article presents the Polish labour-law language system and labour-law corpus, legal terms and labour law in the context of LSP dictionaries. The methodology is then outlined, followed by the findings from the review of the selected dictionaries and an example translation of the Polish Labour Code. Certain labour-law terms particularly stood out, and these have been reviewed in detail in the paper: they are documentacja pracownicza, wymiar czasu pracy, norma czasu pracy and dobowy wymiar czasu pracy. The publication ends with conclusions and findings on the applicability of Polish-English LSP dictionaries in legal translation work and implications for creating a labour-law dictionary for translation purposes based on the research.

Methods of translating nonequivalent units in the Russian-English Dictionary of Phraseological Euphemisms

This article explores the problem of adequate translation of English equivalents of the Russian phraseological euphemisms in the compiled by the authors &amp;ldquo;Russian-English Dictionary of Phraseological Euphemisms&amp;rdquo; &amp;ndash; the first bilingual dictionary of euphemisms. Special attention is given to preservation of the significative and denotative component of the meaning of Russian phraseological euphemisms in their translating into English. The subject of this research is the methods of adequate transmission of the semantics of nonequivalent reinterpreted Russian euphemisms. The goal lies in the description of possible methods of translating nonequivalent Russian phraseological euphemisms into English: the right part of the dictionary entry is still under study. The novelty of this research lies in the discussion of possible methods of translating nonequivalent phraseological euphemisms that combine the characteristic features of both phraseological and euphemistic nominations. These typical characteristics are reflected in the right part of the dictionary entry. The acquires results prove that existence of four methods of translating nonequivalent phraseological euphemisms: using loanwords, lexical, descriptive and compound translation; the letter is crucial in delivering necessary information on the Russian phraseological euphemisms. The conclusion is made on the need to include additional information on the peculiarities of euphemistic nomination of the Russian phraseological euphemisms in form of descriptive translation into English, as opposed to the method of translating nonequivalent phraseological units in the existing bilingual phraseological dictionaries.

Семантические отношения терминов-синонимов (на материале лексем «художник» и «живописец» и их английских эквивалентов “painter”, “artist”)

The aim of the study is to identify similar and different semantic components included in the semantic structure of the Russian lexemes «художник» and «живописец» and their English equivalents “painter”, “artist”. The article deals with the problematic issues of semantic relations arising between synonymous terms. A comparative analysis of synonyms semantics is carried out on the basis of lexemes that perform a terminological function in a special scientific field - art criticism. The scientific originality of the research lies in the fact that for the first time a comparative-contrastive analysis of the synonymous terms “artist” and “painter” in Russian and English is carried out to establish the context and the degree of their equivalence. As a result of the study, the synonymous terms for the words «художник», «живописец» and their English equivalents are identified, the classification of synonymous terms is carried out, and the reason for synonymy and the degree of unification of the studied terminology are revealed.

Prozodia, semantyka, styl – o hierarchii poziomów ekwiwalencji w tłumaczeniu piosenki kabaretowej (studium przypadku: polskojęzyczne warianty Money… Freda Ebba)

Prosody, Semantics and Style. On the Hierarchy of Levels of Equivalence in the Translation of Cabaret Songs (Case Study: Polish Versions of Fred Ebb's Money…)&#x0D; The article is a case study and contains a comparative analysis of four variants of the Polish translation of Fred Ebb and John Kander’s song Money… from the musical “Cabaret”. The author of the translation is Wojciech Młynarski, one of the most respected Polish songwriters of the second half of the twentieth century. In the study, an assumption is made that Młynarski, who repeatedly changed versions of his translation, sought to create the most faithful rendition of the songs from the musical for the needs of the Polish stage. His efforts can be observed at four levels of text organization. The translator aimed mainly for sound equivalence, i.e. conformity with the original song in terms of rhythm (word stress), rhyme (consonance) and voice instrumentation and, to a lesser extent, sound imitation. He also cared about pragmatic equivalence by rendering into Polish the original intentions, with particular emphasis on the modes of indirect communication, such as irony and satire. However, other aspects of equivalence remained in the background. Not everywhere the translator managed to keep the cognitive equivalence, i.e. convergence of imagery, by translating scenes and scenarios that were part of cultural knowledge into parallel ones and, more broadly, by trying to evoke similar images in the mind of the reader and listener. His efforts to achieve the effect of broadly understood stylistic equivalence were also noteworthy; only to a small extent they consisted in giving the right stylistic coloring to the individual lexical items which had their English equivalents, and they mainly boiled down to translating stylistic games that did not necessarily cover the same fragments of the song, though were usually based on the same mechanism (a clash between low and high style, absurdity). The analysis shows that the translator adopted tabular rather than linear approach to the original.

How Three Different Translators of The Holy Qur’an Render Anthroponyms from Arabic into English

The present paper examines anthroponyms in the Holy Qur'an in three different English translations to shed light on how procedures used by translators can help target-language (TL) readers understand the implied meaning of anthroponyms. In order to conduct the research, the anthroponyms in the Holy Qur'an were isolated and English equivalents were identified. Then Vermes’s (2003) model was applied to the collected data to find answers to the following research questions: (1) What strategies are used most frequently by the translators examined to render the Qur’anic anthroponyms into the target-language (TL)?; (2) How consistent are the translators in using particular strategies when translating the anthroponyms?; (3) Does the type of translator affect their choice of translation strategy?; (4) Does the model suggested by Vermes (2003) cover all of the strategies employed by the three translators?; and (5) Which procedures are source-language-oriented, TL-oriented, or deep-reader oriented? Overall, the findings indicated that the procedures most frequently used by the translators were “substitution” and “transference.” It was found that the native speaker of neither Arabic nor English foreignized 96.80% of the Qur’anic anthroponyms by using “transference,” while the native translators of either the target-language or the source-language domesticated 71.00% of the anthroponyms by using “substitution.” “Substitution” was used when an exact Biblical equivalent for the Qur’anic anthroponym existed. Otherwise, “transference” was used along with notes to transport the meaning and form while remaining faithful to the intended meaning of the sacred text.

صعوبات الترجمة المصطلحات القانونية "من العربية إلى الأنجليزية إنموذجاً"

The research paper addresses the challenges involved in the translation of English to Arabic legal terminology. Since legal systems differ in terms of procedures and norms, languages belonging to these systems also vary in their choice of words and concepts which pose serious problems for the translators. Islamic and English laws are distinctive in their terminologies. The translators often face serious challenges in rendering texts from Islamic to English legal systems. The legal translation is considered the most difficult type of translation primarily for its specialized terms of Islamic Sharia. This paper will argue on the functional equivalence of English and Islamic law terminologies. The research has used a descriptive and analytical approach to find the problems of legal translation by the following research questions: 1. What kind of difficulties do the legal translators face during translation? 2. Are the legal translation errors considered fatal? The findings of the study reveal that lack of experience in target cultures, lack of knowledge of both languages' structures, and lack of reference for the specialized terms cause challenges for the translators. The findings also suggest that training in the field of translation is mandatory to overcome the above-mentioned challenges, the legal text translators should seek to find a functional equivalent in the target legal language.