Abstract
Kidney stones are one of the oldest known and common diseases in the urinary tract system. Various human studies have suggested that diets with a higher intake of vegetables and fruits play a role in the prevention of kidney stones. In this review, we have provided an overview of these dietary plants, their main chemical constituents, and their possible mechanisms of action. Camellia sinensis (green tea), Rubus idaeus (raspberry), Rubia cordifolia (common madder), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Punica granatum (pomegranate), Pistacia lentiscus (mastic), Solanum xanthocarpum (yellow-fruit nightshade), Urtica dioica (stinging nettle), Dolichos biflorus (horse gram), Ammi visnaga (khella), Nigella sativa (black-cumin), Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle), and Origanum vulgare (oregano) have received considerable interest based on scientific evidence. Beside these dietary plants, phytochemicals—such as catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, diosmin, rutin, quercetin, hyperoside, and curcumin—as antioxidant dietary phyto-phenols were found to be effective for the prevention of urolithiasis (the process of stone formation in the urinary tract). The main underlying mechanisms of these dietary plants and their isolated phytonutrients in the management of urolithiasis include diuretic, antispasmodic, and antioxidant activity, as well as an inhibitory effect on crystallization, nucleation, and aggregation of crystals. The results as presented in this review demonstrate the promising role of dietary plants and phytophenols in the prevention and management of kidney stones. Further investigations are required to confirm the safety and efficacy of these compounds.
Highlights
Kidney stones, the formation of stones in the kidneys, is one of the oldest known and widespread diseases in the urinary tract system with a relapse rate of 50% in 5–10 years [1,2]
The aim of the present article is to provide a critical review of the role of dietary plants as natural supplements in the prevention or management of kidney stones and elaborate underlying pharmacological mechanisms as well as their phytochemical constituents responsible for this activity
Calcium oxalate monohydrate-induced in Human Kidney (HK)-2 cells
Summary
The formation of stones in the kidneys, is one of the oldest known and widespread diseases in the urinary tract system with a relapse rate of 50% in 5–10 years [1,2] It is the third most common disorder among urinary diseases [3]. It has been reported that 10–12% of people in industrialized countries (10% of men and 3% of women) have a urinary stone during their lives The etiology of this disorder is multifactorial and is related to genetics, diet, and low activity [4,5]. Treatment and management of renal stones relies on surgical techniques, such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, percutaneous lithotripsy, and transureteral lithotripsy [9,10] These surgeries are complex and expensive and do not affect the recurrence of stones [9]. The aim of the present article is to provide a critical review of the role of dietary plants as natural supplements in the prevention or management of kidney stones and elaborate underlying pharmacological mechanisms as well as their phytochemical constituents responsible for this activity
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