Electrochemical investigation on naproxen sensing and steady-state diffusion analysis using Ni-Fe layered double hydroxide modified gold electrode

Abstract

Naproxen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to treat various types of arthritis, including osteoarthritis, juvenile arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis, has been associated with serious gastrointestinal and kidney complications. To address this issue, a long-lasting electrochemical sensor capable of sensitively and rapidly detecting naproxen has been developed. The sensor was fabricated by electrodepositing nickel–iron layered double hydroxide (NiFe LDH) on the surface of gold electrode, utilizing ferric nitrate and nickel nitrate as precursors. The NiFe LDH thin film serves as an efficient sensing platform for naproxen determination, and its electrochemical performance was characterized using differential pulse voltammetry and amperometry. Impressively, the developed naproxen sensor boasts a wide dynamic detection range (1–307 μM) and a remarkably low limit of detection of 0.32 μM. Additionally, the NiFe LDH/Au electrode exhibited long-term operational stability of 28 days, rapid response time (<80 s), excellent selectivity, and good reproducibility (1.89% RSD). In addition, Hermite wavelet was employed to formulate the relationship between the steady-state concentration of naproxen and the distance from the electrode's surface. With these impressive attributes, the NiFe LDH modified Au electrode is a promising candidate for the development of a long-lasting and reliable naproxen sensor.