Determination Of Naproxen Research Articles

Flow-Injection Analysis with Multiple-Pulse Amperometry for Simultaneous Determination of Paracetamol and Naproxen Using a Homemade Flow Cell for Screen-Printed Electrodes

This work reports the simultaneous determination of paracetamol and naproxen using multiple-pulse amperometric detection on a multi-walled carbon nanotube modified screen-printed electrode (MWCNT-SPE) adapted in a homemade flow-injection analysis (FIA) cell. A sequence of two potential pulses (+0.30 and +0.70 V for 70 ms each) was applied continuously in such a way that paracetamol is selectively oxidized at +0.30 V and both compounds (paracetamol and naproxen) are oxidized at +0.70 V. Current subtraction after using a correction factor was employed for determination of naproxen without the interference of paracetamol. The proposed FIA method presents high selectivity and sensitivity, adequate accuracy (results in agreement with high-performance liquid chromatography), elevated analytical frequency (90 h-1), and low-cost once a single SPE strip can be used during the whole working day adapted in a flow-cell.

Development and validation of reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous estimation of naproxen sodium and esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate

Background: Naproxen sodium (NAP) is a non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and Esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate (ESO) is a proton pump inhibitor. Aim: A high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the quantitative determination of naproxen (NAP) sodium and esomeprazole (ESO) magnesium trihydrate. The different analytical parameters such as linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection and limit of quantification were determined according to the International conference harmonization (ICH) Q2B guidelines. Materials: Chromatography was carried out by isocratic technique on a reversed phase C18 base deactivated silanol hypersil column with mobile phase and optimized depending upon the polarity of the molecules. Results: The calibration curves were linear (r2 > 0.9997) over the concentrations 20-120 μg/mL for NAP sodium and 0.8-4.8 μg/mL for ESO magnesium trihydrate. The method was accurate and precise with recoveries in the range of 99.48-99.98% for the two drugs and relative standard deviation less than 2%. No chromatographic interferences from the tablet excipients were found. Conclusion: The proposed method was highly sensitive, precise and accurate. Hence the method was successfully applied for the reliable quantification of active pharmaceutical ingredients content in house prepared tablet formulation of NAP sodium and EOS magnesium trihydrate.

ZnO nanoparticles and multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified carbon paste electrode for determination of naproxen using electrochemical techniques

In this study, ZnO nanoparticles and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) was used as a fast and sensitive tool for the investigation of electrochemical oxidation of naproxen in biological pH. The study was carried out by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry, and square wave voltammetry (SWV) techniques. Some parameters such as the electron transfer coefficient (α) and diffusion coefficient (D) were also determined for the naproxen oxidation. Naproxen was detected over a linear concentration range of 1.0×10−6M to 2.0×10−4M by square wave voltammetry. The limit of detection was obtained as 2.3×10−7M. The modified electrode shows good selectivity toward naproxen in the presence of some inorganic cations and sugars. Finally, the electrochemical oxidation of naproxen at the surface of ZnO/MWCNTs/CPE employed for the voltammetric determination of naproxen in pharmaceutical formulations.

Novel metal ion-mediated complex imprinted membrane for selective recognition and direct determination of naproxen in pharmaceuticals by solid surface fluorescence

A novel metal ion-mediated complex imprinted membrane (CIM) was prepared by immobilization of complex imprinted polymer (CIP) onto a polypropylene membrane. CIP was introduced as a novel imprinted material using a “complex template” constructed with Cu (II) ion and naproxen that could improve the selective recognition and enrichment properties of the membrane in water medium based on the coordination interaction rather than hydrogen bonding interactions, which could make CIP a promising material to mimic biological recognition process. A simple, sensitive and selective solid surface fluorescence method was proposed for the determination of naproxen in pharmaceuticals sample, using the CIM as the recognition material. Under the optimum conditions, the CIM exhibited large adsorption capacity and high selectivity to naproxen. A good linearity was obtained in the range of 0.50–20mg/L with an estimated detection limit of 0.11mg/L. Finally, the proposed method was applied to the analysis of naproxen in pharmaceuticals without complicated pretreatment. The recoveries were 85.0% and 89.1% and the RSDs were 9.2% and 12.0%. The results were consistent with that obtained by high performance liquid chromatography. CIM integrated extraction, concentration, and detection into one-step, which could make the analytical procedure more efficient.

HPLC Method for Naproxen Determination in Human Plasma and Its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study in Turkey

A simple high-performance liquid chromatography method has been developed for the determination of naproxen in human plasma. The method was validated on an Ace C18 column using ultraviolet detection. The mobile phase consisted of 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7) containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid-acetonitrile (65:35, v/v). The calibration curve was linear between the concentration ranges of 0.10 and 5.0 µg/mL. Intra-day and inter-day precision values for naproxen in plasma were less than 4.84, and accuracy (relative error) was better than 3.67%. The extraction recovery values of naproxen from human plasma were between 91.0 and 98.9%. The limits of detection and quantification of naproxen were 0.03 and 0.10 µg/mL, respectively. Also, this assay was applied to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of naproxen in six healthy Turkish volunteers who had been given 220 mg of naproxen.

Equilibrium sampling through membrane based on a hollow fiber for determination of naproxen and diclofenac in sludge slurry using Taguchi orthogonal array experimental design

A three-phase hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) method was evaluated for the extraction and preconcentration of naproxen and diclofenac using a polypropylene membrane followed by analysis using HPLC or LC/MS. In this technique, the drugs were extracted into di-n-hexyl ether immobilized in the wall pores of a porous hollow fiber from 50 mL of sludge slurry sample as a donor phase with pH 3, and then back-extracted into the acceptor phase located in the lumen of the hollow fiber. Experimental factors were studied in 16 trials using a Taguchi orthogonal array experimental design with an OA16 (45) matrix. The significance of these factors was investigated using analysis of variance. The extraction time was statistically demonstrated as the main factor for the extraction of naproxen and diclofenac, while ionic strength played the role of the second most important factor for HF-LPME extraction of diclofenac. The method permitted a detection limit of 0.2–0.7 ng g−1 with relative standard deviation values of 3–5%. Enrichment factors of 2,300 for naproxen and 1,400 for diclofenac were achieved. The method was applied to determine naproxen and diclofenac in sewage sludge from sewage treatment plant, Källby (Lund, Sweden).

HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETRMINATION OF NAPROXEN IN PLASMA AFTER EXTRACTION BY A NOVEL IN-TUBE SOLID PHASE-LIQUID LIQUID LIQUID EXTRACTION METHOD

To overcome some drawbacks of liquid phase microextraction methods, in this study a novel in-tube solid phase extraction coupled with liquid-liquid-liquid extraction (in tube SPE-LLLE) was developed for extraction and determination of naproxen (NAP) as a template drug in plasma sample. In-tube SPE-LLLE is an extraction technique, in which NAP is extracted from the aqueous and plasma samples directly to inner coated surface of a glassy column by polypyrrole that is inoculated with n-octanol. The analyte can be extracted by both adsorption and absorption mechanisms. Using in-tube SPE-LLLE-HPLC-UV, the calibration curve of NAP in plasma was linear in the range from 0.9–450 ng mL−1 with correlation coefficients above 0.9973 and detection limits (S/N = 3) of 0.54 ng mL−1. The relative standard deviations (n = 5) for recovery of 100 ng mL−1of NAP from 1.0 mL of buffer and plasma samples were 3.2 and 5.6%, respectively. This method was successfully applied for analysis of plasma of three patients administrated NAP.

A Validated Stability-Indicating UHPLC Method for Determination of Naproxen and Its Related Compounds in Bulk Drug Samples

A simple, rapid, precise, accurate, rugged and robust stability-indicating ultra-fast high performance liquid chromatographic (UHPLC) method has been developed for the estimation of related compounds (imp-A, imp-B, imp-C, imp-D and imp-E) in Naproxen and also the assay of Naproxen from bulk drug samples. The stability indicating capability of the method was proven by subjecting the samples to stress conditions such as acid, base, oxidation, photolysis and thermal degradation. The efficient chromatographic separation was achieved using mobile phase solution A prepared as buffer solution 10 mM monobasic potassium phosphate pH 4.0 ± 0.05 adjusted with diluted ortho phosphoric acid solution and solution B acetonitrile with linear gradient elution on poroshell 120 EC-C18 shot column (50 mm × 4.6 mm, 2.7 μm) and UV detection at 235 nm at a flow rate 1.0 mL/min, column oven temperature was set to 25?C. The above are all known impurities and degradation impurities are well resolved with Naproxen peak and these are eluted within a 10 min runtime of HPLC. The photo diode array detector was used for peak homogeneity testing during stress study experiments and the overall mass balance was found to be 99.2% to 100.2% in all stress conditions. The linear calibration range was found to be 0.05 μg/mL to 0.75 μg/mL for related compounds and 50 μg/mL to 150 μg/mL for Naproxen and the accuracy of the method was found to be 91.5% to 98.5% recovery for the related substance method and 95.4% to 97.4% recovery for the assay method. The Naproxen and related compounds were found to be stable up to 48 hours and the method validation data show excellent results for precision, linearity, specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantitation and robustness. The present method can be successfully used for routine QC and stability studies and it will help to reduce the analysis cost, time and effluent load compared to conventional HPLC methods.

Spectrophotometric determination of Naproxen as ion-pair with bromophenol blue in bulk, pharmaceutical preparation and human serum samples

Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 1-110 µg mL -1 with molar absorptivity of 9.756×10 3 L mol -1 cm -1 . The limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) for the proposed method are 0.292 and 0.973 µg mL -1 , respectively. Recovery of the method was carried out by standard addition method. Recovery studies and statistical data proved the accuracy, reproducibility and the precision of the proposed method. The common excipients did not interfere in this analysis. Hence the method is useful for routine estimation of naproxen in pharmaceutical formulation and human serum samples.

Fabrication of new drug imprinting polymer beads for selective extraction of naproxen in human urine and pharmaceutical samples

A drug imprinting polymer based on suspension polymerization was prepared with N,N-dimethylacrylamide and 1-(N,N-bis-carboxymethyl) amino-3-allylglycerol as functional monomers, N,N methylene diacrylamid as the cross-linker, naproxen as the template and 2,2'-azobis (2-methylbutyronitrile) as the initiator. The drug imprinted polymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The imprinted polymer of agglomerated micro-particles with multi-pores was used for solid phase extraction. The drug imprinted polymer sorbent was selective for naproxen. The profile of the naproxen uptake by the sorbent reflects good accessibility of the active sites in the imprinted polymer sorbent. In addition, the equilibrium adsorption data of naproxen by imprinted polymer were analyzed by Langmuir isotherm models. The developed method was utilized for determination of naproxen in pharmaceutical and human urine samples by high performance liquid chromatography with satisfactory results.

Naproxen: An Update on Physicochemical, Analytical and Pharmacological Aspects

Naproxen is a propionic acid derivative related to the arylacetic acid group. This drug is one of the most popular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is a non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor and is advocated for use in painful and inflammatory rheumatic and non-rheumatic conditions. In low risk patients, naproxen and ibuprofen may be the first choice agents because they are effective, well tolerated and inexpensive. Naproxen is rapidly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with an in vivo bioavailability of 95% and elimination half-life is 12 to 17 h. It has a volume of distribution of 0.16 L/Kg and at therapeutic levels, it is more than 99% albumin-bound. Although introduced long back, several efforts have been done to develop its prodrugs and analytical procedures. The current article describes chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, interactions and contraindications of naproxen. A special emphasis is laid on the review of recent literature of various prodrugs synthesized and analytical methods developed for determination of naproxen in pharmaceutical preparations.

Fast determination of naproxen in pharmaceutical formulations by batch injection analysis with pulsed amperometric detection

A novel and fast electroanalytical method for naproxen determination in pharmaceutical formulations using batch injection analysis (BIA) with pulsed amperometric detection is described. Bare glassy carbon electrode was used as working electrode and 0.05 mol L-1 phosphate buffer solution as supporting electrolyte. The amperometric method involved the continuous application of two sequential potential pulses to the working electrode in order to detect naproxen by its electrochemical oxidation (+1.5 V for 200 ms) and to clean the electrode surface from adsorption products (+1.0 V for 100 ms), avoiding electrode contamination. The proposed method has several advantages for routine analysis, including: a low relative standard deviation between injections (3.0%, n = 10), high analytical frequency (90 h-1), satisfactory accuracy (based on comparative determinations by spectrofluorimetry) and low limit of detection (0.3 µmol L-1).

Preparation and study of a naproxen ion-selective electrode

Naproxen membrane electrodes based on different plasticizers and quaternary ammonium salt tetraoctylammonium (S)-6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetate (NAP–TOA) were prepared. The electrode response to naproxen has the sensitivity of −59.2mV decade−1 over the linear range of 10−4–10−1molL−1 and limit of detection 1.80×10−5molL−1. This electrode has a response time 15–20s and can be used in the pH range 5.5–9.5. The selective coefficients were determined in relation to some organic and inorganic anions and excipients of pharmaceuticals. The notable property and attractive quality of the naproxen electrode are low cost, comfortable application and very long lifetime—about 20months. The electrode was successfully applied for determination of naproxen in urine samples and pharmaceuticals by the calibration curve method and standard addition method. The obtained results are comparable and sometimes better than those obtained by pharmacopoeial method.

Nanostructured conducting molecularly imprinted polymer for selective uptake/release of naproxen by the electrochemically controlled sorbent

A conducting molecularly imprinted polymer (CMIP) film, based on polypyrrole, was electrosynthesized for selective uptake/release and determination of naproxen. The film was prepared by incorporation of a template anion (naproxen) during the electropolymerization of pyrrole into a platinum electrode using the cyclic voltammetry method. Overoxidized polypyrrole films with cavities complementary to the template were used as a potential-induced selective recognition element in the solid-phase sorbent. Various important fabricating factors, which control the performance of the CMIP film, were investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy. The measured fluorescence intensities of released solutions were related to the concentrations of naproxen taken up into the films. Several key parameters such as applied potential and time for uptake and release were varied to achieve the optimal sorption procedure. The film template with naproxen exhibited excellent selectivity over some interference. The calibration graphs were linear in the ranges of 5×10−8 to 3×10−7molml−1 and 7×10−6 to 8×10−4molml−1, and the limit of detection was 1×10−8molml−1. The CMIP films, as the electrochemically controlled solid-phase sorbent, were applied for the selective cleanup and quantification of trace amounts of naproxen from physiological samples. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the nanostructure morphology of the films.

Determination of Naproxen in Pharmaceutical preparations by spectrophotometric and flow Injection – activated chemiluminescence methods

Determination of Naproxen in Pharmaceutical preparations by spectrophotometric and flow Injection – activated chemiluminescence methods

Comparative Bioavailability of Two Oral Suspensions of Naproxen Sodium

The bioavailability of naproxen sodium (CAS 26159-34-2) after administration of two oral suspensions, reference or test (Pactens), was compared in 24 healthy subjects. The volunteers received an oral dose of 250 mg (10 ml) in two separate sessions under fasting conditions according to a randomized cross-over design and blood samples were obtained at selected times for a period of 72 h. Plasma samples were analyzed by a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of naproxen. Individual plasma concentration against time curves were constructed and pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained by non-compartmental techniques. The parameters obtained (mean +/- S.E.M.) were: C(max) 43.93 +/- 1.83 and 44.91 +/- 2.15 microg/ml, t(max) 2.38 +/- 0.21 and 1.83 < or = 0.19 h, AUC(72 h) 721.73 +/- 18.47 and 722.55 +/- 19.07 microg x h/ml for reference and test formulations, respectively. Maximal concentration, AUC(72 h) and AUC(infinity). were log transformed and compared by analysis of variance and ratios; in addition, 90% confidence limits were obtained. As confidence limits were included in the 80-125% range and the probability of exceeding these intervals was always lower than 0.05, it is concluded that the formulations tested are bioequivalent.

Chemiluminescence of the Reaction System Ce(IV) - Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Containing Europium(III) Ions and its Application to the Determination of Naproxen in Pharmaceutical Preparations and Urine

The chemiluminescence (CL) of oxidation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by Ce(IV) ions, was recorded in the presence and absence europium(III) ions, in solution of pH ~ 4 of solution. Kinetic curves and CL emission spectra of the all studied systems were discussed. CL of measurable intensity was observed in the Ce(IV)–NP–Eu(III) reaction system only in acidic solutions. The CL spectrum rcegistered for this system shows emission bands, typical of Eu(III) ions, with maximum at λ ~ 600 nm. The chemiluminescent method, based on Eu(III) emission in reaction system of NP-Ce(IV)–Eu(III) in acid solution was therefore used for the determination of naproxen in mixture of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Fluorous derivatization and fluorous-phase separation for fluorometric determination of naproxen and felbinac in human plasma

Fluorous derivatization followed by fluorous-phase liquid chromatographic (LC) separation exploits the affinity between perfluoroalkyl compounds for highly selective and quantitative isolation of various analytes. However, the applicability of this technique as a simple pretreatment for fluorometric determination in clinical settings has not been fully explored. Here we show the applicability of this technique to the clinical determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in human plasma. Naproxen and felbinac, widely used native-fluorescent NSAIDs with a carboxyl group, can have toxic effects at acute doses, and were therefore chosen as representative NSAIDs. Samples were precolumn derivatized with a non-fluorescent fluorous amine, which allowed highly selective retention of only derivatized substances in the fluorous LC column. Thus, subsequently, only the retained fluorous-labeled and fluorescent analytes were detected fluorometrically at appropriate retention times. The detection limits for these two drugs were less than 11 fmol on column. Correlation curves were liner over the range of 0.04–10 and 5–250 nmol/mL plasma for both two drugs ( r > 0.999) with good repeatability. Thus, this method offers a simple, sensitive, and selective solution for determination of NSAIDs in clinical settings.

Determination of Naproxen Using DBS: Evaluation &amp; Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Human Plasma Versus Human Blood DBS

Dried blood spots (DBS) sampling is a well-known technology for qualitative determination such as DNA analysis and screening of newborn metabolic disorders. The scientific community has recently expressed interest in applying the DBS technique for quantitative determination of drugs in biological fluid. Two new bioanalytical assays were developed and validated for the determination of naproxen in human plasma and in DBS samples using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem MS. Furthermore, plasma and DBS clinical samples were collected from four subjects enrolled as part of a bioequivalence study. Concentration data for plasma and DBS samples were determined and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles in plasma and in DBS samples were compared. A strong correlation between PK data obtained by the DBS and conventional plasma method was observed, which makes DBS a valuable technique for further naproxen bioavailability and PK investigations and studies.

Chemiluminescence determination of naproxen based on europium(III)‐sensitized KIO4–H2O2 reaction

A simple and sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) method combined with flow injection technique was developed for the determination of naproxen. It was based upon the weak CL signal arising from the reaction of KIO(4) with H(2)O(2) being significantly increased by naproxen in the presence of europium(III) ion. The experimental conditions that affected the CL signal were carefully optimized and the CL reaction mechanism was briefly discussed. Under the optimum conditions, the increment of CL intensity was proportional to the concentration of naproxen ranging from 5.0 x 10(-8) to 5.0 x 10(-6) g/mL. The detection limit was 1 x 10(-8) g/mL naproxen and the relative standard deviation for 5.0 x 10(-7) g/mL naproxen solution was 2.1% (n = 11). The proposed method was applied to the determination of naproxen in tablets and in spiked human urine samples with satisfactory results.