Diuretic Activity Research Articles

The acute diuretic effect of an ethanolic fraction of Phyllanthus amarus (Euphorbiaceae) in rats involves prostaglandins

BackgroundPhyllanthus amarus (Schum & Thonn), a plant belonging to the family of Euphorbiaceae is used in Ivorian traditional medicine to treat cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension. However, although this plant has been described as a diuretic agent, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanism action of diuretic effects of an ethanolic fraction of Phyllanthus amarus (EFPA) in rats.MethodsEffects of EFPA on urinary excretion were carried out for doses ranging from 5 to 80 mg/kg given by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) and compared with that induced by furosemide (5 mg/kg) after 8 h. Thereafter, the diuretic activity of EFPA was also evaluated in the presence of indomethacin (5 mg/kg, i.p.) in order to determine the involvement of prostaglandins, after 24 h.ResultsBetween 5 and 80 mg/kg, EFPA induced a significant urinary excretion. The profile of urinary excretion showed that after 2 h, the highest dose of 80 mg/kg induced a urinary volumetric excretion (UVE), which was similar to that induced by furosemide. After 24 h, EFPA at 10 mg/kg increased significantly UVE, Na+ (43 mEq) and Cl¯ (97 mEq) urinary excretions without promoting kaliuresis. In rats pretreated with indomethacin, the urinary excretion and the natriuretic response of EFPA were significantly reduced.ConclusionAltogether, this study has shown that EFPA promotes a significant urinary excretion of water and Na+, confirming its diuretic activity. Moreover, the increased diuresis could be attributed, at least in part, to the involvement of prostaglandins.

A comparative study diuretic activity of Galium verum various extracts

Topicality. Edema syndrome is a common manifestation of different pathologies. Search for new diuretics is a topical issue of modern medicine and pharmacy. Natural medications in most cases have a more favorable safety profile, so the study of plant diuretics is a promising direction. The chemical composition of the G. verum is characterized by a high content of flavonoids, anthracene derivatives and terpenoids, which suggests the presence of diuretic activity. The aim of our work was a comparative study of the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of G. verum diuretic activity in rats. Materials and methods. Studies of diuretic activity were carried out in rats according to the Berkhin’s method. The subject of the study were aqueous and alcoholic extracts of G. verum (extragent – ethanol 20 %, 60 % and 96 %). As a reference preparation, the infusion of Equisetum arvense was used. Results and disscusion. The results obtained indicate that the most pronounced diuretic effect was found in the alcoholic extract of G. verum (extragent – 60 % ethanol), which was comparable to that of the reference preparation. The least pronounced activity was observed with the administration of an aqueous extract. Conclusions. Thus, promising for further studies of diuretic activity is the alcoholic extract of G. verum (extragent – 60 % ethanol).

Dietary Plants for the Prevention and Management of Kidney Stones: Preclinical and Clinical Evidence and Molecular Mechanisms

Kidney stones are one of the oldest known and common diseases in the urinary tract system. Various human studies have suggested that diets with a higher intake of vegetables and fruits play a role in the prevention of kidney stones. In this review, we have provided an overview of these dietary plants, their main chemical constituents, and their possible mechanisms of action. Camellia sinensis (green tea), Rubus idaeus (raspberry), Rubia cordifolia (common madder), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Punica granatum (pomegranate), Pistacia lentiscus (mastic), Solanum xanthocarpum (yellow-fruit nightshade), Urtica dioica (stinging nettle), Dolichos biflorus (horse gram), Ammi visnaga (khella), Nigella sativa (black-cumin), Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle), and Origanum vulgare (oregano) have received considerable interest based on scientific evidence. Beside these dietary plants, phytochemicals—such as catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, diosmin, rutin, quercetin, hyperoside, and curcumin—as antioxidant dietary phyto-phenols were found to be effective for the prevention of urolithiasis (the process of stone formation in the urinary tract). The main underlying mechanisms of these dietary plants and their isolated phytonutrients in the management of urolithiasis include diuretic, antispasmodic, and antioxidant activity, as well as an inhibitory effect on crystallization, nucleation, and aggregation of crystals. The results as presented in this review demonstrate the promising role of dietary plants and phytophenols in the prevention and management of kidney stones. Further investigations are required to confirm the safety and efficacy of these compounds.

Evaluation of the diuretic potentials of naringenin in hypercholesterolemic rats

Purpose: To investigate the diuretic potentials of naringenin (NGN) in obesity induced in rats by high fat diet (HFD). Methods: To prepare HFD, normal pellet diet was crushed and thoroughly mixed with cholesterol powder (1 % w/w). The mixture was mixed with some water and made into pellets which were then oven-baked to dry. Four groups of male Wistar albino rats (n = 6) were used for the study. Normal control (group I) received normal pellet diet. Group 2 (HFD-only) was fed HFD for 28 days, while Groups 3 and 4 were co-administered HFD and NGN at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively. All treatments were given orally, and lasted for 28 days. Twenty-four hours after the last dose of NGN, blood was collected from all rats and total cholesterol levels determined to confirm obesity. Thereafter, the rats were placed in metabolic cages and urine samples were collected at two time-points (5 and 24 h) for measurement of urine volume, urinary pH, conductivity and electrolyte levels (Na, K and Cl). Results: Treatment with HFD resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) increased serum cholesterol level (178.83 ± 5.43 mg/dL) when compared to normal control rats (88.17 ± 4.04 mg/dL). It also led to decrease in urinary volume (~50 %) at both time points (5 and 24 h) and in excretion of urinary electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride ions). However, the changes in these parameters were significantly reversed by NGN administration (p < 0.05). Conclusion: These results demonstrate the diuretic activity of NGN in HFD-induced obese rats. Thus, NGN can be further explored for use in combination with hypolipidemic agents to tackle obesity. Keywords: High-fat diet, Hypercholesterolemia, Naringenin, Obesity

Acute hypotensive and diuretic activities of Berberis vulgaris root bark aqueous extract in normal rats

The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of intravenous administration of Berberis vulgaris root bark aqueous extract (BRBD) on the cardiovascular and renal functions of healthy normotensive rats. The different doses of BRBD 1, 10 and 20 mg/kg were administered intravenously (i.v) in normal rats. Blood pressure, diuretic activity and serum renal profile were analyzed. Intravenous injection of BRBD at the different doses of 1, 10 and 20 mg/kg showed a dose-dependent reduction in mean arterial blood pressure (P<0.001). At different doses of 1, 10 and 20 mg/kg, the hypotensive effect remained for more than one hour. Single dose administration of BRBD at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg caused a significant increase in urine output (P<0.001) as compared to the control rats. Serum renal profile test (albumin, Urea, Uric Acid, creatinine and BUN) did not show any significant alteration. The authors conclude that the BRBD is a potent hypotensive and possesses diuretic potential

IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, DIURETIC AND HYPOGLYCEMIC ACTIVITIES OF ETHANOL EXTRACT FROM LEAF OF CHRYSOPHYLLUM ALBIDUM G. IN WISTAR ABINO RATS

Chrysophyllum albidum G. is generally regarded as a plant with many ethno-medicinal uses. The study was aimed at evaluating the in vitro antioxidant, diuretic, and hypoglycemic properties of the ethanol extract of leaves of C. albidum Male Wistar albino rats weighing between 150g and 200g were used for the experiment. The DPPH scavenging activity was determined using DPPH assay, inhibition of lipid peroxidation was carried out using the reactions of peroxides with thiobarbituric acid, while nitric oxide was conducted based on the Greiss reaction. Diuretic activity was carried out using the method of Lipschitz with slight modifications. Alloxan (140 mg/kg) was used to induce diabetes in the rats. The extract showed a concentration-dependent increase in DPPH radical scavenging activity, anti-lipid peroxidation activity, and nitric oxide inhibition activity maximal at 200 mg/ml (84.99±7.97, 79.82±6.10, 69.99±2.22 respectively) and this was significant (p&lt;0.05) when compared with that of 100 mg/ml of vitamin C (97.68±0.84, 99.05±0.24 and 98.15±0.29 respectively) which served as the control. The extract also significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased; urine volume, urinary sodium, and urinary chloride particularly at 2000 mg/kg (1.55±0.07, 109.60±0.57, and 106.00±1.41 respectively) when compared with the standard drug (1.85±0.07, 115.20±0.57, and 112.85±0.49 respectively). The increase in potassium excretion was also significant (p&lt;0.05) particularly at 2000 mg/kg (13.70±0.28) but less than those of sodium (109.60±0.57) and chloride (106.00±1.41) at the same concentration. There was no significant (p&lt;0.05) increase in urinary bicarbonate the maximum being at 250 mg/kg (22.55±0.78). The extract caused a non-significant (p&lt;0.05) decrease in the fasting blood glucose level of the rats. It was concluded that the leaves of C. albidum could be used as a source of natural antioxidant boosters and also a diuretic.

Phytopharmacological Potentials and Micropropagation of Aegle marmelos – A Review

Aegle marmelos, a popular medicinal plant and is used in traditional medicine to treat numerous ailments. Aegle marmelos are reported to have a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties. Its medicinal usage is well-documented in in different traditional medicine such as the Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, and other conventional medical systems. Whole parts of the plant are rich in secondary metabolites, which impart miraculous medicinal uses to the plant. The bioactive constituents isolated from lupeol, sitosterol, amyrin, flavanoids (mainly rutin), coumarins, including aegeline, marmesin, umbelliferone etc. The extracts of different parts of plant used as antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antidiabetes, analgesic, antipyretic, diuretic, immunomodulators, nephroprotective, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities. Employment of techniques such as cell and tissue culture would provide means of rapid propagation and conservation of the plant species and, from the point of view of phytochemistry, give scope for enhancement of the quality and quantity of the bioactive secondary metabolites occurring in the plant. However, more advanced research is warranted to determine the activities of bioactive compounds in vitro and in vivo, establish their underlying mechanisms of action and commence the process of clinical research. This review consists all the updated information about secondary metabolites, medicinal properties and tissue culture studies on Aegle marmelos.

Diuretic activity of ethanolic extract of Panicum repens L. roots and rhizomes

The diuretic activity of ethanolic extract of Panicum repens was investigated in rats. A single oral dose of 500 mg/kg of P. repens extract were given to rats, after 24 h, urine volume, its sodium and potassium concentrations were estimated. Treatment with P. repens extract caused a significant increase in tested parameters as compared to their corresponding controls, p < 0.05.

Screening of Baccaurea ramiflora (Lour.) extracts for cytotoxic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, neuropharmacological and antidiarrheal activities

BackgroundIt has been observed that the various part of Baccaurea ramiflora plant is used in rheumatoid arthritis, cellulitis, abscesses, constipation and injuries. This plant also has anticholinergic, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antiviral, antioxidant, diuretic and cytotoxic activities. The present studyaimed to assess the cytotoxic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, CNS depressant and antidiarrheal activities of methanol extract of Baccaurea ramiflora pulp and seeds in mice model.MethodsThe cytotoxic activity was determined by brine shrimp lethality bioassay; anti-nociceptive activity was determined by acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin- induced licking and biting, and tail immersion methods. The anti-inflammatory, CNS depressant and anti-diarrheal activities were assessed by carrageenan-induced hind paw edema, the open field and hole cross tests, and castor oil-induced diarrheal methods, respectively. The data were analyzed by one way ANOVA (analysis of variance) followed by Dunnett’s test.ResultsIn brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the LC50 values of the methanol extracts of Baccaurea ramiflora pulp and seed were 40 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL, respectively. Our investigation showed that Baccaurea ramiflora pulp and seed extracts (200 mg/kg) inhibited acetic acid induced pain 67.51 and 66.08%, respectively (p < 0.05) that was strongly comparable with that of Ibuprofen (72%) (p < 0.05). The Baccaurea ramiflora pulp and seed extracts (200 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced 58.5 and 53.4 in early and 80.8%, 76.61% in late phase of formalin-induced licking and biting. At 60 and 90 min pulp and seed extracts (200 mg/kg) inhibited nociception of thermal stimulus 50.16 and 62.4%, respectively (p < 0.05) which was comparable with the standard (morphine, 75.9% inhibition). The pulp and seed extracts (200 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced inflammation (42.00 and 55.22%, respectively) in carrageenan-induced hind paw edema and defecations (59.7 and 63.03%, respectively) in castor oil induced diarrhea. Both the extracts showed high sedative activity at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min.ConclusionOur investigation demonstrated significant cytotoxic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, CNS depressant and antidiarrheal activities of methanol extract of Baccaurea ramiflora pulp and seeds (200 mg/kg).

Вивчення залежності гострої токсичності та діуретичної активності від хімічної структури в ряду 8-амінозаміщених 7-(3-п-метоксифенокси-)пропіл-3-метилксантину

Вивчення залежності гострої токсичності та діуретичної активності від хімічної структури в ряду 8-амінозаміщених 7-(3-п-метоксифенокси-)пропіл-3-метилксантину

Pharmacological Activities of Carica papaya Linn

Carica papaya is a tropical fruit, present in orange red to yellow orange color. The whole plant including fruit, leaves, roots, peel, bark, seed and pulp served as medicine. It is rich in minerals, carotenoids, vitamins, alkaloids, enzymes, lycopene, and flavonoids that provide the papaya with special importance. It is used as a remedy for the treatment of many skin infections, anti fungal, anti viral infections. Its milky juice extracted and dried is used as medicine for digestive disorders and as toothpaste. Carica papaya helps in the treatment of different types of cancer, kidney infections, nervous disorders, etc. Now a days papaya is known as a nutraceutical fruit because of its multifaceted properties. The most enhanced properties of papaya are anti-fungal, anti-fertility, uretonic, anti-hypertensive, hypolipidemic, dengue fever, diuretic, anti-helmintic, wound healing, antibacterial and antitumor activities. This review summarizes the magical pharmacological benefits of Carica papaya.

Evaluation of toxicological, diuretic, and laxative properties of ethanol extract from Macrothelypteris Torresiana (Gaudich) aerial parts with In silico docking studies of polyphenolic compounds on carbonic anhydrase II: An enzyme target for diuretic activity

Background: Macrothelypteris torresiana (Gaudich) is a species of fern having a wide range of reputed medicinal properties for the treatment of inflammation, fever, renal failure, stomach problems, etc. Objective: The present investigation focused on the evaluation of toxicity profile and diuretic and laxative activities of ethanol extract from M. torresiana aerial parts (EEMTAP), with in silico docking studies of polyphenolic compounds on carbonic anhydrase (CA)-II, an enzyme target for diuretic activity. Materials and Methods: Acute and subacute toxicity was performed according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines. EEMTAP at doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg, p.o., employed for the assessment of diuretic and laxative activities with loperamide-induced constipation in Wistar albino rats. Furosemide (10 mg/kg, p.o.), agar-agar (300 mg/kg, p.o.), and sodium picosulfate (5 mg/kg, p.o) were used as reference standards, respectively, for activity comparison. During saluretic activity study, total urine volume, body weight before and after the experiment, and urinary levels of Na+, K+ (by flame photometry), and Cl− (by titrimetry) were estimated. Polyphenolic compounds such as caffeic acid and quercetin were successfully detected through chromatographic method of EEMTAP, and to rationalize the results obtained in diuretic activities, we carried out docking studies of the natural phenolic compounds against CA-II enzyme co-complexed with furosemide (Protein Data Bank ID: 1Z9Y CA-II in complex with furosemide as sulfonamide inhibitor). Results: In acute toxicity study, no mortality was observed at 2000 mg/kg, p.o., and in subacute toxicity study, the extract-treated group did not show any significant changes in body weight and organ weights. The hematological and biochemical parameters did not show any significant changes in the sample-treated groups when compared with the control group animals. The laxative activity of the extract was found to be in a dose-dependent increase in fecal output of rats at selected dose levels; similarly, EEMTAP significantly increased the urinary output as well as urinary electrolyte concentration in a dose-dependent manner. The molecular docking studies of phenolic compounds (caffeic acid and quercetin) into the binding site of CA II enzyme reveals that these analogues are having more favourable interaction when compared to the furosemide with better docking scores and hydrogen bonding interactions. Conclusion: The result demonstrated that the EEMTAP possesses a reasonable safety profile and shows promising diuretic and laxative activities in a dose-dependent manner. Abbreviations Used: EEMTAP: Ethanol Extract from M. Torresiana Aerial Parts; CA-I: Carbonic Anhydrase I; CA-II: Carbonic Anhydrase II; hCA-II: Human Carbonic Anhydrase-II; OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; PDB: Protein Data Bank.

Evaluation of diuretic, saluretic and natriuretic activity of hydrochlorothiazide in combination with misoprostol in Wistar rats

Background: Renal vasodilatation by prostaglandins is well proven facts. Furosemide is better diuretics due to their additional effect on intrarenal hemodynamic changes brought about by increase in local prostaglandin synthesis. No such changes occur with thiazide group of diuretics. Hence, we want to analyze the diuretic effect of hydrochlorothiazide in combination with prostaglandin analog misoprostol. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the diuretic, saluretic, and natriuretic activity of hydrochlorothiazide in combination with misoprostol. Materials and Methods: Four groups of Wistar rats with six animals in each group were grouped. One group served as the control and the other three groups received furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, and hydrochlorothiazide with misoprostol, respectively. Urine output, urinary electrolytes, saluretic activity, and natriuretic of all groups were estimated and then compared with the standard and control groups. Results: There was a statistically difference in the urinary output between groups as determined by oneway ANOVA (F = 33.413, P ≤ 0.001 and F =260.267, P = 0.001) at 5 and 24 h, respectively. The Lipschitz value showed that standard group and test Group 4 indices were >2.0 showing potent diuretic action. There was a statistically significant difference in the urinary excretion of all the electrolytes between groups as determined by one-way ANOVA (F = 645.087, P ≤ 0.001; F = 360.49, P ≤ 0.001; and F = 366.974, P ≤ 0.001) for the levels of Na+, K+, and Cl−, respectively. It has been found that the saluretic activity was significant in all three groups when compared with control group. However, they do not show significant changes in natriuretic activity. Conclusion: This study has shown that the diuretic activity and diuretic index of hydrochlorothiazide can be increased when it is given in combination with prostaglandin analog misoprostol and also found to be almost equivalent to standard drug furosemide effect. There was also a significant effect in the excretion of electrolytes in urine and significant saluretic activity that favors their use in edematous conditions. Saluretic activity of hydrochlorothiazide with misoprostol was also similar to furosemide. Since both the drugs are already approved and safely used for many decades, we can further do a clinical trial to confirm these findings and can be used as a combination of old drugs for a new indication.

Potential analgesic and diuretic activity of Crataegus oxyacantha Linn

The present study evaluated the analgesic and diuretic activity of a benzene extract of the whole plant Crataegus oxyacantha. The study used acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, tail immersion, hot plate analgesic models and diuretic activity using the Lipschitz model in albino rats. Two oral test doses (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) of the C.oxyacantha extract were administered and compared with a standard reference. Diclofenac (100 mg/kg), as a reference standard and a control were used for the analgesic part of the study. The diuretic effect of the extract was evaluated by measuring urine volume. Furosemide 20 mg/kg and normal saline were used as the reference drug and the control for the study of diuretic activity. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extract was also carried out to determine the constituents. In the acetic acid-induced writhing reflex model, the extract and the reference drug significantly (p<0.001) decreased the mean total number of abdominal constrictions. In the tail immersion method, all the test and standard drugs significantly (p <0.0005) reduced the pain as compared to the control group. Similar results (p <0.001) were achieved with the hot plate method. Additionally, the two doses of C.oxyacantha exhibited significant (p < 0.001) diuretic activity in comparison to the control. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of steroids, terpenoids and triterpenoids. Crataegus oxyacantha demonstrated significant analgesic activity and provided a quantitative basis for supporting the folkloric use of C.oxyacantha L. as a diuretic agent.

N-Aryl-7-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido-[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-6-carboxamides. The Synthesis and Effects on Urinary Output.

Continuing a targeted search for new leading structures with diuretic action among tricyclic derivatives of hydroxyquinolines, which are of interest as potential inhibitors of aldosterone synthase, the synthesis of a series of the corresponding pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-6-carboxanilides was carried out by amidation of ethyl-7-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylate with aniline, aminophenols and O-alkylsubstituted analogs with high yields and purity. The optimal conditions of this reaction are proposed; they make it possible to prevent partial destruction of the original heterocyclic ester and thereby avoid formation of specific impurities of 7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-5-one. To confirm the structure of all substances obtained, elemental analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry were used. Moreover, the peculiarities of their 1H and 13C-NMR spectra, as well as their mass spectrometric behavior under conditions of electron impact ionization, were discussed. The effect of pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-6-carboxanilides on the urinary function of the kidneys was studied in white rats of both genders by the standard method of oral administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Testing was conducted in comparison with hydrochlorothiazide, as well as with structurally close pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij] quinoline-5-carboxanilides studied earlier with the same substituents in the anilide fragments. It was found that addition of one methylene unit to the heterocycle partially hydrogenated and annelated with the quinolone core has a positive impact on biological properties—most of the substances studied exhibit a statistically significant diuretic effect exceeding the activity of not only hydrochlorothiazide, in some cases, but also the action of the structural analogs. The important structural and biological regularities, which are common with pyrroloquinolines and introduced by a chemical modification, were revealed. The importance of the presence in the structure of terminal amide fragments of tricyclic quinoline-3-carboxamides of a 4-methoxy-substituted aromatic ring was particularly marked. The expediency of further study of pyridoquinolines as promising diuretic agents has been shown.

Urinary Exosomal Aquaporin-2 Expression and the Efficacy of Tolvaptan in Advanced CKD Patients with Congestive Heart Failure: An Interim Report

Background: The efficacy of tolvaptan, a selective antagonist for vasopressin V2 receptor, on water diuresis has been reported in congestive heart failure (CHF) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the mechanism of tolvaptan resistance is not well understood. In this study the effect of tolvaptan on urinary expression of exosomal aquaporin-2 (AQP-2) was examined in relation to effectiveness of tolvaptan. Methods: We examined 13 CHF patients with advanced CKD (M:F=11:2, age 49 to 81, serum creatinine 1.7 to 10.4 mg/dL, eGFR 3.5 to 69 ml/min/1.73 m2, median 9.2) who were not under control with conventional treatment including furosemide therapy (40 to 80 mg orally). Tolvaptan of 7.5 mg/day was instituted and blood and urine parameters were measured as well as urinary exosomal AQP-2 and Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2). Responders were defined as increase in urine volume greater than 500 ml/day after the treatment. Results: Eight patients were diagnosed as responders who increased urine volume together with decrease in body weight within several days (p<0.05 vs. before treatment). Baseline data did not show the significant difference between both groups. Serum levels of creatinine and Na did not change over 1 week in either responders or non-responders. All responders showed a significant reduction in urinary exosomal AQP-2 after the treatment whereas non-responders showed rather increase in its expression. In contrast, urinary exosomal NKCC2 expression was unaltered in any case. Conclusions: Tolvaptan exerts its diuretic action in more than half the CHF patients complicated with advanced CKD. The responsiveness corroborates well with urinary exosomal AQP2 expression. The predictor for resistance to tolvaptan needs further examination.

Diuretic activity of methanolic extracts from Jodina rhombifolia aerial parts on Wistar rats

Context: Jodina rhombifolia (Hook. &amp; Arn.) Reissek (Santalaceae) it´s used in folk medicine for treat a great diversity of health problems. Aims: To evaluate the diuretic activity of aerial parts methanolic extract (leaves, bark, phloem, and branches of approximately three years) in Wistar rats. Methods: The experimentation was organized with a negative control group (saline solution), a positive control (furosemide; 10 mg/kg) and for each methanolic extract were established three groups of animals that received doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg of weight in normal saline solution. Results: The maximum diuretic activity observed in-group administered with leaves methanolic extract followed of phloem extract. The dose 250 mg/kg of leaves methanolic extract was the more potent and equally important, result the dose 500 mg/kg, which supposes an interesting excretor effect of water for a phytodiuretic. These registers of diuresis in Wistar rats did not show significant statistically results with the positive control group. Furthermore, the onset of diuretic activity of leaves methanolic extract was extremely rapid, within the first hour of administration (for all doses). Conclusions: This study contributes to scientific validation of the ethnomedical use of this botanic species in folk medicine of South America as a diuretic agent, although further studies are necessary to evaluate the mechanisms involved in biological activity and safety following repeated use.

Study of Chemical Composition and Diuretic Activity of Cherry Fruit Extract

Qualitative composition and content of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids in cherry (Prunus cerasus) fruits extract have been studied by HPLC, system Shimadzu LC-20 Prominence module system equipped with LC-20AD quaternary pump, ???-20? column oven, SIL-20A autosampler, SPD-M20A diode-array detector, Luna C 18 (4.6mm×150mm, i.d. 5 mkm) column from Phenomenex®. 5 phenolic compounds were identified as flavonoid glycosides and hydroxycinnamic acids: chlorogenic acid (1.88%), quercitrin (1.69%), and rutin (1.11%) in high amount. It also contains tannins: gallic acid (0.07%), and catechin (0.23%). The total amount of determined phenolic compounds in cherry extract was 4.99%. The ratio of flavonoids to hydroxycinnamic acids was 3:2. Toxicity, diuretic activity, rheological properties of blood and membrane stabilizing activity were determined. Rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: control group (given water) and experimental group (given Cherry extract). Results show diuretic, hypouricosemic, and membrane-stabilizing effects due to improvement of kidney filtration and suppressing water reabsorption, excretion of uric acid and creatinine from the body and reducing the degree of hemolysis of red blood cells and preventing damage to erythrocyte membranes. Therefore, according to our study, cherry fruit extract might potentially be used in treatment of various chronic diseases (e.g. gout).

Diuretic Effect of &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Cymbopogon jwarancusa&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; after Single and Multiple Doses in Rats

Diuretics are efficaciously used in management of various clinical emergencies like hypertension, heart failure, cirrhosis, hypercalciuria, hematuria and nephrotic syndrome. Cymbopogon jwarancusa is an aromatic perennial grass used in both traditional and Unani system of medicine to eradicate diseases like colds, seasonal fever, asthma, tuberculosis, rheumatic pain, back pain, toothache and nervous disorders. C. jwarancusa essential oils are used in perfumery, soap, detergents, medicines and pharmaceutical industry. Monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes constitute the highest composition in essential oil of C. jwarancusa. The present was designed to compare the diuretic activity of C. jwarancusa after single and multi-doses. Furosemide (20 mg/kg) was used as reference drug and 10% DMSO was used as vehicle. Diuretic activity was noticed by measuring urine volume and calculating diuretic and Lipchitz values. Maximum diuretic response was observed at 500 mg/kg of extract after both single and multi-dose administration. On basis of results it may be concluded that C. jwarancusa may be used as diuretic agent.

Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic Potential and Cytotoxic Activity of Salvadora persica: A Review

Salvadora persica is a popular teeth cleaning stick throughout the Arabian Peninsula, as well as the wider Muslim world. Also commonly referred to as miswak. S. persica exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against both aerobic as well as anaerobic bacteria collected from teeth by different researchers in the various parts of world. Dental plaque is a general term used for the diverse microbial community (predominantly bacteria) found on the tooth surface, embedded in a matrix of polymers of bacterial and salivary origin. Plaque develops naturally on teeth, and forms part of the defense systems of the host by helping to prevent colonization of enamel by exogenous (and often pathogenic) microorganisms (colonization resistance). S. persica is found to be a multipurpose plant and possesses several agro-pharmaceutical applications. Toothbrushes prepared from the roots and small branches of S. persica, to be highly useful as maintainer of teeth. Plant possess anti-microbial, anti-plaque, aphrodisiac, alexiteric, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, astringent, diuretic and bitter stomachic activities. It has great medicinal use in the treatment of nose troubles, piles, scabies, leucoderma, scurvy, gonorrhea, boils and toothache, to treat hook worm, venereal diseases, for teeth cleaning, in rheumatism, cough and asthma, to lower cholesterol plasma levels, reestablishment of the components of gastric mucosa, and as a laxative.