Energy Security Assessment Research Articles

Assessment of Energy Security in West Africa: A Case Study of Three Countries

The study draws key energy policy lessons by assessing and comparing the energy security performance of Burkina Faso, Nigeria and Ghana. The Energy Security Index with application to West Africa is created from eight dimensions and 24 indicators using a simple additive method and non-statistical induced weights. Study results show that the main energy security challenges in West Africa are low public investment in energy infrastructure (including renewable energy), high energy prices, low electricity access, high energy system inefficiencies, armed attacks on energy infrastructure and deteriorating energy sector governance. The study recommends prioritising investment in electricity sector infrastructure in West Africa.

Development of Energy Security Definition and Indexes for Sustainable Future: A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract In recent years, energy security has been gaining increasing attention worldwide, leading to a rapid growth in research and literature on the subject. As a result, many definitions regarding energy security have been proposed, reflecting the diverse perspectives and considerations involved in ensuring a secure and sustainable energy supply. There has also been a growing interest in how to measure, which has in turn led to the energy security indicators and indices development. Thus, this paper explores the definition of energy security, as well as its various dimensions and the indices employed to measure it. As a result, the scope of energy security has broadened to encompass contemporary concerns such as the environment, governance, social aspects, and technological efficiency, which were not traditionally given much consideration in the past. As a result, multiple themes have been considered, leading to a more holistic understanding and approach to energy security. This evolution has significant implications for the construction of the energy security index especially in Indonesia, as a more comprehensive set of indicators is now required to offer a comprehensive assessment of energy security within a country and provide valuable insights for energy policymakers.

Unveiling energy security in agriculture through vital indicators extraction and insights

Despite advancements in meeting various human needs, energy supply remains a top priority for all countries worldwide. The escalating energy consumption in the agricultural sector underscores the necessity to scrutinize its energy usage. Presently, there exists an absence of a precise tool for accurately measuring this consumption. Hence, this study aims to identify indicators for measuring energy security in agriculture, conducted in three phases: content analysis, indicator validation, and field investigation. In the content analysis phase, energy security indicators were extracted and grouped into four categories: accessibility, availability, utilization, and sustainability. Following this, a two-stage validation process led to the identification of 18 indicators for assessing energy security in agriculture. In the field phase, a tailored questionnaire was distributed to 160 randomly selected farmers. The findings revealed that the availability component held the highest rank in establishing energy security, with an average score of 3.31. However, the current status of the access component indicates a more unfavorable situation compared to other dimensions. Consequently, to achieve energy security in agriculture, particular emphasis should be placed on enhancing energy access. Key areas to address include reducing transportation costs and minimizing the use of chemical pesticides. This indicates a necessity for focused interventions aimed at improving both energy access and sustainability within the agricultural sector. These efforts would contribute to enhancing economic efficiency and promoting environmental conservation.

Trends of Energy Security Status in India- A Study for the Period 1970-2022

In an age characterized by soaring global energy needs and diminishing conventional energy reservoirs, energy security emerges as a pivotal pillar for national progress and enduring sustainability. Within the dynamic landscape of India, a nation witnessing swift economic expansion and urban transformation, the imperative of comprehending and tackling the nuances of energy security cannot be overstated. The present paper attempts to explore India's energy security landscape, probing the complex dynamics of energy demand, supply, and resilience amidst the intricate tapestry of socio-economic and environmental factors. Our study centers on primary energy sources such as coal, lignite, crude oil, and natural gas, which are not only scarce globally but also within India. We have employed four methodologies to assess energy security, considering both production and import of energy, as well as energy dependence. Across all methodologies, the findings suggest that India's energy security is increasingly in question, given the escalating dependence on energy imports. To mitigate these concerns, it is imperative for the Government of India to invest in and promote renewable energy production for public consumption.

Energy security in the assessment of international indices

Subject. This article discusses the problem of a comprehensive and objective assessment of energy security. Objectives. The article aims to compare the main energy security indices used at the international level. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of systems, comparative, and structural analyses. Results. The article finds that energy security indices do not always fully take into account the specifics of each particular country. Conclusions. In the context of sanctions, the development of an index of energy security of the Russian Federation, reflecting socio-political, technological and environmental aspects, becomes an important task.

Comparative Assessment of Energy Security Level: The Case of the South Caucasus Countries

The paper compares the energy security of three South Caucasus countries - Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia. These countries differ from each other due to the use of different energy sources. The investigation used 28 indicators classified into six groups based on World Bank data to assess energy security. Indicators for each group were assessed as “stimulating” or “not stimulating” energy security. According to the results, Georgian’s energy security is less risky because of it uses renewable energy sources. Ensuring long-term energy security in Azerbaijan requires greater use of renewable energy sources. Armenia’s energy security is at higher risk due to its higher dependence on imports and poor use of renewable resources.

Reconstruction and Implications of Energy Security Assessment System in the Context of Green and Low-Carbon Transition

Reconstruction and Implications of Energy Security Assessment System in the Context of Green and Low-Carbon Transition

Comprehensive analysis of energy security indicators and measurement of their integrity

The concept of energy security is recognized as a complex and highly context-dependent phenomenon, necessitating the development of diverse indicators for its measurement. While numerous studies examined composite energy security indicators and frameworks from various angles, including inconsistencies, measurement challenges, and methodological limitations, there exists a gap in the scientific literature concerning the evaluation of these indicators in terms of sustainability. Given the inherent connection between energy security and sustainable development goals, this study analysed and ranked composite energy security indicators and frameworks based on their integrity using the Bellagio Sustainability Assessment and Measurement Principles. In this assessment, 40 different composite indicators developed and used in recent years were selected and evaluated by an expert survey for ranking purposes. The results indicate that many energy security indicator sets are insufficient in capturing the entirety of changes in the energy market, economy, policy, international trade, and other external factors. Nevertheless, the abundance and variety of energy security assessment frameworks in the literature, coupled with the consideration of various dimensions, underscore the prevalence of an interdisciplinary approach to the problem. This underscores the understanding that energy security extends beyond only accessibility and affordability of energy resources. The findings of this research provide valuable insights for both the improvement of existing indicators and the development of new frameworks.

Examining the multiple impacts of renewable energy development on redefined energy security in China: A panel quantile regression approach

The increasing generation of renewable energy and its concurrent technological innovation are driving the transformations of the energy sector, but little effort has been made at the regional level to specify the heterogeneous impacts of different types of renewable energy development on multi-dimensional energy security. Therefore, this paper establishes a four-dimensional energy security assessment system based on the current energy market situation and economic context of China. Renewable energy generation and technological innovation were simultaneously used as the core proxies for renewable energy development. Then, the panel quantile regression method was used to analyze the heterogeneity of the impact of solar, hydro, and wind energy on energy security, covering 30 provinces in China from 2006 to 2019. The empirical results show that renewable energy power generation generally promotes energy security, but it cannot be effectively applicable to all levels of energy security. Renewable energy technology innovation has surprisingly hindered energy security. These results can serve as a policy and practical guide, suggesting that provincial governments in China should implement energy security and renewable energy policies in line with local characteristics.

Совершенствование методики оценки энергетической безопасности на основе индикаторов развития российского рынка газомоторного топлива

the article discusses current methods for assessing energy security, based on the results of the analysis of which proposals were made to supplement the existing methodology for assessing the level of energy security in the context of the fuel market. Additions of new indicators that take into account the dynamics of consumption, the situation and volatility of the fuel market in terms of types of motor fuel, the level of availability of filling infrastructure in terms of types of filling stations, as well as components of macroeconomic and budgetary efficiency, etc., which allows identifying deviations and inconsistencies assessment parameters, as well as promptly carry out corrective and preventive actions by management entities at all levels.

Defining the Perception of Energy Security: An Overview

Energy security is recognized as a key element for the successful functioning of an entire energy system. However, the perception of energy security is contextual and there is no universally accepted definition of the concept. The current global concerns about climate change, human welfare and energy market challenges due to the COVID-19 pandemic, military conflicts, various geopolitical issues and scarcity of energy resources have affected the perception of the energy security concept as well. The research aims to define how energy security is perceived amid current global concerns and to identify the essential components. The four-tiered research methodology was developed and applied to determine the current perception of energy security. While the systematic literature review was conducted according to the SALSA (Search, Appraisal, Synthesis and Analysis) framework, it was found that the current perception of energy security consists of seven main components, these are: Availability, Affordability, Environmental Impact, Social Impact, Geopolitical Relationships, Government Effectiveness and Technological Development. The paper contributes to discourse development and clarification of perception of energy security and will be useful for further research, both dealing with the concept of energy security itself and developing composite indicators for energy security assessment.

China’s Inter-Provincial Energy Security Resilience Assessment over Space and Time: An Improved Gray Relational Projection Model

In recent years, with the increasing impact of extreme weather events on energy security, energy vulnerability has increased significantly, and more and more international institutions and departments have begun to incorporate resilience governance into energy security. This paper focuses on China’s inter-provincial energy security assessment. Compared with existing relevant research, the significant features of our work are (i) introducing the concept of energy resilience and presenting its evolution mechanism and evaluation criteria, (ii) developing a gray relational projection model by using the level difference maximization and optimization theory, (iii) measuring the energy resilience of 30 Chinese provinces over space and time. Our results show that the spatial–temporal patterns of energy resilience in China changed significantly from 2005 to 2018. High energy resilience moved from provinces with abundant nonrenewable energy before 2010 to provinces with high energy diversity. Energy endowment is a primary condition to ensure a region’s energy resilience. Renewable energy development, energy investment, economic development, and policy coordination play vital roles in ensuring regional energy resilience. Energy investment and economic development can effectively improve the energy resilience of resource-poor areas. This study’s results will serve as a reference for China and contribute to expanding knowledge in this field.

Energy Diversification and Security in the EU: Comparative Assessment in Different EU Regions

Various methods and tools have been developed to quantify energy supply security; however, there is no ideal framework to measure energy security, as the concept is multifaceted and context dependent. Energy supply security has always been an extremely important issue for European Union (EU) countries due to high import dependency, and recent events linked to the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine have made it exceptionally important to reconsider this problem to identify the crucial issues and address contemporary policy needs. This study endeavours to systematise the primary energy security indicators in terms of policy relevance and develop an energy security assessment framework to examine energy import dependency and diversification for the EU in view of recent problems. This study introduces an energy import diversification and security index which enables measurement of a country’s energy security level for comparison with other countries and identifies primary areas for improvement. The proposed framework is then applied to a case study of selected EU countries to examine regional differences and identify potential improvements.

Investment Risk and Energy Security Assessment of European Union Countries Using Multicriteria Analysis

Investment opportunities are analyzed from the perspective of the variables that influence risk. The present study analyzes some energy characteristics using data from the Eurostat Data Browser. First, we identified a gap in energy research. Second, we proposed a multicriteria analysis using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). An algorithm was developed to simulate how experts think to determine pairwise comparisons. A procedure identified the levels of importance of each criterion and alternative based on extracted data from the Eurostat website. The method was used to rate countries according to data regarding their energy policy results. The present study shows that applying the AHP method is possible without expert support and using data regarding the theme studied. The results show that Malta and Estonia are the most suitable countries to receive investments since they are presently at the top of the energy security ranking. The selected set of criteria seems to properly correspond with the assessment of the sector security as far as risk investment is concerned. The results of the current study may represent a base to support investment decision-making in the energy sector of EU countries.

Energy Security Assessment Based on a New Dynamic Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Framework

Access to energy resources and broadly understood energy security are some of the critical factors influencing the economic development of countries. This article deals with the problem of assessing the energy security of countries, considering this problem in various periods of time, examining the past, present and forecasted future conditions at the same time. For this purpose, the Dynamic Multi-Criteria Decision Making (DMCDM) methodology was developed and applied, based on the classic and fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods and the International Energy Security Risk Index (IESRI). In particular, the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW)/Fuzzy SAW and New Easy Approach to Fuzzy PROMETHEE II (NEAT F-PROMETHEE) methods were used. These methods are significantly different from each other in the calculation procedures used. The study showed that methodological differences between these methods cause large differences in the results of the assessment of energy security of countries. However, both methodological approaches indicated the high energy security of New Zealand, Norway, Denmark and the United States, and the very low security of Ukraine, Thailand and South Korea. The results of the assessment of energy security of countries over the 2015–2025 period are the main practical contribution of this article. The scientific contribution of the article consists in developing a framework for dynamic energy security assessment that allows for the aggregation of many periods of time and that defines the aggregation strategies, capturing data from the past, present and future state forecasts while taking into account changes in the weights of criteria and changes in the sets of alternatives and criteria.

Energy-Circuit-Based Integrated Energy Management System: Theory, Implementation, and Application

Integrated energy systems (IESs), in which various energy flows are interconnected and coordinated to release potential flexibility for more efficient and secure operation, have drawn increasing attention in recent years. In this article, an integrated energy management system (IEMS) that performs online analysis and optimization on coupling energy flows in an IES is comprehensively introduced. From the theory perspective, an energy circuit method (ECM) that models natural gas networks and heating networks in the frequency domain is discussed. This method extends the electric circuit modeling of power systems to IESs and enables the IEMS to manage large-scale IESs. From the implementation perspective, the architecture design and function development of the IEMS are presented. Tutorial examples with illustrative case studies are provided to demonstrate its functions of dynamic state estimation, energy flow analysis, security assessment and control, and optimal energy flow. From the application perspective, real-world engineering demonstrations that apply IEMSs in managing building-, park-, and city-scale IESs are reported. The economic and environmental benefits obtained in these demonstration projects indicate that the IEMS has broad application prospects for a low/zero-carbon future energy system.

Assessing energy security within the electricity sector in the West African economic and monetary union: Inter-country performances and trends analysis with policy implications

This paper assesses the energy security performance of the electricity sectors of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) countries using Multiple-criteria Decision Analysis. First, it establishes a five-level framework incorporating the dimensions: availability and diversity; affordability and equality; efficiency and reliability; regulation and governance; and environmental sustainability to conceptualize energy security. 18 metrics characterizing these dimensions are then used to assess the energy security performance of the UEMOA countries during the 2010–2019 period. The results indicate that Côte d'Ivoire was the most secure country of the Union, followed by Senegal and Togo in 2019, while the worst-performing country was Niger. Furthermore, Mali, Benin and Niger were found to have regressed the most concerning energy security from 2010 to 2019, whereas Senegal had improved greatest, followed by Togo, Cote d’Ivoire and Burkina Faso. In addition, none of the countries were found to perform well in all the indicators of energy security. Therefore, common actions such as improving governance, increasing generation capacity with priority to renewable sources, improving energy efficiency, upgrading power systems and encouraging R&D and paying more attention to environmental concerns could enhance energy security throughout the electricity sectors of all the UEMOA countries.

Typologation and Analysis of the Significance of Risks and Threats to the Energy Security of the Republic of Belarus Taking into Account the Integration of Belarusian NPP in the Energy System

The article examines the most significant risks and threats to energy security in the conditions of integration of the Belarusian NPP into the energy system of the Republic of Belarus. The article also presents an analysis of existing methodological approaches to the assessment of energy security. The risk typology was carried out according to two criteria: the stages of the technological process and the sources of risks. As a result, production, financial and information risks (caused by information technologies) are highlighted. On the basis of an expert survey of specialists of republican unitary energy enterprises and of “Belenergo” State Production Association, a ranking of risks was carried out and the most significant of them were identified. It was determined that the most significant production risks are: depreciation of fixed assets; reduction in the utilization of own generating capacities and reliability of the generating equipment and network; outages that lead to disruption of the functioning of facilities for ensuring the vital activity of the population. The most important financial risks include: the increase in the cost of basic fuel and energy resources; shortage of working capital and investments; lack of sources of financing for the reconstruction of heating networks; reduction of consumer solvency; provision of discounts from tariffs to a significant number of business entities. According to respondents, among information risks the most important ones are the following: failures in the operation of informatization facilities that directly control the generating equipment of power plants, equipment of switchgears of power plants, equipment of substations; hacker cyberattacks; insufficient level of qualification of personnel, lack of interest of employees in the introduction of information technologies. The proposed threat identification and risk ranking at all stages of energy production can be used to develop measures to strengthen the country's energy security and assess their impact on socio-economic development of the Republic of Belarus.

Assessing the energy security of European countries in the resource and economic context

Research background: In recent years, much attention in the literature has been paid to the economic and environmental conditions of energy development as a key sector for the development of national economies. The issue of availability of individual energy resources and related energy security is receding into the background, most often due to the strong globalization of economies and the associated assumption of free international flow of goods and services, and thus practically unlimited possibilities of buying on the international commodity markets and energy exchanges. Nevertheless, the importance of energy security increases significantly in crisis situations. Purpose of the article: Bearing in mind the circumstances indicated above, the main objective of this article is to assess the energy security of European countries carried out in the context of resource and economic conditions. Methods: The article proposes its own methodological approach to the assessment of energy security based on the analysis of the energy mixes of 32 European countries and the availability of their own internal energy sources. In the process of classifying the studied economies into homogeneous groups in terms of resource and economic determinants (GDP per capita), principal component analysis was used. Findings & value added: The theoretical and methodological added value of the article results from the development of the author's approach to the assessment of energy security using individual and aggregated energy sufficiency index. Empirical added value is related to the results of energy security assessment in European countries, which can be used in shaping energy policies. Therefore, most of the 32 European countries assessed have a low level of energy security, which is due to the dominant use of non-renewable energy resources in their energy mixes. Countries with a high level of energy security have their own non-renewable resources or use alternative energy carriers in the form of renewable sources, hydropower or nuclear energy.

Energy security assessment of small Pacific Island Countries – Sustaining the call for renewable energy proliferation

Using a contemporary assessment framework, we assess the energy security status of small Pacific Island Countries (PICs) in line with its three broad perspectives. These perspectives – sovereignty, robustness, and resilience encapsulate vulnerabilities and threats to vital energy systems, including their respective political and economic strata. Based on a recently adopted regional energy security framework, we unpack these perspectives and generate a collective evaluative judgment of its impact across small PICs. The results resonate with the commonly held notion that energy security concerns are significant and likely to become more severe if expanding energy needs are not addressed through the proliferation of renewable and sustainable energy applications. Another emerging yet familiar concern is that the energy import bill will become more unsustainable for these cash-strapped islands. The findings demonstrate that PICs have severe constraints to overcome, especially with acquiring appropriate technologies and building institutional capacities to implement their respective energy policies and realise their critical energy targets.