Diuretic Activity Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF INFLUENCE OF RUTIN AND GRAVITY ACTION ON THE RENAL EXCRETORY FUNCTION

Aim - to analyze the effect of rutin on the renal excretory function in the conditions of normogravity and hypergravity. Materials and methods. 9 series of experiments were conducted, including 4 series with the use of a centrifuge of ultra-short radius. The effect of rutin in the dose of 10 mg/kg on the renal excretory function was studied in normal conditions and in combination with the gravity action 3g. All the animals received 3% water load intragastrically and were placed into exchange cages for 24 hours. We obtained urine samples and determined the amount and the concentration of sodium, potassium and creatinine. Results. It was found that under normal conditions rutin, administered intragastrically in a dose of 10 mg/kg, promotes significant increase in diuresis and saluresis solely due to the inhibition of tubular reabsorption. Rutin in a dose of 10 mg/kg in combination with the gravity action enhances its original diuretic activity by complex influence on tubular and glomerular kidney structures. Rutin alone and rutin in combination with hypergravity stimulates the excretory function of the kidneys similarly to hydrochlorothiazide, but has a shorter latent period. Conclusion. The use of rutin combined with the gravity action contributes to the stimulation of the renal excretory function not only due to the tubular component, but also due to the glomerular one.

Urinary metabolic profiling of cisplatin nephrotoxicity and nephroprotective effects of Orthosiphon stamineus leaves elucidated by 1H NMR spectroscopy

Orthosiphon stamineus (OS) is a popular medicinal herb used in traditional Chinese medicine as a diuretic agent and for renal system disorders. This study employed 1H NMR based metabolomics approach to investigate the possible protective activity of OS in cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity owing to its diuretic and antioxidant activities. Aqueous (OSAE) and 50% aqueous ethanolic (OSFE) extracts of OS leaves were orally administered at 400mg/kg BW doses to rats which were then intraperitoneally injected with cisplatin at 5mg/kg BW dose. The 1H NMR profile of the urine samples collected on day 5 after cisplatin administration were analyzed by multivariate pattern recognition techniques, whereby 19 marker metabolites suggestive in the involvement of TCA cycle, disturbed energy metabolism, altered gut microflora and BCAA metabolism pathways were identified. It was observed that OSFE caused significant changes (p<0.05) in the levels of 8 markers namely leucine, acetate, hippurate, lysine, valine, 2-oxoglutarate, 3-HBT and acetoacetate resulting in a moderate ameliorative effect, however, it did not completely protect from nephrotoxicity. OSAE did not demonstrate significant down regulatory effects on any markers, albeit, it potentiated the cisplatin nephrotoxicity by inducing significant increase in glucose, glycine, creatinine, citrate, TMAO, acetate and creatine levels. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the 1H NMR spectra of OS extracts identified that OSFE had higher concentrations of the secondary metabolites such as caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid and orthosiphol, among others. Whereas, OSAE was characterized by higher concentrations of acetate, lactate, succinic acid, valine and phosphatidylcholine. This research denotes the first comprehensive analysis to identify the effects of OS extracts on cisplatin nephrotoxicity.

Diuretic and antioxidant activities of the aqueous extract of leaves of Vepris heterophylla (Engl.) R. Let (Rutaceae) in rats.

Background Vepris heterophylla (Rutaceae) is a medicinal plant used empirically in African traditional medicine for many clinical conditions including edematous disorders and hypertension. V. heterophylla aqueous extract has been used in northern part of Cameroon by traditional healers for the treatment of arterial hypertension. The study aim was to assess the putative diuretic and antioxidant properties of V. heterophylla leaves aqueous extract.MethodsAdult rats were administered with V. heterophylla leaves aqueous extract acutely (24 h) at doses 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/kg (per os). The two positive control groups received the diuretic drugs furosemide (5 mg/kg) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ, 10 mg/kg), while negative control group received only an equivalent volume of distilled water. Urinary elimination of electrolytes in response to treatments was evaluated, together with changes in concentrations of creatinine, urea, aldosterone, glucose and albumin in urine and plasma. Various urinary indicators of kidney function and plasmatic markers of oxidative stress were also assessed.ResultsThe findings indicated that the aqueous extract of V. heterophylla at doses ranging from 150 to 250 mg/kg caused a significant and dose-dependent increase of urinary water and electrolytes excretion in normal rats. The aqueous extract of the leaves of V. heterophylla accelerated the elimination of overloaded fluid. At the maximum of diuretic response, urinary osmolarity decreased significantly when compared with controls. Oral administration of aqueous extract at different doses produced a significant diuresis and slight increase in electrolytes (Na+, K+ and Cl−) excretion. The results obtained were compared with standard drug-furosemide (5 mg/kg) and hydrochlorothiazide (10 mg/kg). These effects were observed predominantly at 250 mg/kg dose.ConclusionsOur findings strongly suggest that V. heterophylla aqueous extract has diuretic and antioxidant activities, and deserves further studies considering the potential for the treatment of hypertension.

Generation and phenotypic analysis of mice lacking all urea transporters

Urea transporters (UT) are a family of transmembrane urea-selective channel proteins expressed in multiple tissues and play an important role in the urine concentrating mechanism of the mammalian kidney. UT inhibitors have diuretic activity and could be developed as novel diuretics. To determine if functional deficiency of all UTs in all tissues causes physiological abnormality, we established a novel mouse model in which all UTs were knocked out by deleting an 87 kb of DNA fragment containing most parts of Slc14a1 and Slc14a2 genes. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence confirmed that there is no expression of urea transporter in these all-UT-knockout mice. Daily urine output was nearly 3.5-fold higher, with significantly lower urine osmolality in all-UT-knockout mice than that in wild-type mice. All-UT-knockout mice were not able to increase urinary urea concentration and osmolality after water deprivation, acute urea loading, or high protein intake. A computational model that simulated UT-knockout mouse models identified the individual contribution of each UT in urine concentrating mechanism. Knocking out all UTs also decreased the blood pressure and promoted the maturation of the male reproductive system. Thus, functional deficiency of all UTs caused a urea-selective urine-concentrating defect with little physiological abnormality in extrarenal organs.

Comparative effects of aqueuos extract of Phyllanthus amarus and its fractions on urinary excretion in rat

The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of Phyllanthus amarus extracts and its fractions on urinary excretion. Aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus was prepared by decoction of the whole plant and lyophilized. Ethanolic fraction and chloroformic fraction of Phyllanthus amarus were obtained from aqueous extract. Animal were divided into 5 groups of 6 rats and placed individually in metabolic cages. The control group received normal water. A positive control group received furosemide (5 mg/kg, i.p.), used as a reference loop diuretic drug. Three other groups were treated with aqueous extract or ethanolic fraction or chloroformic fraction of Phyllanthus amarus by intraperitoneal injection at the same dose of 40 mg/kg. Urine volumes were collected each 2 h during 8 h period. The diuretic action was obtained by a ratio of urinary excretion of treated group and that of control group. Phyllanthus amarus extracts increased urinary excretion. This effect was time dependant and significant, compared to control group (p &lt; 0.001). During all experiments, ethanolic fraction increased urinary excretion, more than other extracts. After 8h period, it had eliminated about 2.44 ± 0.27 mL, however this value remained less than that of furosemide (3.01 ± 0.17 mL). The urinary excretion induced by furosemide was significantly high (p &lt; 0.05), compared to ethanolic fraction, but the ratio was similar. This study showed that, like furosemide, ethanolic fraction seemed to be the most potent extract for diuresis. Further studies might be carried out to identify the actives molecules and its mechanisms.

Photoreorganization of 2-methyl-3-(prop-2-ynyloxy)-4H-chromen-4-ones: Synthesis of 4-methylcoumarin Derivatives

The coumarin derivatives have the anabolic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anticoagulant, HIV-proteases’ inhibitory, CNS depressant, hypnotics, sedative, diuretic, analgesic and antitubercular activities. In the present study, the synthesis of some 4-methylcoumarin derivatives in appreciably good yields has been achieved by the photo-irradiation of th e 2-methyl-3-(prop-2-ynyloxy)-4H-chromen-4-ones with pyrex filtered UV-light from 125W Hg lamp. The reaction is unprecedented and proceeded under mild and eco-friendly conditions within 60 minutes and may become an important tool for obtaining the 4-methylcoumarin derivatives. Keywords: Chromenones, coumarins, photo-irradiation, Norrish type-1 reaction, ring-opening /cyclization, γ-H abstraction.

Diuretic activity of the aqueous crude extract and solvent fractions of the leaves of Thymus serrulatus in mice.

The present study was undertaken to investigate the diuretic activity and acute toxicity profile of the crude aqueous extract and solvent fraction of the leaves of Thymus serrulatus in saline-loaded Swiss albino mice. Mice of either sex were divided into six groups (five animals in each group). The control group received normal saline (25 mL/kg), while the reference group received hydrochlorothiazide (10 mg/kg). Group III to Group VI received the test substances at dose levels of 125, 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg orally, respectively. At the end of the fifth hour, urine was collected, and total volume of urine excreted by each animal was recorded. Concentrations of urinary Na+ and K+ were determined, and the Na+/K+ ratio was calculated to make comparison among the groups. The acute toxicity of the most active fraction was also evaluated. The findings demonstrated that the crude aqueous extract of T. serrulatus leaves showed significant diuretic (P<0.01), natriuretic (P<0.01), and kaliuretic (P<0.01) effects. At the dose of 1,000 mg/kg, the n-butanol fraction demonstrated the highest diuretic activity comparable to the reference drug. It also showed a good natriuretic activity. The dichloromethane fraction, however, did not have significant diuretic activity. Both the crude aqueous extract of the leaves of T. serrulatus and its n-butanol fraction have diuretic activity with high concentration of urinary electrolytes in mice. Further studies, however, need to be pursued on the possible mechanism(s) of diuretic action.

Hypotensive and diuretic activities of aqueous-ethanol extract of &lt;i&gt;Asphodelus tenuifolius&lt;/i&gt;

&lt;p class="Abstract"&gt;In order to rationalize the traditional uses of &lt;em&gt;Asphodelus &lt;/em&gt;tenuifolius in cardiovascular complaints, aqueous-ethanol extract of the plant was investigated for hypotensive and diuretic activities using &lt;em&gt;in vivo&lt;/em&gt; and in vitro models. Intravenous administration of the extract in anesthetized rats produced 14.5 (95% CI; 13.3–15.6), 24.5 (95% CI; 21.3-27.9) and 35.3% (95% CI; 32.0–42.5) fall in mean arterial blood pressure at the doses of 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg, respectively. The extract increased the urine volume and electrolytes excretion significantly at the doses of 300 and 500 mg/kg in rats. In rabbit’s isolated aorta preparations, the extract, like verapamil, relaxed K&lt;sup&gt;+ &lt;/sup&gt;(80 mM)-induced contractions more potently than phenylephrine (1 µM)–induced contractions, indicating Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; antagonistic activity. The extract produced dose-dependent stimulant followed by depressant effects in spontaneously contracting rabbit’s paired atria preparations. The results suggest that the extract of &lt;em&gt;A. &lt;/em&gt;tenuifolius has hypotensive and diuretic effects in animals.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

NEPHROPROTECTIVE AND DIURETIC EFFECT OF NIGELLA SATIVA L SEEDS OIL ON LITHIASIC WISTAR RATS.

Background and objective:The purpose of the current investigation was to study the influences, preventive and diuretic, of Nigella sativa L. seeds oil (NSSO) on calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis induced in Wistar male rats.Methodology:Seeds of Nigella sativa L. (N.S) were analysed for the evaluation of the concentration of oxalate and calcium. Nigella sativa L. seeds oil is obtained by hydrodistillation and HPTLC densitometric method was adopted to determine the amount of thymoquinone (TQ) present.Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups (N=6). Group I, negative control, drank tap water. The other groups were II Positive control, III, IV and V received a treatment model inducing calcium oxalate urolithiasis for 28 days, using an aqueous solution involve 0.75% (EG) ethylene glycol and 1.0 % (AC) chloride ammonium. Rats in group III received in addition, 750 mg/kg Cystone from the beginning to the end of calculi induction experimentation.However, rats in Groups IV and V received (NSSO) at 5 ml/kg b.w by gavage on days 1st to 28th and 15th to 28th days, respectively. On days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28, body weights were measured and the 24-hour urine samples were accumulated and analysed for biochemical elements. On the 28th day, blood samples were collected for the estimation of serum parameters including creatinine, BUN and uric acid.All animals were sacrificed at the end of the experiment and the kidneys were detached for histopathological examination.Results:Administration of (NSSO) at 5 ml/kg body weight/dose/day for 28 days exerts a protective effect by reducing significantly (p <0.01) urinary and serum rates of calcium, phosphate and oxalate. This preventive diet could increase the volume of urine excreted.Conclusion:The nephroprotectrice and diuretic activity demonstrated by Nigella sativa L. gives a scientific basis that approves their traditional use like a remedy against urolithiasis.List of Abbreviations: NSSO: Nigella sativa L. Seeds oil ; CaOx: Calcium Oxalate; N.S: Nigella sativa L.; HPTLC: High performance thin layer chromatography; TQ: Thymoquinone; N: Number; EG: Ethylene Glycol; AC: Chloride Ammonium BUN: Blood Urea Nitrogen; LD50: Lethal Dose 50; b.w: body weight; H & E: Haematoxyline and Eosin; HPLC-UV:;Caph: calcium phosphate; FR: glomerular filtration rate

Pengolahan Biji Kakao Menjadi Pasta Cokelat Sebagai Makanan Kesehatan Penurun Bobot Badan dan Kolesterol Darah

This research is aimed to process non fermented cocoa beans into chocolate paste as functional food for body weight and blood cholesterol reduction benefits. The research was undergone as followed: preparing paste/dark chocolate from unfermented cacao bean; analysis of chocolate paste’s water, fat, polyphenol, flavanoid, catechin, amino acid, magnesium, calium, and theobromin content;test on mouse weight reduction consisting of diuretic effect, motoric activity, and weight level monitoring and analysis of blood cholesterolreduction effect. Result showed that water content is 3.21%; fat content is 53.14%; potassium content is 1366.74 mg per 100 grams chocolate paste; magnesium content is 257,20 mg per 100 grams chocolate paste; theobromin content is 1.13%; amino acid is 11.92%; catechin is 3.28%; flavanoid 0.16% counting as quercetin and poliphenol 10.03% equal with tanic acid. Diuretic monitoring activity indicated that chocolate paste contributes in raising motoric activity. Observation on weight reduction showed that 0,2ml/mouse chocolate paste decreased mouse body mass from 200 grams to 140 grams in 8 days. 0,2 ml/mouse chocolate paste treatment for 6 days decreased blood cholesterol level, equal to treatment with Simvastatin 0.18mg/200g .

DIURETIC AND ANTI-DIURETIC BIOACTIVITY DIFFERENCES OF THE SEED AND SHELL EXTRACTS OF ALPINIA OXYPHYLLA FRUIT.

Background:Alpinia oxyphylla fruit (AOF, Yizhi in Chinese) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine as an anti-diuretic agent and composed of two parts i.e. seed and shell. These two parts have different components, but the bioactivity differences of the two parts are not clear. This study aims to evaluate the different anti-diuretic effects of the seed and shell of AOF.Materials and Methods:The potential bioactive components were analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. The diuretic and anti-diuretic activity was determined with saline-loads rats.Results:The results showed that the 200 mg/kg and 400mg/kg of SREAO displayed a short-time anti-diuretic activity 1h after administration and then a significant diuretic activity was being observed at 5-6 h in 400mg/kg group of SREAO. And the 400mg/kg doses of SREAO also showed a remarkable increase for electrolyte excretion of K+. Three sesquiterpene compounds, namely oxyphyllol A (1), oxyphyllol B (2), and nootkatone (3) were identified from the active SREAO fraction by UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MS.Conclusion:The seed part of Alpinia oxyphylla possessed pronounced diuretic and anti-diuretic effect. The sesquiterpene components are the major constituents and possibly contributed the diuretic and anti-diuretic activity.

Effects of Bilberry Fruit and Shoot Extracts on Renal Excretory Function

The diuretic and saluretic activities of aqueous and aqueous-alcoholic extracts of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) fruits and shoots were studied in laboratory animals. The results obtained here showed that aqueous extracts of shoots and preparations based on fresh bilberry fruits had moderate diuretic and saluretic activities. Aqueous-alcoholic extracts of air-dried fruits and shoots decreased diuresis and saluresis as compared with a control group.

Diuretic activity and toxicity study of the aqueous extract of Cola nitida seed on markers of renal function and electrolytes in rats.

BackgroundCola nitida is a plant, conventionally used in Africa in the treatment of various ailments such as migraine, morning sickness and indigestion. The aim of the present study was to explore the diuretic activity of the aqueous extract of C. nitida seed (AECONS) and alteration caused by its subchronic administration on the structure and function of the kidney of male Wistar rats. MethodsThe study was divided into diuretic and subchronic studies. Twenty-five male Wistar rats weighing between 140 and 180 g were divided into five groups of five rats each. The first 24 h of this study investigated the possible diuretic activity of C. nitida seed. Group I (the control) received 25 mL/kg of normal saline. Group II (the standard) received 20 mg/kg/day of furosemide. Groups III, IV, V received 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg/day of AECONS, respectively, and orally. Urine volume, pH, specific gravity and electrolytes were estimated in the samples of urine collected after 6 h of the study. From the second day onward and up to a period of 4 weeks, the rats in each group were given normal saline, furosemide and AECONS once daily as was done on the first day. At the end of the 4-week treatment period, blood and urine samples were collected for the determination of creatinine, urea, Na+, K+ and Cl- concentrations. Results The results of the diuretic study showed that the AECONS at all doses used and furosemide produced a significant increase in urine output with respect to the control group. AECONS also induced a significant increase in the urine concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl- in the experimental and standard groups when compared with the control group, except for group III which showed no significant variation in K+ concentration. In the subchronic study, AECONS caused a significant increase in the urine levels of Na+, K+, Cl- in the experimental and standard groups when compared with the control rats. The plasma Na+ concentration of groups IV and V was significantly lower than that of the control group. Photomicrographs of the kidneys of the experimental and standard groups revealed no significant alterations in the histology of their kidney tissues. Conclusions It is concluded that AECONS induced diuresis which is associated with increased Na+, K+ and Cl- loss in rats without any significant alteration in the structure of their kidneys.

Development and evaluation of PLGA polymer based nanoparticles of quercetin

Quercetin is the most abundant antioxidant found in the human diet. Low aqueous solubility of quercetin limits its bioavailability and hence therapeutic effects. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop a poly lactide-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) polymer based nanoparticles of quercetin with a view to improve its aqueous solubility and examine the effect on its antioxidant and diuretic properties. Nanoparticles of quercetin were developed by single emulsion-solvent evaporation technique and evaluated in vitro for differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transforms infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy, particle size, polydispersity index and drug entrapment efficiency. Among the five different formulations (F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5), F2 and F3 were optimized with an average particle size of 189nm and 186nm and high entrapment values of 86.48%, 83.71%, respectively. SEM images of confirmed that prepared nanoparticles were spherical in shape with a smooth surface. In vitro release and anti-oxidant activity confirmed significant results. Furthermore, its in vivo diuretic activity was much better as compared to pure quercetin. The overall results suggest that PLGA polymer based nanoparticle could be a potential option for quercetin delivery.

ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Free Multicomponent Assembling of Isatins, Malononitrile, and Dimedone: Fast and Efficient Way to Functionalized Spirooxindole System.

Solvent-free sodium acetate catalyzed multicomponent reaction of isatins, malononitrile, and dimedone initiated by grinding in mortar results in the fast and efficient formation of substituted spirooxindoles in 90–99 % yields. The developed solvent-free fast multicomponent approach to the substituted spirooxindoles—the pharmacologically perspective substances with spasmolytic, diuretic, anticoagulant, anticancer, and antianaphylactic activities—is beneficial from the viewpoint of diversity-oriented large-scale processes and represents fast efficient and environmentally benign solvent-free synthetic concept for multicomponent reactions strategy.

Evaluation of Antinociceptive Activity of Methanol Extract from Cleome rutidosperma in Mice

ObjectiveCleome rutidosperma (Capparidaceae), commonly known as “Fringed Spider Flower”, is a medicinal plant found in Southeast Asia. C. rutidosperma is used in folk medicine for diuretic, laxative, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic, and anthelmintic activities. We have evaluated the anti-nociceptive properties of methanol extract from C. rutidosperma (MECR) in vivo. MethodsThermal method (hot plate test and tail flick test) was induced to judge the anti-inflammatory effect and couple of chemical method also used (formalin induced licking test; writhing test carried by acetic acid) to evaluate analgesic effect. Both of these tests were made over animal models, like mice and rats. Two different doses (100 and 200 mg/kg) were used for each case of test, while morphine sulphate (5mg/kg, ip) was used as reference drug. ResultsMECR demonstrated the significantly anti-nociceptive activity in the analgesic and anti-inflammatory tests by reducing nociception in mice models (P < 0.001). In the hot-plate and tail-flick tests, MECR significantly elongated the time to response to the thermal stimuli (100 and 200 mg/kg with P < 0.05, 0.001). The remarkable increase in the latency was observed at 90 and 120 min. In acetic acid-induced writhing test and formalin induced licking test for anti-inflammatory activity, MECR at 100 and 200 mg/kg doses exhibited significant (P < 0.001) reduction of writhing and licking response. ConclusionThe anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of C. rutidosperma propose that this effect may be a result of both peripheral and central mechanisms. Further study is required to ensure the proper mechanism of action as well as the active ingredient.

Spectral and Biological Studies on Microwave Assisted Synthesized Zn(II) Complex of Schiff Base Derived from Sulphonamides.

A big challenge, academic world and industry is facing the relationship of modern societies to the environment that requires reinventing the manufacture and use of materials. Synthetic methodologies now a day should be designed to use and generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to human health and the environment The miceowave assisted synthesis and characterization of Zn (II) complexes of Schiff bases derived from three diuretic drugs acetazolamide, furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide are reported here. The ligand and complexes have been suitably synthesized and isolated in crystalline form. Molar conductance values suggest the non-electrolytic nature of the complexes.On the basis of elemental analyses, electrical conductivity data and molecular weight data the adducts are assigned to the general composition [M(L)2].All the adducts are diamagnetic in nature. The IR studies indicate that ligand is coordinated to metal through azomethine nitrogen atom. The diuretic activity of the ligand FSM-SA and complex FSM-SA-Zn was assessed in vivo following the protocol of Institutional Animal Ethical Committee norms. While studying the results of the experiment it was concluded the diuretic activity of the FSM-SA and FSM-SA-Zn was found to be more than the parent drug. Partical size studies further suggest that the size of metal complexes is smaller than the drug molecule.

On Eccentric Connectivity Index of TiO2 Nanotubes.

The eccentric connectivity index (ECI) is a distance based molecular structure descriptor that was recently used for mathematical modeling of biological activities of diverse nature. The ECI has been shown to give a high degree of predictability compare to Wiener index with regard to diuretic activity and anti-inflammatory activity. The prediction accuracy rate of ECI is better than the Zagreb indices in case of anticonvulsant activity. Titania nanotubular materials are of high interest metal oxide substances due to their widespread technological applications. The numerous studies on the use of this material also require theoretical studies on the other properties of such materials. Recently, the Zagreb indices were studied of an infinite class of titania (TiO2) nanotubes [32]. In this paper, we study the eccentric connectivity index of these nanotubes.

POTENSI EKSTRAK AIR DAUN ALPUKAT(Persea americana M.) SEBAGAI DIURETIKPADA TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN

Diuretics is a substance that can stimulate of urine output. The content of flavonoid compunds contained in water extracts of avocado leaves have a diuretic activity. Testing is done withgiving a water extract of avocado leaves per oral to 30 male rats strain (Sparague-Dawley) with weight 200 grams were divided into 6 groups. Frequency of urination with water extract of avocado leaves 5 % , 10 % , 15 % and 20 % respectively which is 2 , 5 , 9 and 20 times with observation for 3 hours. Furosemide tablets urination frequency was 25 times over 3 hours. The result showed that the water extract of avocado leaves 20% have diuretic activity is equivalent to Furosemide tablets at a dose of 7.2 mg / 200 mg BB in male rats.

STUDY OF SPECIFIC PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SODIUM SALT (4-О-Β-GLUCOPYRANOSYLOXY)-BENZOIC ACID

Chronic inflammatory diseases of various genesis are prevalent today. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to treat pain and inflammation, but their long-term use is associated with complications in the gastrointestinal tract, including peptic ulcers. We synthesized a molecule of sodium salt (4-О-β-glucopyranosyloxy)-benzoic acid. This substance has diuretic and anti-inflammatory activities. It should be noted that most of NSAIDs has analgesic effect. In this connection, the aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic activity of sodium salt (4-О-β-glucopyranosyloxy)-benzoic acid. We studied analgesic effect in the test “acetic writhing”. Sodium salt (4-О-β-glucopyranosyloxy)-benzoic acid significantly reduces the number of writhing by 14 units during the experiment, as an alternative criterion percent of animals with analgesia was 42.6%. Thus, in the test "acetic writhing" revealed the presence of the analgesic activity have developed drug average severity.