Abstract
NMR is a swift and highly reproducible spectrometric technique that makes it possible to obtain spectra containing a lot of information about the sample analyzed. This approach helps major components be described in complex mixtures such as wine in just one analysis. Analysis of wine metabolites is very often used to understand the impact of geographical origin or variety on wine quality. NMR is often used for tracing the geographical origin of wine. Research on NMR metabolic effects of geographical origin is of great importance as the high added value of wines results from compliance with state legislation on the protected denomination of origin (PDO) and protected geographical indication (PGI) for the administration of the appellation of wines. A review of NMR with emphasis on SNIF-NMR in the analysis of wine authenticity is given. SNIF-NMR remains a method of choice for the detection of wine chaptalization as it is the only approach which provides position-specific information on the origin of sugar in wine. However, the sample preparation step, which lacks major improvements since its conception, is strenuous and expensive, and suffers from drawbacks in terms of low sample throughput. Mainstream 1D and 2D NMR experiments provide a fast and affordable way to authenticate wine based on the geographical origin, vintage, and variety discrimination, and include a simple and non-destructive sample preparation step. With this approach, spectral data processing often represents a crucial step of the analysis. With properly performed NMR experiments good to excellent differentiation of wines from different vintages, regions, and varieties was achieved recently.
Highlights
Accepted: 5 January 2021In the time of globalization, wine is truly one of the few products whose quality is primarily determined by its uniqueness and recognizability, based on grape varieties, origin, and technology
13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and the results confirmed the important role of succinic acid, proline, 2, 3-butanediol, and glycerol in differentiation according to their geographical origin [83]
NMR is a powerful analytical tool in terms of simple, non-invasive, uncomplicated sample preparation techniques for both targeted and non-targeted analysis. It is widely used in wine analysis for studying metabolomics and tracing the geographical origin and authenticity of wine
Summary
In the time of globalization, wine is truly one of the few products whose quality is primarily determined by its uniqueness and recognizability, based on grape varieties, origin, and technology. Knowledge of the chemical composition of grapes and wines is essential, and analytical chemistry is the best tool to achieve this. NMR spectroscopy is based on the observation that certain atomic nuclei with a non-zero intrinsic nuclear magnetic moment, when placed in an external magnetic field, can be perturbed by oscillating radio-frequency field in near resonance conditions. Interaction between the magnetic moments of connected nuclei produces a coupling pattern in the signal, providing structural information about the analyte. The signal intensity, or its area, is proportional to the number of nuclei in resonance These observations allowed for the use of NMR as one of the most advanced, sensitive, and reliable techniques used for the determination of molecular structure and for quantitative analysis of real samples, purity determination, process control, medical imaging, and agricultural applications [2]. NMR represents the best nontargeted approach to food screening, as the majority of metabolites can be detected from a single spectrum with minimal sample destruction
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