Determination Of Naproxen Research Articles

Lab-on-a-chip paper-based electrochemically assisted solid-phase microextraction and ion selective sensor for determination of naproxen in biological fluid samples

BackgroundThe integration of paper-based analytical devices with lab-on-a-chip technology has opened up new possibilities for miniaturized, rapid, low cost and portable diagnostic testing in resource limited settings. This work introduces an integrated lab-on-a-chip platform coupling paper-based analytical devices (LOC-PADs) for dual usage: electrochemically controlled solid-phase microextraction (EC-SPME) and determination of naproxen (NAP) by potentiometric ion-selective electrode (ISE) in biological samples. ResultsConductive papers were successfully fabricated by a chemical procedure. Thereupon, a conducting molecularly imprinted polymer (CMIP) film based on PPy and an anionic model drug (NAP) as a template were applied to the conductive paper substrate via electrochemical methods. A microfluidic chip device was employed to assess the analytical performance of the fabricated paper-based CMIP. The designed chip is divided into two parts with a microfluidic channel between them. The first chamber is an extraction zone for EC-SPME of NAP by using the CMIP paper as a selective sorbent. The second chamber is the detection zone and consists of a paper-based NAP ion selective sensor for potentiometric detection of drug. The analytical process was investigated and optimized for each chamber. Remarkable selectivity towards NAP was achieved in the concentration range from 4.0 × 10−7 to 1.0 × 10−2 mol L−1 with determination coefficient (R2 = 0.99) and the limit of detection (LOD) was 2.0 × 10−7 mol L−1. Anionic Nernstian compliance was gained −58.5 ± 0.5 mV decade−1, and response time in the detection step was 7s for ISE. Satisfactory spiking recovery values within the acceptable range of 90–110 % with RSDs ≤7 % were achieved for the analysis of real samples with fully portable LOC device. SignificanceThe LOC-PADs were favorably used for selective extraction and determination of NAP in serum and saliva samples, respectively. EC-SPME caused sample clean-up, reduced or eliminated different interferences and enhanced selective response of ISE as detection zone of device. Integration of EC-SPME and ISE in a single chip enabled easy and fast determination of trace amounts of NAP in limited real sample volumes, and fully portable advantages.

A simple eco-friendly spectrofluorimetric resolution approach for the simultaneous determination of Naproxen and Domperidone in pharmaceutical formulation and human plasma; assessment of method greenness

Designing new verified methods for the determination of pharmaceutical compounds in their specified formulation without prior separation and with high sensitivity taking in consideration analytical performance and simplicity has become a major concern of pharmaceutical quality control units. In the present work, a new simple and eco-friendly spectrofluorimetric method was developed and validated for the determination of Naproxen (NAP) and Domperidone (DOM) in their binary mixture, pharmaceutical formulation in addition to human plasma without prior separation. The proposed method is based on measuring the second derivative fluorescence intensity for NAP at 345 nm and for DOM at 292 after excitation at 235 nm without any interference from each other. All the variables affecting fluorescence intensity were studied and optimized. The proposed method showed excellent sensitivity with limit of detection (LOD) 12.286 ng/mL and 3.240 ng/mL for NAP and DOM respectively. In compliance with the ICH requirements, the optimized method was validated and was successfully utilized for the determination of both drugs in their pharmaceutical formulation and human plasma. Finally, the greenness of the proposed method was assessed using different assessment tools.

Design of Selective Nanoparticles of Layered Double Hydroxide (Mg/Al-LDH) for the Analysis of Anti-Inflammatory Non-Steroidal Agents in Environmental Samples, Coupled with Solid-Phase Extraction and Capillary Electrophoresis

A simple, fast, and low-cost pre-concentration methodology based on the application of solid-phase extraction coupled to layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and capillary electrophoresis was developed for the determination of naproxen (NPX), diclofenac (DFC), and ibuprofen (IBP) in environmental sample waters. A systematic study of the LDH composition was designed, including the effects of interlayer anions (NO3−, Cl−, CO32−, BenO−, and SDS−) and the effect of molar ratio (Mg:Al). The optimal composition of MgAl/Cl−-LDH (Mg:Al; 1.5:1.0) was coupled to an SPE system: pH (neutral pH), LDH amount (15 mg), and extraction capacity ranged from 79.71 to 83.11% for the three anti-inflammatory non-steroidal agents analyzed. A recovery rate of up to 80.87% was obtained when 0.01 M chloride acid in methanol was used as the eluent and 50 mL of sample was used. Under optimal conditions, the linear range of the calibration curve ranges from 18.02 to 200 μg L−1, with limits of detection ranging from 6.03 to 18.02 μg L−1 for the three NSAIDs. The precision of the methodology was evaluated in terms of inter- and intra-day repeatability, with %RSD < 10% in all cases. The proposed method was applied to analyze environmental water samples (bottle, tap, cistern, well, and river water samples). The developed method is a robust technique capable of combining with other analytical methods to quantitatively determine anti-inflammatory non-steroidal agents.

Development of a new magnetic solid-phase extraction method prior to HPLC determination of naproxen in pharmaceutical products and water samples

In this study, a new magnetic solid phase extraction based on magnetic composite modified with biochar obtained from pumpkin peel was developed for the enrichment and extraction of Naproxen in lake water, tablet and urine samples. The effects of main parameters such as pH, extraction time, amount of adsorbent and sample volume, which affect magnetic solid phase extraction, were investigated. Under optimal conditions, intraday and interday precision values for naproxen were below 5.9, with accuracy (relative error) better than 7.0 %. The detection limit and preliminary concentration factor were 12 ng/mL and 10, respectively. The method proposed here can be used for routine analysis of naproxen in lake water, urine and tablets.

Fabrication of flexible paper-based conducting molecularly imprinted polymer as analytical devices: Electrochemically assisted solid phase microextraction and selective flexible sensor for determination of naproxen

An electrochemical method is presented for the preparation of paper-based conductive molecular imprinted polymer (CMIP) film as a recognition element of a sensor and a selective absorber in separation methods. The paper became conductive by chemically incorporating polypyrrole (PPy) doped with anion dopant. The effects of the anion dopant and oxidant type on the conductivity of the modified paper were studied. Afterward, a CMIP film based on PPy and an anionic drug as a template was electrochemically synthesized on conductive paper surface, which was then utilized as a selective sorbent for electrochemically assisted solid phase microextraction (EC-SPME) and a recognition element in fabricating flexible drug-selective sensor. Factors affecting the performance of the paper-based EC-SPME device were studied in naproxen (NAP) analysis. All quantitative analytical parameters in the EC-SPME device were obtained by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. Under the optimal conditions, linearity was achieved within the range of 2.0 × 10−7–2.0 × 10−5 mol/L with determination coefficient (R2 = 0.99) and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.6 × 10−7mol/L. Moreover, a fabricated paper-based NAP-selective sensor, showed Nernstian response slopes of −61.6 ± 0.5 mV decade−1 over the linear range of 4.0 × 10−7–1.0 × 10−2 mol/L and LOD was 2.0 × 10−7 mol/L. The applicability and efficiency of the paper-based analytical devices were investigated for NAP determination as a model drug in human serum samples. The recoveries were obtained in the range of 90.0–103.0 %. Accordingly, paper-based CMIPs were found to be a novel fabrication method for efficient, selective, flexible and cost-effective material for analytical devices.

Exploring the potential of SrTi0.7Fe0.3O3 perovskite/Chitosan nanosheets for the development of a label-free electrochemical sensing assay for determination of naproxen in human plasma samples

Naproxen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to treat nonrheumatic inflammation, migraine, and gout. Therefore, the determination of naproxen in pharmaceutical and biological samples is of particular importance. In the present work, SrTi0.7Fe0.3O3 perovskite/Chitosan nanosheets were used to modify the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for highly sensitive determination of naproxen. To ensure the successful synthesis of the perovskite nanosheets, morphological studies including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were carried out. The electrochemical investigations of naproxen on the modified surface of GCE were investigated and the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were acquired 0.50 and 1.67 μM, respectively. Additionally, the linear range (LR) of 1.99–130.84 μM was obtained for the oxidation of naproxen. The obtained results have been proved that the mentioned method is simple, sensitive, and specific with a short analysis time. The dominant analytical features of the designed sensor are possessing a low detection limit, excellent stability, repeatability, and high selectivity in the presence of naproxen. For investigation of the applicability of the designed assay in real sample analysis, human plasma samples have been examined and a recovery index was acquired 95%.

Efficient fluorescence probe for detection of naproxen in pharmaceutical formulations and water samples using MPA-capped CdTe/ZnS core-shell nanocrystal-neutral red: Experimental and computational studies

The distinct optical properties of surface-engineered quantum dots, featuring high fluorescent quantum yields and biocompatibility, render them valuable tools for precise and selective sensing and biosensing applications spanning diverse fields, including medicine, environmental monitoring, and diagnostics. In this study, we have successfully fabricated a new “OFF-ON” fluorescent probe based on 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) - capped CdTe/ZnS QDs and neutral red (NR) for the determination of Naproxen (NAP) in pharmaceutical formulations and water samples. The as-prepared MPA-TGA-CdTe/ZnS QDs exhibit a robust photoluminescent emission, peaking at 544 nm upon excitation with a 380 nm wavelength. The quantum yield measurement for the TGA-CdTe QDs was ascertained to be 29.3 %. The findings displayed that the fluorescence emission of MPA-TGA-CdTe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) could be significantly quenched by increasing neutral red concentration, which can be attributed to the formation of non-fluorescent NR- MPA-TGA-CdTe/ZnS QDs complex (NR-MPA energy level 1.15 Kcal/mol). Upon the addition of naproxen, there was a noticeable enhancement in fluorescence intensity because of the formation of the strong complex between naproxen and NR (NR-NAP energy level: −1.54 Kcal/mol), leading to the detachment of NR from the surface of quantum dots. Consequently, the MPA-TGA-CdTe/ZnS QDs became activated, resulting in the restoration of fluorescence intensity of MPA-TGA-CdTe/ZnS QDs. The enhancement of fluorescence intensity exhibited a direct relationship with the concentration of naproxen, following a linear trend within the concentration range of 2.00 × 10−1 to 27.3 µmol/L with the detection limits of 7.0 × 10−2 µmol/L. Moreover, computational studies were also used to validate the MPA-TGA-CdTe/ZnS QDs turn-off-ON sensor for sensing naproxen. The interactions of NAP, NR, and MPA-TGA-CdTe/ZnS QDs made a solid base for controlling the fluorescent reversibility of QDs. The as-prepared quantum dots were subjected to cytotoxicity studies using an MTT assay and AAS technique. These findings revealed that MPA-TGA-CdTe/ZnS QDs have greater biocompatibility and lower toxicity, making them attractive for biological applications. The recoveries of naproxen detection using the proposed fluorescent probe in various pharmaceutical formulations and water samples ranged from 97.4 % to 102 %, with a relative standard deviation of less than 5 %.

Determination of naproxen in mixtures of water and an organic solvent based on chemiluminescence of reaction mixtures containing europium ions

A simple and sensitive method, based on chemiluminescence of a reaction system containing europium(III) ions, for determination of naproxen in mixed solvents of water and an organic solvent (methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol and acetonitrile) is proposed. Organic solvents are often used in the preliminary procedures of sample preparation for determination of active ingredients. The method is based on chemiluminescence accompanying naproxen oxidation by Ce(IV) ions in the environment of sulfuric acid, sensitized with europium(III) ions. This environment ensures stable and reproducible conditions of measurements in water and mixed solvents. In such a system a linear relation was observed between the integrated intensity of chemiluminescence in the spectral range λ > 585 nm and naproxen concentration in the range from 6 × 10−8 molL−1 to 6 × 10−6 molL−1, and with the limit of detection of 1.5 × 10−8 molL−1 (0.004 μg/mL). The relation is described by the same linear equation in water and in mixed solvent of water and 0.1–20 % (v/v) of an organic solvent. The method is characterized by high tolerance of the presence of foreign substances, including other nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The proposed method has been successfully used for determination of naproxen in pharmaceutical formulations and samples of human urine subjected to preliminary treatment with alcohol or acetonitrile.

Nghiên cứu sử dụng polyme in dấu phân tử trên các chấm lượng tử carbon làm cảm biến huỳnh quang xác định naproxen

In this study, CQDs-SiO2@MIP fluorescence sensor was fabricated via sol-gel polymerization using naproxen as the template molecule, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) as the signal materials, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) as the functional monomer, and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as the cross-linker. The specific recognition sites in the polymer layers could selectively adsorb naproxen molecules, which caused fluorescence-quenching behavior of CQDs via an electron transfer process. The CQDs-SiO2@MIP system can detect naproxen in aqueous solution (pH 4.0; Acetate buffer 0.04M) sensitively (ppb level) with a response time of 15 min. The results show that the fluorescence recovery has a good linear relationship with Naproxen concentration in the range of 10-7 M to 1.5 10-7 M. Method has very low limit of detection (LOD) of 5 10-8M (11 ppb), limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 1.5 10-7M (34 ppb), high accuracy (recoveries > 96%) and high precision (RSD < 3%). Method has high selectivity over various substances such as K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, glucose, piroxicam, acid mefenamic,… The developed method was successfully applied for determination of naproxen in pharmaceutical samples. Good agreement between results of our method and LC-MS/MS method suggest that fluorescence is a reliable and cost-effective method for naproxen determination.

Unmodified and rGO-modified Zn/Al layered double hydroxides; nanoadsorbents employed for the solid phase extraction/HPLC determination of naproxen

The applicability of two layered double hydroxide adsorbents, that is, Zn/Al LDH and the reduced graphene oxide-modified Zn/Al-rGO LDH for the solid phase extraction-preconcentration of naproxen followed by HPLC determination is evaluated and compared. The adsorbents are characterized by using XRD, FT-IR, FE-SEM, BET, and TEM techniques. The optimization of parameters affecting the extraction procedure included pH and sample solution volume, amount of the adsorbents, adsorbent/sample solution contact time, type, concentration, and volume of the desorption solution, and the time required for desorption process was performed by using univariate method. It is assumed that the uptake of anionic form of naproxen is taken place via the ion exchange mechanism with interlayer carbonate anions of the studied LDHs. The applicability of the adsorbents is evaluated by the determination of naproxen in human urine, hospital, and pharmaceutical wastewater samples. The obtained linear ranges by employing the unmodified and modified LDHs for the determination of naproxen in pharmaceutical wastewater were found to be 10–530 µg L−1 (R 2 = 0.9999) and 5–630 µg L−1 (R 2 = 0.9999), respectively. The limits of detection and enrichment factor were appraised as 5.1 µg L−1 and 42 by employing Zn/Al LDH, and 3.1 µg L−1 and 54.5 by using Zn/Al-rGO LDH. Both investigated LDHs are able to be used in solid phase extraction-preconcentration of naproxen in real samples. However, the evaluated figures of merit reveal that the modified Zn/Al-rGO LDH is more efficient adsorbent than the unmodified Zn/Al LDH for the extraction of naproxen.

Electrochemical investigation on naproxen sensing and steady-state diffusion analysis using Ni-Fe layered double hydroxide modified gold electrode

Naproxen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to treat various types of arthritis, including osteoarthritis, juvenile arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis, has been associated with serious gastrointestinal and kidney complications. To address this issue, a long-lasting electrochemical sensor capable of sensitively and rapidly detecting naproxen has been developed. The sensor was fabricated by electrodepositing nickel–iron layered double hydroxide (NiFe LDH) on the surface of gold electrode, utilizing ferric nitrate and nickel nitrate as precursors. The NiFe LDH thin film serves as an efficient sensing platform for naproxen determination, and its electrochemical performance was characterized using differential pulse voltammetry and amperometry. Impressively, the developed naproxen sensor boasts a wide dynamic detection range (1–307 μM) and a remarkably low limit of detection of 0.32 μM. Additionally, the NiFe LDH/Au electrode exhibited long-term operational stability of 28 days, rapid response time (<80 s), excellent selectivity, and good reproducibility (1.89% RSD). In addition, Hermite wavelet was employed to formulate the relationship between the steady-state concentration of naproxen and the distance from the electrode's surface. With these impressive attributes, the NiFe LDH modified Au electrode is a promising candidate for the development of a long-lasting and reliable naproxen sensor.

Electrochemical characterization of naproxen and the adsorbed naproxen oxidation products at glassy carbon electrode modified with carboxyl functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes and introducing a new route for naproxen determination

Electrochemical characterization of naproxen and the adsorbed naproxen oxidation products at glassy carbon electrode modified with carboxyl functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes and introducing a new route for naproxen determination

CYP2C9 Polymorphism Influence in PK/PD Model of Naproxen and 6-O-Desmethylnaproxen in Oral Fluid.

Polymorphisms in CYP2C9 can significantly interfere with the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including naproxen. The present research aimed to study the PK/PD parameters of naproxen and its metabolite, 6-O-desmethylnaproxen, associated with allelic variations of CYP2C9. In our study, a rapid, selective, and sensitive Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of naproxen and its main metabolite, 6-O-desmethylnaproxen, in oral fluid. Naproxen and its main metabolite were separated using a Shim-Pack XR-ODS 75L × 2.0 column and C18 pre-column at 40 °C using a mixture of methanol and 10 mM ammonium acetate (70:30, v/v), with an injection flow of 0.3 mL/min. The total analytical run time was 3 min. The volunteers, previously genotyped for CYP2C9 (16 ancestral—CYP2C9 *1 and 12 with the presence of polymorphism—CYP2C9 *2 or *3), had their oral fluids collected sequentially before and after taking a naproxen tablet (500 mg) at the following times: 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 8, 11, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Significant differences in the PK parameters (* p < 0.05) of naproxen in the oral fluid were: Vd/F (L): 98.86 (55.58−322.07) and 380.22 (261.84−1097.99); Kel (1/h): 0.84 (0.69−1.34) and 1.86 (1.09−4.06), in ancestral and mutated CYP2C9 *2 and/or *3, respectively. For 6-O-desmethylnaproxen, no PK parameters were significantly different between groups. The analysis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) proved to be effective and sensitive for PD parameters analysis and showed higher levels in the mutated group (p < 0.05). Both naproxen and its main metabolite, 6-O-desmethylnaproxen, and PGE2 in oral fluid can be effectively quantified using LC-MS/MS after a 500 mg oral dose of naproxen. Our method proved to be effective and sensitive to determine the lower limit of quantification of naproxen and its metabolite, 6-O-desmethylnaproxen, in oral fluid (2.4 ng/mL). All validation data, such as accuracy, precision, and repeatability intra- and inter-assay, were less than 15%. Allelic variations of CYP2C9 may be considered relevant in the PK of naproxen and its main metabolite, 6-O-desmethylnaproxen.

Design of new sensing layer based on ZnO/NiO/Fe3O4/MWCNTs nanocomposite for simultaneous electrochemical determination of Naproxen and Sumatriptan

Naproxen sodium (NAP) and Sumatriptan (SUM) are pharmacological migraine therapies that are more efficient when administered in combination. In the present work, an electrochemical sensor was developed for simultaneous and sensitive NAP and SUM detection using MWCNTs decorated with ZnO, NiO and Fe3O4 nanoparticles on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). This report is the first research on simultaneous electrochemical measuring the target drugs based on the literature. The data show that modification of the GCE surface with ZnO/NiO/Fe3O4/MWCNTs nanocomposite remarkably improves the electro-oxidation peaks currents but the peaks potential of NAP and SUM have shifted to the lower potential which demonstrates that electro-oxidation of target drugs have done more easier than GCE at the surface of modified electrode. The nanocomposite was recognized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The improved electrode was estimated by various methods, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Influencing parameters containing the supporting electrolytes, pH, scan rate, deposition potential, and accumulation time were optimized. The linear detection ranges were from 4.00 nMto 350.00 μM for NAP and from 6.00 nM to 380.00 μM for SUM, with the detection limits of 3.00 nMfor NAP and 2.00 nM for SUM, respectively. The repeatability, linearity, and selectivity of ZnO/NiO/Fe3O4/MWCNTs/GCE were investigated, and the received outcomes divulged the efficiency of the electrode. The consequence of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and recovery show the method's suitability for the simultaneous determination of NAP and SUM in the biological fluids and pharmaceutical compounds.

Tavşan Plazmasında Naproksenin GC-MS Yöntemi ile Analizi

Naproxen is one of the most used drugs today. Therefore, it is important to develop new and simple methods for the determination of naproxen. The goal of this research is to develop a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for analyzing naproxen levels in rabbit plasma and apply this method to the pharmacokinetic study. The liquid-liquid extraction technique was used to prepare blood samples from rabbits. Separation of naproxen was achieved on an HP-5 MS column. The method’s calibration curve was plotted between 0.1 and 5.0 μg mL-1. The accuracy results were better than 2.18% and the precision results were less than 4.17% in rabbit plasma for naproxen. The method had recovery values &amp;gt;94.2% for all samples in rabbit plasma. In addition, the validated method was used to study naproxen pharmacokinetics in rabbits. The maximum naproxen plasma concentration is 42.1±4.243 μg mL-1. The duration to attain the greatest naproxen concentration and the area under the curve from (AUC0-16 h) were 1.50±0.196 h and 566.3±41.72 μg mL-1 h.

Determination of naproxen by using differential pulse voltammetry with poly (aniline-2-sulfonic acid) modified boron doped diamond electrode

In this study, an electrochemical sensor based on a boron doped diamond electrode (BDDE) was developed for the determination of naproxen (NAP) using a poly(aniline-2-sulfonic acid)/boron doped diamond electrode, p(A2SA/BDDE). Polymerization of A2SA was conducted in a water/acetonitrile (1:1) mixture containing 0.1 M sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) on bare BDDE and the electrochemical properties studied by cyclic voltammetry in ferricyanide/KNO3 solution. The prepared p(A2SA/BDDE) was used for detection of NAP. Effects of parameters such as monomer type and concentration, the number of cycles, and scan rate were investigated using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in phosphate buffer containing 0.75 mM NAP. The effect of electrolyte type and pH on DPV responses to NAP were also studied. The oxidative current peak stem from NAP concentration observed at 1.1 V potential. A linear calibration curve was obtained in the range of 0.05–1.00 mM NAP concentration. Correlation coefficient (R2), detection limit, and quantification limit were calculated as 0.9944, 0.0328 mM, and 0.1093 mM, respectively. In conclusion, it may be claimed that the modified electrode constructed in this work can be used successfully as a naproxen-selective membrane due to its ease of preparation, high R2 value, and good reproducibility.

Development of Method and Validation of Related Substances In NAPROXEN Injection by Applying Stability Indicating HPLC Methodology

A validated HPLC method was developed for the determination of Naproxen in pharma formulation. Isocratic elution at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min was employed on NOVAPAK C18 4μm (3.9 x 150 mm) or equivalent, or similar is used for this chromatography analysis. Acetonitrile as 500v/v, water as 490 v/v furthermore Glacial Acetic acid as 10v/v is used a mobile phase. The UV detection wavelength was 254nm and 10.0µl sample was injected. The run time is About 120minutes for Sample, Unmarked, Placebo, System suitability, Sensitivity solution and 60minutes for diluted Regular. The Approximate retention time was founded for Naproxen is ± 3 minutes. The% R.S.D Naproxen was identified. The mean Percentage recovery for Naproxen is found within the specification limit. The method was validated as per the ICH guidelines. Thus, the proposed HPLC method can be successfully applied for routine quality control analysis of formulations. This method developed is simple and is better than the methods reported in the literature. Key words: RP-HPLC Refractive index detector, Naproxen, flow rate, column, ICH Guidelines, USP reference

A simple and rapid chromatographic method for determination of naproxen and nabumetone in tablets

AbstractA simple, rapid, and cost‐effective chromatographic method for determination of naproxen and nabumetone using a guard column was developed. Factors affecting separation (i.e., types of stationary phase and types and compositions of mobile phase) were optimized. Naproxen and nabumetone were completely resolved (Rs &gt; 2.0) on a C18 guard column (10 × 4.0 mm, 5 μm) in 5 min using a mobile phase consisting of 2% v/v acetic acid (in water) and acetonitrile (75:25 v/v). Method validation was performed in terms of specificity, range, linearity, precision, and accuracy. The method showed a linear relationship (r2 &gt; 0.999) in a range of 2–30 μg/mL, good precision (%RSD &lt; 0.97), accuracy (%recovery of 98.8–100.5%), and specificity (peak purity indices &gt;99%) for the determination of naproxen and nabumetone. The method was applied for quantitation of naproxen and nabumetone in tablets. Results were complied with the United State Pharmacopeia 2021 limits (90.0–110.0 and 95.0–105.0% for naproxen and nabumetone, respectively). The use of the guard column proved to be efficient, fast, and economical due to less solvent consumption and waste production. In addition, this approach benefits the quality control of pharmaceuticals in less industrial countries with limited resources.

Adsorptive remediation of naproxen from water using in-house developed hybrid material functionalized with iron oxide

Every year, a considerable volume of medications is consumed. Because these medications are not entirely eliminated in the sewage treatment plants and impact the surface waterways, the environmental pollution problem arises. This study objective was to evaluate the possibility of using an absorbent material made with of polyethylene terephthalate and sugarcane bagasse ash functionalized with iron oxide (PETSCA/Fe3+) in the removal of naproxen from water. The feasibility of having viable features in becoming an efficient adsorbent was first determined. The batch test was performed, allowing the dose effect, adsorption kinetics, and isotherm models to be evaluated. The determination of naproxen (NAP) concentration in water was analyzed on a high-performance liquid chromatograph and Langmuir method best represented the adsorption isotherm model. PETSCA/Fe3+ adsorbent material demonstrated potential in the naproxen removal at a low cost. The batching process was satisfactory, with 0.30 g of composite being the optimum fit for the system. The adsorption kinetics was determined and described by the pseudo second order model, with an average correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.974. The adsorption system model was best represented by the Langmuir isotherm curve. Moreover, adsorption in the presence of H2O2 had a positive impact on the process, removing 81.9% of NAP, whereas the process without H2O2 did not remove more than 62.0% of NAP. Therefore, because of its good qualities for NAP removal, PETSCA/Fe3+ is recommended as adsorbent material, primarily in small-volume water filtration systems.

Ultrasonic assisted magnetic solid phase extraction based on the use of magnetic waste-tyre derived activated carbon modified with methyltrioctylammonium chloride adsorbent for the preconcentration and analysis of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in wastewater

In this study, a magnetic waste-tyre derived activated carbon modified with methyltrioctylammonium chloride, was successfully synthesized, characterised, and applied for the extraction and preconcentration of four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in wastewater. The scanning electron microscopy and N 2 -adsorption/desorption analysis results confirmed that the synthesized nanocomposite was porous with a large specific surface area of 570 m 2 g −1 . The significant factors affecting the Ultrasonic assisted magnetic solid phase extraction method were investigated using univariate approach and response surface methodology. The optimum conditions for the extraction and preconcentration of the target analytes were 0%, 15 min, 6.5 and 30 mg, for ionic strength, extraction time, pH and adsorbent mass respectively. The quantification of the target analytes was performed using high performance liquid chromatography equipped with diode array detector. Under optimum conditions, low limits of detection and quantification ranging between 0.054–0.38 μg L −1 and 0.18–1.27 μg L −1 , respectively, were obtained. A wide linearity (ranging from limit of detection – 500 μg L −1 with R 2 ≥ 0.99) and precision lower than 7%, were achieved. The applicability of proposed method was evaluated for the determination of naproxen, ketoprofen and diclofenac in wastewater.