Abstract
Air temperature plays a major role in the growth cycle of fruit trees. Chilling and forcing are two of the main mechanisms that drive temperate fruit development, namely dormancy and active plant development. Given the strong sensitivity of these crops to air temperature and the foreseeable warming under future climates, it becomes imperative to analyze climate change impacts for fruit trees. The fruit sector in Portugal has risen significantly over the last decades, gaining increasing importance both internally and through exports. The present research assesses the impacts of climate change on the chilling and forcing for economically relevant fruit trees in Portugal, namely apples, oranges, pears, and plums. To assess temperate fruit chilling and forcing conditions, the chilling portions (CP) and growing degree-hours (GDH) were computed over Portugal, for the recent-past (1989–2005) and future (2021–2080) periods, following two anthropogenic radiative forcing scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Future climate data were obtained from four regional-global climate model pairs to account for model uncertainties. Bias-correction methodologies were also applied. A spatial analysis over the main regions with PDO “Protected Denomination of Origin” or PDI “Protected Geographical Indication” of origin of each fruit tree was performed. Future projections show a clear decrease in chilling for all regions and fruit types in Portugal. Nonetheless, given the current chilling values in Portugal and the relative importance of chilling accumulation for each fruit type, these changes are more significant for certain varieties of apples than for other types of fruit. Regarding forcing, the future projections highlight an increase in its values throughout the different fruit tree regions in Portugal, which should lead to earlier phenological timings. These changes may bring limitations to some of the most important Portuguese temperate fruit regions. The planning of suitable adaptation measures against these threats is critical to control the risk of exposure to climate change, thus warranting the future sustainability of the Portuguese fruit sector, which is currently of foremost relevance to the national food security and economy.
Highlights
Temperature is considered the most important atmospheric factor for crop phenological and physiological development
The present study aims at analyzing the impacts of climate change on chilling and forcing conditions of fruit orchards in Portugal
The objectives of the present study are five-fold: (1) to compute recent-past thermal conditions over Portugal, using the Safe Winter Chill index, based on chilling portions (CP), and the Safe Heat Forcing index, based on the growing degree hours; (2) to link these thermal conditions to the regions where the main fresh fruit crops are located; (3) to compute future changes of these thermal conditions, using an ensemble of bias-corrected high-resolution climate model simulations; (4) to analyze the interannual variability embedded in future climates, as well as uncertainty linked to climate model simulations; (5) to compare different fresh fruit regions and crops under climate change; and, lastly, (6) to discuss potential adaptation measures
Summary
Temperature is considered the most important atmospheric factor for crop phenological and physiological development. Future warming should lead to increasing growing season temperatures and decreasing wintertime chilling (Atkinson et al, 2013; Lee and Sumner, 2016), which may significantly affect the currently adopted plant species. This is important taking into account that some crops are the basis for the socio-economic development and livelihood of some regions. For the Mediterranean region, which currently hosts some of the most important fruit orchards in the world, a changing climate may represent an important menace to economically-relevant crops (IPCC, 2014; Fraga et al, 2020b). It becomes clear that fruit production in the Mediterranean may be vulnerable to climate change (Baldocchi and Wong, 2008; Luedeling et al, 2011), namely in southern Europe (Atkinson et al, 2013)
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