English Equivalents Research Articles

Word compounding as a morphological process in Efik language

This study was carried out to examine Word Compounding as a morphological process in Efik Language. Compounding is a word formation process based on the combination of lexical elements. Words can be considered as a complex part in language since it has many different forms. Compound words are words formed through one of the word formation processes by combining one lexical item with another and thus produces a new word with a new meaning. This research work investigates to know how compound words are formed in Efik language. This work describes the forms of compound words, the meaning of words in their individual lexical categories as well as the meaning of words in their compounded state. It was discovered that some compound words in Efik could be literally realized or figuratively realized when undergoing the word formation process of compounding. It was also discovered that lexical categories resulting from the process of compounding are noun compound, verb compound, adjective compound and reduplication in the case of adverb. Most of the times, coined Efik counterparts of words are formed mostly by compounding and analogy. The use of English equivalents for compound words by the Efik-English bilinguals in their code-mixing utterance counts as an appropriate statement or reply. Sometimes, just as word compounding is in English, so it is Efik

Compétition entre poly-, pluri- et multi- dans les néologismes officiels français

The article deals with the formation and use of the three prefixes that express plurality in French official terminology, on the example of the 162 terms appearing in FranceTerme and containing the prefixes pluri-, poly- and multi-. Among them, multi- is the most productive (104 terms), followed by poly- (50 terms) and pluri- (8 terms). With regard to the distribution of terms according to the domains, the natural and technical sciences dominate over the social sciences. The comparison with the English equivalents reveals a fairly high correspondence rate, even if 23% of the terms are not constructed in the same way. Relatively frequent substitutions of prefixes between English and French, e.g. pluri- and poly- in French instead of multi- in English, witness about their partial synonymy.

Time Metaphors in English and Arabic: Translation Challenges

Time metaphorical expressions are common in all languages and in general as well as specialized contexts. This study explores the similarities and differences between English and Arabic time metaphorical expressions containing , and the difficulties that student-translators have in translating them; the translation strategies they use and the causes of translation weaknesses. A sample of English and Arabic general and specialized time metaphors containing second ثانية, minute دقيقة , hourساعة , day يوم , year سنة، عام , age, era, and epochحقبة , عصر; الدهر eternity; time وقت، زمن was collected, analyzed and compared. It was found that time metaphorical expressions fall into 4 categories: (i) those that are identical in form and meaning in both languages (golden age, around the clock); (ii) those that are similar in meaning but differ in wording (wait for ages); (iii) those that exist in English, but have no equivalents in Arabic (time is money); and (iv) those that exist in Arabic but have no equivalents in English (زلزلة الساعة tremors of the day of judgment). Specialized expressions used in both languages are exact translations (Stone Age). Student-translators could translate fewer than 20% of the test items correctly and left many blank. Time metaphorical expressions similar in both languages were easy to translate, whereas opaque ones with an idiomatic or metonymic meaning and culture-specific ones were difficult (زمن أكل عليه الدهر وشرب too old, obsolete; الرويبضة insignificant people talking about crucial issues ). Those that require a specialized background knowledge (العصر الطباشيري Cretaceous Period) were difficult as well. Numerous strategies were utilized in translating the time expression as literal translation, partial translation, paraphrase, using synonyms and extraneous translations. Results and recommendations for translation pedagogy are given.

Equivalence, Transposition, Modulation, and Adaptation in English or Urdu Translation of Shafak's Honour

Translation is a complex process that ensures cross-cultural communication in the realm of literature and literary writings, translation has been used to educate and inform readers about other cultures and traditions. The source and target language English and Urdu respectively vary a great deal from each other therefore; the underlying differences between these languages become apparent contributing towards inevitable shifts in translation. This research comparatively analyses Elif Shafak’s novel Honour and its translation in Urdu done by Huma Anwar titled Namoos looking at oblique translation techniques such as: equivalence, transposition, modulation, and adaptation. This research analyses the various examples where these translational shifts are apparent and studies how they have an overall impact on the target text. This research is grounded in the theoretical framework postulated by Vinay and Darbelnet in their seminal work Comparative Stylistics of French and English: A methodology for translation (1958). Wherein, two main categories of translations have been identified: direct translation and oblique translation further classified as, direct translation and oblique translation. The study finds that translational shifts and techniques have been utilised by the translator to convey the intended meaning and message to the target audiences with minimal loss of essence. Keywords: Equivalence, Transposition, Modulation, Adaptation, Honour.

Translation methods applied to translate Polish types and names of administrative law authority bodies into English – a case study.

The paper aims to discuss Polish terms that name authority bodies under the administrative law and their English equivalents. The Polish terms under analysis appear in the first Division of the Polish Code of Administrative Procedure of 14 June 1960 and the English equivalents of each Polish term researched have been suggested in the Polish Code of Administrative Procedure translation into English. The research problem is to determine the translation methods applied and to verify whether translation methods used in the Polish-English translation of the above terms which have been determined as culture-specific items appear among translation methods applied when translating culture-specific elements suggested by Hejwowski (2007). Furthermore, to verify whether the mentioned translation methods appear among the translation methods discussed by Weston (1993) which are recommended to be applied while translating legal terms. The theoretical part of the paper includes a presentation of the definitions of a legal term, culture-specific item and the classification of translation methods by Hejwowski and Weston. The research stages include the comparison of definitions of source elements and definitions of their equivalents, as long as they appear in monolingual English law dictionaries.

“Who’s Sidney Hunt? … He Was a Homosexual”

Abstract Sidney James Hunt, born in 1896, was a queer British poet, painter, and draftsman whose brief career was active and eclectic. Building on recent work, this article seeks to examine not only the scope of Hunt’s idiosyncratic experimentation with word and image, culminating in his editorship of Ray—the only English equivalent of such influential European publications as Der Sturm, De Stijl, and Mécano—but also the striking and suggestive originality of Hunt’s specifically queer literary and artistic production. His subjects include blushes of boys night bathing, sunbathing, and posing with pansies, as well as naked male figures (often of mythological origin). He was one of the few modernist artists to use abstraction to express the essentials of male beauty and, under a pseudonym, created several erotic photomontages. His work as a pioneer of the avant-garde in Britain and as a queer British artist deserves considerable reassessment.

Asteraceae Family Species used as Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Respiratory Diseases in the State of Amapá, Amazon – Brazil: A Systematic Review

Purpose: To conduct a survey of species of the Asteraceae family used to treat respiratory diseases in the state of Amapá. Theoretical framework: The use of plants is part of popular Brazilian phytotherapy. Brazilian authorities have been regulating public policies focused on medicinal plants. Ethnobotanical and ethnofarmacological studies point to traditional knowledge about Asteraceae plants in the treatment of respiratory problems in the state of Amapá. Method/design/approach: The review method was used, and scientific databases such as articles, theses, dissertations, and monographs were used as sources. Portuguese keywords such as "Medicinal Plants," "Respiratory System," "Ethnobotany," "Ethnofarmacology," and "State of Amapá" were used, as well as their English equivalents. Studies conducted in the Amapá territory from 2001 to 2021 were selected. Results and conclusion: Eight species of Asteraceae indicated for respiratory pathologies were found, three of which are native to Brazil. There is a predominant use of herbaceous plants, leaves, and teas, with influenza being the most common illness treated. A. triplinervis (japana) stood out, as it was cited in five studies and is indicated for several diseases. Japana has relevant chemical and pharmacological studies that validate its ethnofarmacological use. Research implications: The study is relevant for the valorization of traditional knowledge regarding the traditional knowledge and biodiversity of the Brazilian medicinal flora. Originality/value: This research provides relevant information for the scientific community, as it provides data on popularly used medicinal plants that can serve as a basis for future chemical and pharmacological studies with the species found.

Difficulties of Translating Al-Mušākalah (Homonymy) in the Holy Qurʾan: A Comparative Analytical Study

Abstract This study aims to highlight the difficulties of translating Al-Mušākalah in the Holy Qurʾan into English by selecting six pairs that involve this phenomenon. It examines the accuracy of the English renditions of these expressions in five well-known English translations of the Holy Qurʾan, namely: Sahih International (1997), Yusuf Ali (1982), Abdel-Haleem (2005), Al-Hilali & Khan (2018), and Shakir (1987), based on a number of popular exegeses in the Islamic world. The English equivalents selected by the translators were looked up in Collins English Dictionary to check their compatibility with the interpretations given in the exegeses. The study found that the translators could not fully reflect the slight differences between the homonymous pairs in some cases. The translation of Al-Hilali and Khan was the most successful in achieving the intended meanings, followed by Yusuf Ali’s. Shakir and Abdel-Haleem had almost the same level of accuracy, and Sahih International translation was the least consistent with the Qurʾanic interpretations.

On a rare, yet interesting, usage of the Polish adjective ludzki compared to the English equivalent human

The lexemes ludzki and human are treated (e.g. in didactics and translation studies) as equivalents, which is refl ected in the dictionary descriptions of the meanings of these words. At the same time, the analysis of the contexts where the expression ludzki człowiek is used leads to other conclusions: not all contents of the Polish adjective are present in its English equivalent. Ludzki is also ‘one who suspends the operation of principles for the sake of another human being’. This component of a more general meaning (‘consistent with the human nature, conceived as good; hence: characterised by favourable disposition, understanding for other people; humane, merciful, gentle, kind’, SJPDor) seems to be absent from English (adjectives human and humane).This article applies the methodology based on the pragmatic analysis of the communication situation and consideration for the context of the utterance/statement (after Grzegorczykowa 1990). The language material used was derived from the following corpora: NKJP (National Corpus of Polish), BNC (British National Corpus), and COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English).

Erazm Rykaczewski’s Dokładny słownik polsko- angielski… (1851) and its examples of usage: Inverting the translation principle

Erazm Rykaczewski’s Dokładny słownik polsko-angielski… (1851) was the first Polish- English dictionary. As well as English equivalents for Polish headwords, it offered a rich selection of Polish illustrative examples paired with their English counterparts to provide the user with information on the way the headwords are used in context. While making a bilingual dictionary requires fluency in both languages, Rykaczewski’s knowledge of English was somewhat less than perfect. In the light of the above, how he compiled the volume’s English side remains largely unresolved. This paper empirically tests the hypothesis that he drew on the works of other lexicographers. The research methodology was twofold. Firstly, Fleming and Tibbins’s Royal dictionary (1844-1845) was examined to ascertain whether it formed a part of Rykaczewski’s background material and, if so, to what extent. Secondly, English examples of usage unrecorded in the Royal dictionary were verified against Google Books, a gigantic corpus of texts, to identify potential sources.

A Study on English Equivalents of Cantonese Sentence-Final Particles: Zaa3 and Ze1 as an Example

This study explores English equivalents of the Cantonese sentence-final particles (SFPs) zaa3 and ze1 by utilizing Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) explications to analyze their semantic components and roles and conducting a phonetic experiment to find the English intonational equivalents. While zaa3 and ze1 both convey the meaning of “only” or “just” in Cantonese, this research reveals that they differ in connotations, are contextually specific, and their implied meanings cannot be adequately captured through direct translation into English. To address this, the study employs NSM explications as the analytical framework and a phonetic experiment involving research participants of two Cantonese native speakers and one English native speaker is conducted to identify the English intonational equivalents of these Cantonese SFPs. The study aims to answer two research questions: (i) What are the NSM explications of the Cantonese sentence-final particles zaa3 and ze1? (ii) Do either of the two Cantonese SFPs possess English intonational equivalents, and if so, what are they? Zaa3 often conveys a sense of complaint or dissatisfaction, suggesting insufficient quantity, while ze1 typically conveys modesty or humility, implying an unremarkable or ordinary quantity. An NSM explication for zaa3 involves the Cantonese semantic primes M4 DO1, SEONG2 DO1 DI1, which translate to “NOT MORE, WANT MORE” in English equivalents. On the other hand, an NSM explication for ze1 comprises M4 DO1, M4 SEONG2 JAN4 GOK3 DAK1 DO1 in Cantonese semantic primes, corresponding to “NOT MORE, DON’T WANT SOMEONE FEEL MUCH~MANY” in English equivalents. These nuanced implied meanings cannot be effectively conveyed through direct translation alone, requiring consideration of intonation patterns in English. The phonetic experiment conducted using Praat software clearly demonstrates distinct pitch contours when participants read English sentences translated from Cantonese sentences containing zaa3 and ze1, respectively. The findings indicate that the English equivalents of the Cantonese SFP zaa3 encompass the meanings of “only” or “just”, accompanied by a falling pitch contour when speakers read the corresponding English translation. Conversely, the English equivalents of the Cantonese SFP ze1 entail the meanings of “only” or “just”, along with the highest pitch point occurring at the end of the sentence in the English translation. In conclusion, this research sheds light on the English equivalents of the Cantonese SFPs zaa3 and ze1, highlighting their divergent connotations and nuanced implied meanings. The study emphasizes the importance of considering intonation patterns to accurately convey these nuances in English translations.

The Translation of Near-Synonymous Names of Allah in the Holy Qur’an: A Comparative Study

This study aimed to investigate the lexical choices of the near-synonymous names of Allah in the Holy Quran, namely, (الوهّاب ، الرزّاق) , (البارئ ، المصوّر ، الخالق) , (الرءوف ، الودود ، اللطيف) in five English translations which include Muhammad Sarwar's (2011), Pickthall's (1930), Yusuf Ali's (1982), Arberry's (1955), Al-Hilali and Khan's (2018). The meanings of the names of Allah were checked based on the Qur'anic exegeses and the English equivalents selected by the five translators were looked up in Cambridge and Merriam-Webster's Dictionary in order to determine the translation that best provided the closest meanings to the Qur’anic interpretations. The study found that the slight differences in the meanings of the names of Allah were not reflected in the English lexical choices of some translators. The study recommends that translators of religious books should take into account the minor differences between words of similar meaning which are intended for specific purposes.

Translation and Validation of Social Media Addiction Scale for Students

The focus of the current study was to translate and Validate Social Media Addiction Scale (SMAS) into Urdu. Study was based to establish the psychometric properties of SMAS in Pakistani Culture. Translation and Adoption were accomplished with forward and backward translation method for SMAS. After that it was scientifically pre-tested to validate its constructs and it was found significant. In pre- testing, minimum rating for the equivalence of both English and Urdu version of SMAS with Mean 84.8 and standard deviation 12.617. In the next step, adapted Urdu version was administered on the sample of large population of 516 students with age between 15 to 22 years using purposive sampling technique (M = 81.70 and SD = 15.666). Cronbach’s alpha, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were computed by using SPSS software (version .25) and AMOS software (version .21). Results showed that Cronbach’s Alpha ₌ 0.87. The item total correlation of Urdu SMAS was greater than 0.3. Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis done to check the number of factors in SMAS. The EFA extracted four factors for SMAS Urdu version. After testing the four-factor model in CFA, the analysis showed good fitness indexes (comparative fit index = 0.95; goodness of fit index = 0.97). SAAS Urdu version has high internal consistency and reliability and can be used for research and evaluation objectives in clinical settings in Pakistani society.

The Worcester Herbal Glossary: Edition and Commentary

Abstract This study offers the first full edition of a late thirteenth-century herbal glossary preserved in Worcester, Cathedral Library, F 157, as well as a preliminary commentary of textual problems and analogues. This glossary (henceforth: Worcester Herbal Glossary) originally included around 130 Latin plant names with English equivalents; a few entries are lost today because of a lacuna in the manuscript. So far, only a partial – and at times inaccurate – edition of the glossary appeared in Floyer and Hamilton (1906: 184–185). Since then, this lexicographic collection of plant names has been almost wholly ignored by scholars. Remarkably, the Worcester Herbal Glossary seems to originate from a substantial batch of entries from the chapter on the names of herbs in Ælfric’s Glossary. This batch was expanded by means of other material which must have circulated in the Early Middle English period. This additional material parallels entries found in other botanical glossaries of the period – such as that preserved in London, British Library, Harley 978 – and, above all, finds striking analogues in the Middle English recension of the Salernitan medico-botanical glossary known as Alphita (Mowat 1887).

Equivalence Problems in Translating Ibn (Son) and Bint (Daughter) Fixed Expressions to Arabic and English

Son and daughter metaphorical expressions are common in general as well as technical languages. This study explores the similarities and differences between English and Arabic ibn (son) and bint (daughter) expressions, and the difficulties that student-translators have with them. A corpus of English and Arabic general ibn (son) and bint (daughter) expressions (daughters of Eve, daughter of invention, son of Adam, son of a biscuit, son of a gun) and another corpus of specialized expressions (son of Minos, daughter board, daughter activity) were collected, analyzed and compared. It was found that ibn (son) and bint (daughter) expressions fall into 4 categories: (i) those that are identical in form and meaning in both languages (daughters of Eve, son of Adam); (ii) those that are similar in meaning but differ in wording (step-daughter); (iii) those that exist in English, but have no equivalents in Arabic (daughter of Sappho); and (iv) those that exist in Arabic but have no equivalents in English (daughter of Yemen, i.e., coffee). Specialized expressions used in medicine, computers, business and others are exact translations in both languages (daughter company, daughter cyst, daughter isotope). Student-translators could translate fewer than 13% of the Arabic test items and 12% of the English test items correctly and left 75% blank. Son and daughter expressions similar in both languages were easy to translate (like mother like daughter), whereas opaque ones (بنت الشفة), culture-specific ones (بنت أبيها، بنت بنوت، ابن لبون) and those requiring a specialized background knowledge were difficult (daughter board). Extraneous translation, paraphrase, Literal translation, use of synonyms, transliteration of Arabic words, partial translation, and giving the same translation for different expressions were the most common strategies. Translation difficulties are due to semantic and syntactic problems that the students have. Results and recommendations are given in detail.

Numeral-based English and Arabic Formulaic Expressions: Cultural, Linguistic and Translation Issues

This study explores the similarities and differences between English and Arabic numeral-based formulaic expressions, and difficulties that student-translators have with them. A corpus of English and Arabic numeral-based formulaic expressions containing zero, two, three, twenty, sixty, hundred, thousand…etc., and another corpus of specialized expressions with numerical prefixes (mono-, bi-, milli-, kilo-, mega-) were collected, analyzed and compared. It was found that English and Arabic numeral-based formulaic expressions fall into 4 categories:: (i) those that are identical in form and meaning in both languages (seventh heaven, four eyes, fifth column); (ii) those that are similar in meaning but differ in wording (cats have nine lives, high five, cloud nine); (iii) those that exist in English, but have no equivalents in Arabic; and (iv) those that exist in Arabic but have no equivalents in English. Specialized expressions containing numerals or numerical prefixes used in business, sports, science, politics and others are exact translations in both languages (five-power agreement, five percent rule, five tigers, tripartite alliance, fifth wheel replace). Student-translators could translate fewer than 25% of the test items correctly and left many blank. Numeral-based formulaic expressions similar in both languages were easy to translate, whereas opaque ones (at sixes and sevens, double Dutch, strap); culture-specific ones (Pentateuch, Millennialism, ثوبٌ سُبَاعِيّ، الثنائي الشيعي، ألف صحة، صحتين وعافية، مرحبتين، رباعيات الخيام، ستين داهية،, and those that require a specialized background knowledge (five C's, the big five, five pillars of the UN, three-name paper) were difficult. Literal translation was the most common translation strategy. Detailed results and recommendations are given.

The specifics of lexicographic representation of phraseological units in the "Russian-English Phraseological Dictionary" edited by S. Lubenskaya

This article is devoted to the study of the specifics of the lexicographic representation of the dictionary "Russian-English phraseological Dictionary" edited by S. Lubenskaya. Its comparative analysis with similar Russian-English phraseological dictionaries is carried out in the aspects of 1) the volume of the dictionary and 2) the lexicographic description of the phraseological units included in their dictionary entries. Russian phraseological units are considered, their English equivalents are identified, with an emphasis on the comparative analysis of the subject nouns of Russian phraseological units and their analogues in English equivalents. Special attention is paid to the structure of the dictionary article and the lexicographic representation of phraseological units in the dictionary of S. Lubenskaya, the parameters of Russian phraseological units are considered, their English equivalents are identified with an emphasis on the comparative analysis of the subject nouns of Russian phraseological units and their analogues in English equivalents. The purpose of the study is to compare the dictionary of S. Lubenskaya with other Russian-English phraseological dictionaries and to identify the specifics of the lexicographic description of phraseological units in the dictionary of S. Lubenskaya. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that in the article the author draws attention to the most complete and innovative, but little-studied Russian-English phraseological dictionary edited by S. Lubenskaya, published in 2013. The article fully demonstrates the advantages of S. Lubenskaya's dictionary over other bilingual phraseological dictionaries not only in terms of the range of coverage of materials, that is, the volume of the dictionary, but also in the completeness of the structure of the dictionary entry and a high degree of accuracy and detail of the presentation of the material. The article also notes the importance of S. Lubenskaya's dictionary for further and comprehensive research of Russian and English phraseological lexicography.

Syntactic-Semantic Analysis of Term Compounds in Mechanics

This paper focuses on the syntactic-semantic analysis of Lithuanian and English compounds in mechanical terminology. The aim of the study is to reveal the components of semantic-syntactic relations of compounds in both languages. According to the theory and methodology of Olsen, LarssoN, and Keinys, the following syntactic-semantic relations of compounds were identified: determinative, possessive, copulative, and verbal governing. These types are dominant in English and Lithuanian. It was found that the essential feature of determinative compounds is the presence of both noun components. Possessive compounds usually have a single adjectival component and are metaphorical in meaning. Copulative compounds are both equivalent nouns that do not describe each other, and in English copulative compound components can be swapped, and the meaning would not change. The distinguishing feature of verbal governing compounds is that one component is a verb or verb-noun, which is usually the second component of a compound. The semantic-syntactic analysis showed that most of the compounds identified were determinative. The analysis of the determinative compounds by semantic class revealed that the most productive is the semantic class of purpose. This tendency was observed among the Lithuanian and English equivalents. Although while discussing the existing patterns of compound derivation, the most frequent pattern was N + N in Lithuanian and English, the present research identified other types as well. The following models dominated among Lithuanian compounds: Adj. + N, Adv. + N, and Num.+N, while the following dominated in English: Pr. + N, V + N, and N + Adj. Such results show that in the terminology of mechanics, the pattern of formation of both noun component compounds is the most productive among Lithuanian compounds and their English equivalents.

Understanding the Biological Rhythm of Tridosha Based on Physiology-A Review

Biological rhythm of Tridoshas has been explained in classical texts. Impact of dosha on various stages of life, day and night and on phases of digestion has been explained as biological rhythm. This dosha predominance in each phase; when analysed is almost synchronous with the neuroendocrine physiology of the body. When one fails to align oneself with this rhythm; doshic equilibrium is lost. This may lead to various illness and decreased life quality. A need to understand and optimize these doshic rhythms is a major building block to health as todays life style is always threatening to uproot this balance at all times. The Search engines on the internet and classical Ayurvedic books were studied using keywords for relevant concepts like biological rhythm, circadian rhythm, sleep wake cycle and ‘prakrithy’.Ayurveda daily regimen terms and their English equivalents as provided in bracket were also screened. Ayurveda has identified the effects of circadian cycles on human health and it advocates sticking to this daily regimen schedule for harmonization of dosha for its perfect functional acumen. How the predominance of dosha is physiologically understood based on hormonal and basic neurology was also screened from journals on physiology. At all levels of preventative domains, incorporating practises into daily life is essential to maintain health. However, to formally validate the same, prospective large-scale, long-term cohort studies are still required.

Usage and Significance of Manipuri Colour Terms: Taking Cues from Imphal Children

There are four basic colour terms in Meiteilon or Manipuri. There are also secondary colour terms, which are derived from objects. The associated objects are used with the term ‘mǝcu’, which means colour in Meiteilon. For instance, hǝŋamapalmǝcu is the colour term for yellow where hǝŋamapal means the mustard flower. Thus the yellow colour term is derived from the yellow colour of the mustard flower and is used with mǝcu to give an equivalent term for yellow in English. This paper seeks to explore the colour terms in Meiteilon in their possible forms and terms related to their states and their cultural salience, if any, with a holistic approach. As a pilot survey, the use of Manipuri colour terms in the speeches of 8 children (five 8-year-olds and three 5-yearolds, who lived in a particular locality of Imphal) was observed in their home environment. These children seem to know the colour terms in English well compared to the Manipuri colour terms. The initial observations hint at the diminished use of native terms compared to the use of English equivalents, which is not an ideal situation for the retention of native language at large. It is still to be checked if similar situations are prevalent in other home environments, and if such cases are on the rise then consequences could be far reaching in terms of indigenous languages losing out to English.