Denomination Of Origin Research Articles

Ochratoxin a levels in fermented specialty coffees from Caparaó, Brazil: Is it a cause of concern for coffee drinkers?

ABSTRACT Although postharvest coffee fruit fermentation can improve coffee flavour and quality, the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) can also be a result of microbiological activity, albeit in the later drying step of coffee processing. To evaluate the possible occurrence of OTA contamination in postharvest fruit fermentation, fourteen coffees that entailed two different postharvest fruit fermentation times were evaluated. These coffees originated in the surroundings of the village of Pedra Menina in the qualified Denomination of Origin and coffee producer region of Caparaó on the border between Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo states in Brazil. All coffees were classified according to the Specialty Coffee Association (SCA) protocol and 12 achieved specialty level. OTA was determined in all 14 coffees using immunoaffinity for sample clean-up and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection for quantification. One sample presented an OTA concentration of 0.75 µg kg−1 and two samples showed OTA concentrations of 0.87 µg kg−1. The other samples had concentrations of OTA below the limit of quantification obtained in this work (0.64 µg kg−1). Thus, all samples showed OTA concentrations far below the most stringent maximum residue limit (MRL) of 5 µg kg−1 established for roasted coffees by European legislation. These low levels were similar to most of the previous results for Brazilian coffees listed and tabled in this work. This comparison showed that OTA contamination due to this kind of postharvest process – fruit fermentation – should not be a concern for producers and consumers of these fermented coffees.

Pure Shift Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: a New Tool for Plant Metabolomics.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is one of the most powerful tools used in metabolomics. It stands as a highly accurate and reproducible method that not only provides quantitative data but also permits structural identification of the metabolites present in complex mixtures. Metabolic profiling by 1H NMR has proven useful in the study of various types of plant scenarios, which include the evaluation of cropconditions, harvest and post- harvest treatments, metabolic phenotyping, metabolic pathways, gene regulation, identification of biomarkers, chemotaxonomy, quality control, denomination of origin, among others. However, signal overlapping of the large number of resonances with expanded J-coupling multiplicities complicates the spectra analysis and its interpretation, and represents a limitation for classical 1H NMR profiling. In the last decade, novel NMR broadband homonuclear decoupling techniques through which multiplet signals collapse into single resonance lines - commonly called Pure Shift methods - have been developed to overcome the spectra resolution problem inherent to 1H NMR classical spectra. Here a step-by-step protocol of the plant extract preparation and the procedure to record optimal Pure Shift PSYCHE and SAPPHIRE-PSYCHE spectra in three different plant matrices - Vanilla plantleaves, potato tubers (S. tuberosum), and Cape gooseberries (P. peruviana) - is presented. The effect of the gain in resolution in metabolic identification, correlation analysis and multivariate analyses, as compared against classical spectra, is discussed.

Growth of Non-Saccharomyces Native Strains under Different Fermentative Stress Conditions

The selection of yeast strains adapted to fermentation stresses in their winegrowing area is a key factor to produce quality wines. Twelve non-Saccharomyces native strains from Denomination of Origin (D.O.) “Vinos de Madrid” (Spain), a warm climate winegrowing region, were tested under osmotic pressure, ethanol, and acidic pH stresses. In addition, mixed combinations between non-Saccharomyces and a native Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain were practised. Phenotypic microarray technology has been employed to study the metabolic output of yeasts under the different stress situations. The yeast strains, Lachancea fermentati, Lachancea thermotolerans, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe showed the best adaptation to three stress conditions examined. The use of mixed cultures improved the tolerance to osmotic pressure by Torulaspora delbrueckii, S. pombe, and Zygosaccharomyces bailii strains and to high ethanol content by Candida stellata, S. pombe, and Z. bailii strains regarding the control. In general, the good adaptation of the native non-Saccharomyces strains to fermentative stress conditions makes them great candidates for wine elaboration in warm climate areas.

What Is the Environmental Impact of Wine Entering Global Value Chains? Studying the Evolution of CO2 Emissions from the Export of Spanish Denomination of Origin Wines.

The continuous growth of the international wine trade and the expansion of international markets is having significant commercial, but also environmental, impacts. The benefits of vineyards in terms of ecosystem service provision are offset by the increase in CO2 emissions generated by transportation. Denominations of Origin, as quality labels, emphasise a wine’s links to the terroir, where specific elements of culture and environment merge together. However, Denominations of Origin can also have differentiating elements as regards environmental performance. Drawing on an extended multiregional input–output model applied to the Spanish Denominations of Origin with the largest presence in the international wine trade, this study shows that wines with the greatest exporting tradition are those that most reduced their carbon footprint per litre of exported wine in the period 2005–2018, thus being the most environmentally efficient.

Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Satellite Imagery (NDVI) to Identify Terroir and Vineyard Yeast Differences according to Appellation of Origin (AOP) and Biogeographic Origin

Terroir is one of the core concepts associated with wine and presumes that the land from which the grapes are grown, the plant habitat, imparts a unique quality that is specific to that growing site. Additionally, numerous factors can influence yeast diversity, and terroir is among the most relevant. Therefore, it can be interesting to use Remote Sensing tools that help identify and give helpful information about the terroir and key characteristics that define the AOP (Appellation of Origin). In this study, the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) calculated from Landsat 8 imagery was used to perform a spatio-temporal analysis during 2013, 2014, and 2015 of several vineyards belonging to four different AOP in Galicia (Spain). This work shows that it is possible to use Remote Sensing for AOP delimitation. Results suggest: (i) satellite imagery can establish differences in terroir, (ii) the higher the NDVI, the higher the yeast species richness, (iii) the relationship between NDVI, terroir, and yeasts shows a stable trend over the years (Pearson’s r = 0.3894, p = 0.0119).

Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Chilling and Forcing for the Main Fresh Fruit Regions in Portugal.

Air temperature plays a major role in the growth cycle of fruit trees. Chilling and forcing are two of the main mechanisms that drive temperate fruit development, namely dormancy and active plant development. Given the strong sensitivity of these crops to air temperature and the foreseeable warming under future climates, it becomes imperative to analyze climate change impacts for fruit trees. The fruit sector in Portugal has risen significantly over the last decades, gaining increasing importance both internally and through exports. The present research assesses the impacts of climate change on the chilling and forcing for economically relevant fruit trees in Portugal, namely apples, oranges, pears, and plums. To assess temperate fruit chilling and forcing conditions, the chilling portions (CP) and growing degree-hours (GDH) were computed over Portugal, for the recent-past (1989–2005) and future (2021–2080) periods, following two anthropogenic radiative forcing scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Future climate data were obtained from four regional-global climate model pairs to account for model uncertainties. Bias-correction methodologies were also applied. A spatial analysis over the main regions with PDO “Protected Denomination of Origin” or PDI “Protected Geographical Indication” of origin of each fruit tree was performed. Future projections show a clear decrease in chilling for all regions and fruit types in Portugal. Nonetheless, given the current chilling values in Portugal and the relative importance of chilling accumulation for each fruit type, these changes are more significant for certain varieties of apples than for other types of fruit. Regarding forcing, the future projections highlight an increase in its values throughout the different fruit tree regions in Portugal, which should lead to earlier phenological timings. These changes may bring limitations to some of the most important Portuguese temperate fruit regions. The planning of suitable adaptation measures against these threats is critical to control the risk of exposure to climate change, thus warranting the future sustainability of the Portuguese fruit sector, which is currently of foremost relevance to the national food security and economy.

Optimization of Georgian Microzonal Viti-Viniculture Potential

The article discusses Georgian microzonal vini-viticulture potential. We have described Georgian wine denomination of origin production and trends. Also, we have analyzed the current situation and perspectives of micro zone agriculture. The appellation wines are different from table wines and has the international economic value. We have provided evidence with the example of local and international experience, that the development of the wine appellations is one of the best ways to develop wine economics. We have made conclusion about the advantages of this kind of wines. In the end we provided the recommendations about studying, developing and forming wine microzones. Both based on the experience of Georgian and international countries we have analyzed all the opportunities that microzonal agriculture, especially appellation wines have. We have discussed the theoretical and practical aspects of the Georgian winemaking and possibilities to develop Georgian viticulture with the help of Micro zones. In the article we have analyzed how the development of the current wine microzones and establishment of new appellations can develop both social and economic situation of Georgian winemaking. How both of the cases affect the region. The purpose of the development of micro regional winemaking is to increase the quality of wine production, also to create better quality control mechanisms and of course to make Georgian wine more popular on domestic and international markets. The development of micro zonal winemaking can be established with the help of international and local wine professionals and with the help of international experience. In the end of the article we have summarized all the possibilities that we have discussed in the main part of the article and we have made recommendations for Georgian wine industry. All these possibilities can give us the possibilities to increase the economic profit and to develop the social situation of wine regions. Keywords: Wine Denomination of Origin, AOC, Microzonal Agriculture, Viti-Viniculture, Wine Economics.

Air saturation methodology proposal for the analysis of wine oxygen consumption kinetics

The great heterogeneity currently present when characterizing wine consumption kinetics means that a saturation method, as well as different parameters that allow comparison between wines, need to be established. The aim of this work was to establish a robust method for a wine saturation protocol and compare different fitting models to approximate the oxygen consumption kinetics. To differentiate wines, parameters extracted from the oxygen consumption curves were studied and proposed. 72 young commercial wines (red, white and rosé) from different Spanish appellations of origin, varieties and vintages were used. The results revealed that 5 min was enough to saturate wines up to the maximum level for each one at 35 °C. The inverse curve fitting model showed the best results for all wines. Oxygen at half consumption time (Omid) and time required to consume from 90% to 10% of the oxygen initially available (ΔtO_90_10) were the parameters that differentiated wines the most.

Evaluation of geographical indication for the clay handicraft from a city in the Northeast of Brazil

Geographical indications (GIs) can provide quality perception to a product by recognizing its unique characteristics, which creates the expectation that the registration of a GI is associated with its regional economic development. According to the literature, there are two types of GI: appellation of origin (AO) and indication of source (IS). The present study aimed to evaluate the best practice for obtaining an IS for the clay handicrafts produced in the municipality of Santana do São Francisco, in the northeast region of Brazil. Applied research, with a qualitative structure, was the methodology used to identify and select the ideal agents that potentiate the gains resulting from the GI. The evaluation was based on the methodology defined by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply of Brazil (Mapa), adapted for the qualification of agents able to carry out the necessary actions for the recognition process. The results showed that the Association of Artisans and the Brazilian Micro and Small Business Support Service (Sebrae) could act as the requesting and support entities, respectively, since both fulfill the requirements to work in favor of obtaining an indication of source in Santana do São Francisco.

Issues of the Involvement of Officers in Administrative Responsibility for Committing an Administrative Offense Provided By Part 4.1 of Article 7.30 of the Russian Federation Code on Administrative Offenses

The regulatory standards of the legislation on the contractual system in the field of procurement and legislation on the protection of competition are provided with the protective norms enshrined in the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses. Sometimes in the disposition of one protective norm, the requirements established by different branches of law can be combined. One such example is Part 4.1 of Art. 7.30 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses. In the legislation on the protection of competition, for cases of procurement of goods, works, services in order to meet state and municipal needs, there is a prohibition on the inclusion of goods, works, services that are technologically and functionally unrelated to each other in one lot, if such an action leads to limit competition. The specifics of bringing persons to administrative responsibility under Part 4.1 of Art. 7.30 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses for violation of this prohibition in the scientific literature did not receive proper coverage. A feature of the proceedings in cases of administrative offenses under Part 4.1 of Art. 7.30 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses is the absence of definitions of the concepts of “functional communication” and “technological communication”. Uncertainty of concepts creates a situation where the border between illegal and lawful actions is very conditional, which causes cases of unjustified bringing persons to administrative responsibility. Part 4.1 of Art. 7.30 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses also provides for administrative responsibility for the inclusion in the description of the object of the procurement of requirements and instructions regarding trademarks, service marks, trade names, patents, utility models, industrial designs, appellation of origin of goods or manufacturer's name, requirements for goods, information, works , services, provided that such requirements entail a limitation of the number of participants in the procurement, with the exception of cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation on the contractual system in the field of procurement. This prohibition is established in the legislation on the contractual system in the field of procurement. An analysis of law enforcement practice indicates that in a number of cases, officials were brought to administrative responsibility without proving the conditions established in Part 4.1 of Art. 7.30 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses that such requirements of the customer entail a limitation of the number of participants in the procurement. According to the results of the study, the shortcomings of the text of the protective norm in Part 4.1 of Art. 7.30 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses, proposals were made to amend the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses. The Author points out the need for a normative definition of the definitions of the concepts “functional connection” and “technological connection”.

What’s in a Name? The Journey of Geographical Indications from Paris 1883 to Geneva 2015

Abstract While the negotiations on geographical indications within the World Trade Organization have been stalled since their inception in 1996, many new developments resulting from bilateral or regional endeavours may be observed in this field. The present article will first briefly retrace the evolution of the concept and recall the different entrenched positions within the World Trade Organization (WTO). It will then show the impact of WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) reports on the European Union system and discuss the recent bilateral agreements between China and the European Union on one side, and the United States of America on the other. It will also look at the entry into force of the Geneva Act of the Lisbon Agreement on appellations of origin and geographical indications. Whether the latter will manage to bridge the divide between the countries that promote the sui generis model of protection of indications of origin and common law jurisdictions remains to be seen, as does the outcome of the discussions on geographical indications and place names within the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers.

Gobernanza territorial en las protecciones institucionales alimentarias. Aproximaciones desde las DO del café en México

Objetivo: analizar, a partir de una serie de elementos de la gobernanza territorial, los procesos de gestión y aprovechamiento de las denominaciones de origen (DO) Café Chiapas y Café Veracruz, con el fin de identificar el potencial de estas figuras de protección en el desarrollo territorial. Diseño metodológico: para el análisis de los elementos de la gobernanza territorial en las denominaciones de origen conformadas alrededor de bienes alimentarios, se realizó un estudio de caso múltiple, de tipo cualitativo, enfocado en comprender los mecanismos de gobernanza territorial y se complementó con un análisis sistemático de información secundaria.Resultados: las DO de café, en ambos casos, muestran un nivel de institucionalización consolidado, y constituyen estrategias de revalorización de bienes alimentarios con anclaje territorial, con incidencia normativa, cuya institucionalización implica una serie de procesos de gobernanza territorial y articulación de stakeholders.Limitaciones de la investigación: el estudio de caso, pese a que se enfoca en las dos principales entidades productoras de café, no permite realizar generalizaciones sobre un fenómeno social por lo que, una ventana de oportunidad para entender más profundamente este tema se obtendría incluyendo las demás do alimentarias en México.Hallazgos: la instauración de las do es tan solo un primer paso hacia el reconocimiento del valor cultural de los alimentos y el aprovechamiento de los recursos para el desarrollo territorial.

Los signos distintivos: implicaciones de una marca colectiva frente a una denominación de origen

Este articulo parte del interés académico sobre dos de las categorías de los signos distintivos, la marca colectiva y la denominación de origen. Colombia es un país diverso en muchos aspectos, lo cual influye en sus productos artesanales, agroalimentarios que los hace tener características únicas, que puede hacerlos merecedores por sus calidades de categorías de reconocimiento nacional e internacional con un signo distintivo, como una marca colectiva o una denominación de origen. La primera identifica productos que responden a unos reglamentos de uso previamente establecidos que entran a identificar este tipo de productos. La segunda, trata de protegerlos, siempre que cumplan con condiciones de factores geográficos y humanos que los individualicen. Categorías con diferencias conceptuales, aspectos jurídicos, sociales y económicos a tener en la cuenta al momento de optar por una u otra de estos signos distintivos.
 Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa para analizar estos signos distintivos. Tanto la marca colectiva como la denominación de origen, identifican productos de calidad, qué llevan a escoger por parte de los empresarios, productores y población en general la promoción de sus productos, para concluir que tanto la marca colectiva como la denominación de origen son categorías que adquieren importancia por su impacto social, económico y el gran beneficiado es el consumidor final.

Capturing yeast associated with grapes and spontaneous fermentations of the Negro Saur\xed minority variety from an experimental vineyard near Le\xf3n

‘Microbial terroir’ relates to the influence of autochthonous yeasts associated with a grape cultivar on the resultant wine. Geographic region, vineyard site and topography, climate and vintage influence the biodiversity of these microbial communities. Current research focus attempts to correlate their ‘microbial fingerprint’ to the sensorial and chemical characteristics of varietal wines from distinct geographical wine regions. This study focuses on the minor red grape variety, Negro Saurí, which has seen a resurgence in the León Appellation of Origin in Spain as a varietal wine. An experimental vineyard at Melgarajo S.A. (42° 15′ 48.68_N 5° 9′ 56.66_W) was sampled over four consecutive vintages, with autochthonous yeasts being isolated from grapes, must and pilot-scale un-inoculated fermentations, and identified by ITS sequencing. Forty-nine isolates belonging to Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Lachancea thermotolerans, Hanseniaspora uvarum and Torulaspora delbrueckii were isolated from grapes and must, and early stages of fermentation dependent on seasonal variation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae predominated throughout fermentation, as a heterogeneous and dynamic population, with seven major biotypes identified amongst 110 isolates across four consecutive vintages. Twenty-four S. cerevisiae isolates representing five strains dominated in two or more vintages. Their persistence through fermentation warrants further validation of their oenological properties as starter cultures.

Aromatic and Sensory Characterization of Maturana Blanca Wines Made with Different Technologies

Vitis vinífera L. cv. Maturana Blanca is an autochthonous minor variety recently recovered in the Rioja Qualified Denomination of Origin (D.O.Ca Rioja, Spain) for the production of monovarietal white wines with singular and differentiated characteristics. In this paper, Maturana Blanca wines made with different technologies were analyzed by sensory analysis and aromatic profile by gas chromatography-mass detector. Maturana Blanca wines were characterized by low pH, high acidity, and yellowish tonalities. The compounds that most influenced the aroma of Maturana Blanca wines were those related to fruity (acetates and ethyl esters), floral aromas (2-phenylethanol), and spicy notes (γ-decalactone). These wines were mainly characterized by volatile compounds of fruity aromas of banana and apple. The use of pre-fermentative maceration increased the concentration of ethyl esters and acetates and produced wines with higher odor activity values, indicating a greater aromatic intensity. The aromatic profile of Maturana Blanca wines fermented in oak barrels showed a greater complexity as they were also characterized by the presence of important amounts of furfural, whiskey lactone, and eugenol. The sensory analysis confirmed the results obtained in the aromatic analysis, and described the wines as fresh and balanced in mouth, with notes of acidity and medium to high persistence. These results will contribute to a better knowledge of this white variety.

The Portuguese Serrana goat breed: a review.

Goats were among the first animals to be domesticated over 10,000years ago and are part of human societies since the beginning of agriculture. Goats play a major role both in commercial farming systems and in subsistence agriculture systems, particularly in tropical, subtropical and Mediterranean regions where they are crucial for the supply of meat, milk, fibre and dung. This review concerns the Serrana breed, the most important and numerous indigenous goat breed from Portugal that was furthermore exported to other regions of the world, notably South America during the Portuguese colonization. Herein, we describe the origin and history of the breed as well as the productive performance and most common production systems. Finally, we address the local and traditional PDO (protected denomination of origin) and PGI (protected geographical indication) that are produced from these animals.

NMR in the Service of Wine Differentiation.

NMR is a swift and highly reproducible spectrometric technique that makes it possible to obtain spectra containing a lot of information about the sample analyzed. This approach helps major components be described in complex mixtures such as wine in just one analysis. Analysis of wine metabolites is very often used to understand the impact of geographical origin or variety on wine quality. NMR is often used for tracing the geographical origin of wine. Research on NMR metabolic effects of geographical origin is of great importance as the high added value of wines results from compliance with state legislation on the protected denomination of origin (PDO) and protected geographical indication (PGI) for the administration of the appellation of wines. A review of NMR with emphasis on SNIF-NMR in the analysis of wine authenticity is given. SNIF-NMR remains a method of choice for the detection of wine chaptalization as it is the only approach which provides position-specific information on the origin of sugar in wine. However, the sample preparation step, which lacks major improvements since its conception, is strenuous and expensive, and suffers from drawbacks in terms of low sample throughput. Mainstream 1D and 2D NMR experiments provide a fast and affordable way to authenticate wine based on the geographical origin, vintage, and variety discrimination, and include a simple and non-destructive sample preparation step. With this approach, spectral data processing often represents a crucial step of the analysis. With properly performed NMR experiments good to excellent differentiation of wines from different vintages, regions, and varieties was achieved recently.

Denomination of origin ‘Café del Huila’ and dynamics of coffee growing in Colombia

The state of Huila in Colombia has a Geographical Indication –IG through the denomination of origin - DO ‘Café del Huila’. Although these protection strategies have been promoted, no concrete studies have been reported on aspects of their implementation in the coffee agribusiness. The main goal of this research was to study the coffee with the denomination of origin ‘Café del Huila’ from 2010 to the present, through economic and performance indicators, seeking to identify the main impacts in this sector of agriculture. The research was carried out in two stages: In stage I - an analysis of the area indicators and coffee production in Colombia and an analysis of the performance of coffee growing in the state of Huila related to; municipalities, producers, farms and area. In stage II - the characterization of the denomination of origin was carried out in accordance with the methodology proposed by FAO (2018) and analysis of its implementation. The coffee agribusiness in Colombia showed variable dynamics in the different regions of the country, with a tendency to decrease the planted area and variability of production. The state of Huila showed significant growth both in the area planted and in production, which place it as one of the main coffee producers in the country. However, this sector presents few indicators of impact on the implementation of the geographical indication through the appellation of origin. Key words: Intellectual property; Agribusiness; Distinctive characteristic; Coffee quality.

On the introduction of legal protection of geographical indication in the Russian Federation (The end)

This article is devoted to the inclusion in part four of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of a new object of intellectual property – a geographical indication in addition to the object protected since 1992 with a similar one content – an appellation of origin

Evaluation of Habanero Pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) Varieties under Shade House Conditions in Yucatan, Mexico

Habanero pepper (HP) is the main emblematic horticultural species of the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico and it is highly valuable for commercial purposes. Since the Yucatan Peninsula has been qualified by official instances with the Denomination of Origin, a very promising horizon is opened for new varieties to be demanded by the local and abroad commercial markets. Nowadays all varieties are being produced under open field conditions but its agronomic and qualified behaviour has never been evaluated under shade house production systems. Keeping in mind the foregoing, the Jaguar (Ja), Mayapan (Ma) and Calakmul (Ca) varieties were evaluated and compared with a control, the Rey Pakal (RP) hybrid during the Fall-Winter season. A 1200 m2 shade house was used, covered with a white mesh with a density of 52 × 25 threads/square inch. RP and Ma reached the highest height (68.29 and 63.14 cm) and stem diameter (4.48 and 4.46 cm), compared to the rest of the evaluated varieties (Ca and Ja). A greater precocity is projected in Ca and RP to set flower buds, flowers and fruits than in Ja and Ma. In general, flower buds setting was recorded between 23.4 and 25.6 days after transplanting (DAT), flowering was from 30.3 to 40.5 DAT and the fruit set from 42.2 to 45.3 DAT. The four genetic materials had a similar behavior in terms of phenology. RP (hybrid) and Ma (Variety) showed the higher yields.