Abstract
The continuous growth of the international wine trade and the expansion of international markets is having significant commercial, but also environmental, impacts. The benefits of vineyards in terms of ecosystem service provision are offset by the increase in CO2 emissions generated by transportation. Denominations of Origin, as quality labels, emphasise a wine’s links to the terroir, where specific elements of culture and environment merge together. However, Denominations of Origin can also have differentiating elements as regards environmental performance. Drawing on an extended multiregional input–output model applied to the Spanish Denominations of Origin with the largest presence in the international wine trade, this study shows that wines with the greatest exporting tradition are those that most reduced their carbon footprint per litre of exported wine in the period 2005–2018, thus being the most environmentally efficient.
Highlights
Wooded landscapes and perennial production systems provide benefits in terms of carbon sequestration and protecting biodiversity [1,2,3,4]
For an in-depth study of consumption-based emissions, we focused on the recent variations in the carbon footprint of Denominations of Origin (DO) wine exports in the period 2005–2016
The calculation of the CO2 emissions generated per litre of exported wine for each denomination of origin shows the differences between the seven DOs (Figure 1)
Summary
Wooded landscapes and perennial production systems provide benefits in terms of carbon sequestration and protecting biodiversity [1,2,3,4]. Vineyards, as permanent woody crops, can provide ecosystem services (ES), such as maintaining soil fertility, retaining water and preserving landscapes [5] and have the capacity to generate ecosystems that allow for carbon storage, helping balance the carbon budget [6,7,8] These functions are especially important in areas characterised by high levels of human pressure, such as suburban areas [5] and coastal areas [9]. Much of wine production is organised under Denominations of Origin (DO), which allow unique ecosystems to be preserved and promote the diversity of species in their regions They are quality labels granted to goods and services that include characteristics linked to their geographical origin. They are inspired by the ancient Mediterranean tradition (Greeks and Romans) of identifying products by their place of provenance when they share certain attributes
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