Bureaucratic Model Research Articles

The Present and the Desired Organizational Culture Model of Greek Public Hospitals

This paper aims to record and analyze the existing organizational culture of general public hospitals and investigate the model of culture that the executives of the hospitals wish to see prevailing in the next 5-year period. The survey was conducted in twenty-six (26) general public hospitals of the region of Athens. The sample consists of 656 top and senior executives of the four departments of hospitals (medical, nursing, administrative, technical). The executives were asked to provide assessments using the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI), based on the Competing Values Framework of Cameron & Quinn. The results of the survey show that the dominant organizational culture, in hospitals, can be described by the Bureaucratic Culture model (47.75% of respondents). The model of Clan Culture (23.76%) comes second while the Entrepreneurial-Adhocracy Culture model and the Market Culture model scored 10.02% and 14.46% respectively. The desired culture model is the Clan Culture or Participatory model (34.51%), followed by the Market Culture model (24.47%), model of Entrepreneurial-Adhocracy Culture model (22.49%), and finally the Bureaucratic Culture model (19.03%). In the existing situation, general public hospitals are characterized by internal orientation, observance of rules and processes as well as focus on control hierarchy, predictability and stability. The model of Entrepreneurial-Adhocracy Culture and the model of Market Culture, which both focus on the exterior macro-environment and growth for the hospital, record small percentages. As far as the future is concerned, hospital executives would like to see a change from the Bureaucratic Culture model of organization, to the direction of Participatory model, which will include elements of flexibility, creativity, dynamism and competitiveness that are inherent in the other two models (Market and Entrepreneurial-Adhocracy). The focus remains on the internal environment of hospitals but at the same time there is evidence of the wish to look into the external environment of hospital as well.

The Nature of the Principle of Deterrence in the Nuclear Actions of the Islamic Republic of Iran

US foreign policy during the Obama administration, especially in the second term, has focused to resolve its international crises in the Middle East and tried to resolve the Iranian nuclear issue. In the current article, different approaches are brought forth in the field of discerning deterrence mechanisms that are feasible against asymmetric hazards. In the following, the attempts has been made to answer the question of how deterrence can be utilized as a mechanism to face asymmetric threats, and what role can Iran's nuclear program play in deterring countries in power in this process?. Hence, from the analysis of the mentioned model, we will present the main and major assumptions of the current article under four headings: deterrent measures, coercive measures, anti-deployment measures and counter-offensive measures. The tensions between Iran and the West are not the product of Iran's nuclear program, but are based on the religious ideology of the Iranian government and Israel's presence in the region, although the role of some Arab countries, especially Saudi Arabia, should not be disregarded. The hypothesis under consideration is that US foreign policy in the Iranian nuclear case has been directed towards the interaction of national interests by following the rational, organizational and bureaucratic model of decision-making models. The result of the research is that think tanks are very determining in leading the US government to the White House foreign policy decision-maker towards Iran, so that diplomacy actors cannot escape it. And public opinion seeks to make Iran's nuclear energy dangerous and to prevent Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon as a serious threat to humanity. Though, the Islamic Republic of Iran, with its power to obtain nuclear weapons, does not intend to build a nuclear bomb, nor does it intend to make the world insecure. The power of reaching to a nuclear weapon can play a key and major role for Iran as a deterrent, and Iran intends to use nuclear energy not to build a bomb but to make it peaceful.

Land and power framework for assessing Ecosystem Essential Area policy

This paper outlines a land and power framework for assessing whether a new voluntary conservation area policy is a return to the classical bureaucratic status quo or anticipates the opportunity to establish new bureaucratic norms. The application of this conceptual framework produces two possibilities. The first possibility is that outcomes are tied to the conventional bureaucratic models of conservation with management regimes that remain unchanged. The second possibility is the anticipation of new management forms, in which goals are not to fulfill the bureaucratic process, but rather, produce adaptive outcomes reflective of the interests of diverse actors engaged in site-specific voluntary conservation initiatives.•The land and power framework methodology is rooted in an interest-based power framework.•The framework analyses the land and power inputs for both conservation bureaucracies or actors participating in multi-stakeholder arrangements struggling to achieve their interests and establish their agendas.•The framework proposes a conceptual framework to assess two possible process outcomes, namely that management regimes will either be tied to the conventional bureaucracy or that actors anticipate new bureaucratic norms that achieve outcomes accommodating their broader interests.

Policy Implementation Analysis on ‘Science Core School’ with Street-Level Bureaucracy Model

Policy Implementation Analysis on ‘Science Core School’ with Street-Level Bureaucracy Model

Después de la delegación: la retracción de la autonomía legislativa del Poder Ejecutivo en Argentina

En este articulo presentamos un nuevo concepto, desacoplamiento ejecutivo, el cual describe una reduccion en la capacidad del Poder Ejecutivo para modificar unilateralmente la legislacion existente. En este trabajo mostramos que una mayor densidad normativa ha ido limitando a lo largo de decadas la capacidad del Poder Ejecutivo argentino para implementar legislacion unilateralmente mediante decretos de necesidad y urgencia. El motivo es que la expansion de la normativa vigente genera una mayor interdependencia entre areas de legislacion, algunas de las cuales estan vedadas al Poder Ejecutivo. En la medida en que la red de citacion de legislacion vigente se expande, esta mayor interdependencia entre areas de legislacion inhibe al Ejecutivo para innovar en areas que son jurisdiccionalmente contiguas.

Impact at two years of an intervention on empowerment among medical care teams: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial in a large French university hospital

BackgroundEmpowerment of hospital workers is known as a key factor of organizational performance and occupational health. Nevertheless, empowering workers remains a real challenge. As in many traditional organizations, hospitals follow a bureaucratic model defined by a managerial culture of control and a stratified organization, which at once weaken professionals’ mastery of their work and hinder their commitment and performance. Based on the existing literature this protocol describes a new managerial and organizational transformation program as well as the study design of its effect on worker empowerment in a large French public hospital. The project is funded by the French Ministry of Health for a total of 498,180 €.MethodsThis study is a randomized controlled trial conducted in a French university hospital complex (CHU). The CHU comprises 12 sub-centers (SC) with about 20 care units and 1000 employees each. Randomization is performed at SC level. The intervention lasts 12 months and combines accompaniment of healthcare teams, frontline managers and SC directors to empower first-line professionals in the experimental SC. Quantitative outcome measurements are collected over 2 years during mandatory check-ups in the occupational medicine department. The primary outcomes are structural and psychological empowerment, motivational processes, managerial practices, working conditions, health and performance. Mixed linear modeling is the primary data analysis strategy.DiscussionThe protocol was approved by the CHU health ethics committee. The results of the analysis of the intervention effects will be reported in a series of scientific articles. The results will contribute to reflection on prevention and management policies, and to the development of Workplace Quality-of-Life. If the intervention is a success, the system will warrant replication in other SCs and in other health facilities.Trial registrationThe study was retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov on July 4, 2019 (NCT04010773).

Теоретические подходы к анализу процесса принятия внешнеполитических решений в ФРГ

The paper discusses theoretical approaches that can be applied in the study of the decision-making in the foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Germany. The analysis of the mechanisms and patterns of the decision-making in the foreign policy in Germany and the EU is already quite popular in the academia abroad, and it is also developing in Russia. A new comprehensive knowledge of the country’s foreign policy process can be obtained through a systemat-ic study of the features of foreign policy decisions in Germany. Some authors investigate general trends in the country’s foreign policy, while others attempt to explain them by opening its “black box”. The built-up bureaucratic model of the system of deci-sion-making in the field of foreign policy in the par-liamentary democracy of the Federal Republic of Germany is called the “Bureaucratic Policy” (“bür-okratische Politik”). The main legitimate actors of such policy are determined by the «Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland» (The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany). Therefore, the bureaucratic mechanisms of foreign policy, through which initiatives are implemented and decisions are made, need to be carefully studied.

Адміністративні реформи в Німеччині на місцевому рівні: досвід для України

Розглянуто досвід адміністративних реформ у Німеччині в контексті його використання в Україні. Показано, що адміністративно-територіальні реформи самі по собі є недостатньо ефективними і повинні супроводжуватися якісними змінами управлінських процесів, наприклад діджиталізацією, зміною управлінських завдань, передачею частини завдань приватному сектору. Зазначено, що не треба сподіватися на концептуальну зміну управлінської моделі. Зауважено, що перевірена часом модель бюрократії М. Вебера є надійнішою основою для проведення реформ, аніж “нові” модні концепції, які розширюють дискурс, але не враховують функціональні особливості управлінських інституцій. Зазначено, що досвід Німеччини свідчить, що проведення реформ сприяє продуктивності та підвищенню якості роботи публічних службовців, але внаслідок різних обставин не призводить до скорочення витрат.

Niskanen model and actual expenses of Russian government institutions

The Niskanen model of bureaucracy has found very limited use in Russia beyond the training courses, despite criticism aimed at the Russian government, administrative reform, and civil service reform. Meanwhile, the accumulated volume of data on the public expenditures allows us to test theoretical observations of the model empirically. The article proposes an assessment of the expenses of the institutions funded by the federal budget in 2005-2017 from the point of Niskanen’s theory. The data source is the laws on the execution of the federal budget, the subject of the analysis is the ability to increase expenditures (in comparable prices) by two times relative to the initial level. It has been found that changes in expenditures are in line with the assumption that bureaus are oriented toward absorbing public surplus by increasing their own budgets. At the same time, a restriction in demand was found essential, so the possibilities for expanding the budget are not fully utilized. Thus, the potential of basic models of bureaucratic behavior can be used in practice, for evaluation of the evolution of authorities government bodies and the effectiveness of budget expenditures.

Critique of the Theory and Practice of Bureaucracy

The article examines the critical views on the bureaucracy of political philosophers and experts in thefield of public administration, from the end of the eighteenth century to the present day. The emphasis is onthe fact that phenomenon and concept of bureaucracy is one of the most discussed and analyzed within thescience of public administration. Despite the historical stability and evolution of the theoretical foundationsof bureaucracy, the latter is increasingly criticized by researchers. The analysis of critical sources ofbureaucracy as a scientific model and the practical organization of a public administration confirms the ideaof the non-relevance of bureaucratic management mechanisms in the context of modern, dynamic socialtransformations.The goal of the paper is to comprehensively analyze critical assessments of the bureaucracy at the levelof theory and practice, to systematize the dysfunctional characteristics of the bureaucracy as a form ofadministration.The analysis of the papers of such scholars as Ch. Barnard, Ch. Goodsell, R. Hummel, R. Merton, M.Meyer, etc. shows that the disadvantages of the bureaucratic model of public administration include itsmechanistic character, absoluteness of rationality, antihumanism, and formalization of procedures. Today,most scholars recognize the need to establish a post-bureaucratic (postmodern) model that recognizes theprimacy of a person (citizen) over the state apparatus, the need for his / her active involvement in publicpolicy, efficiency and effectiveness as the main criteria for the quality of public administration activities, etc.Another form of critique of bureaucratic practice is the researches of gender scholars. These criticalremarks, above all, are due to the rejection of the rationalist-modern form of organization, as a definitelymale center.

Formation of public administration and public service systems in the unrecognized states of Donbas Region

Introduction. In this article we aim to identify common patterns and specifications of the state institutions development in the self-proclaimed states in the South-East of Ukraine named Donetsk and Lugansk People’s Republics (the DPR, the LPR). Materials and methods. For the first time we described the models of public administration and bureaucracy in the DPR and the LPR, and then we compared them with the systems of Russia and the Ukraine using the case study method, classification, comparative legal analysis and best practices identi­fication. Results of the study. We proved that state-building in the unrecognized states of Donbas moves towards democratization: the role of the armed forces is reduced as well as the concentration of power, and democratic freedoms are expanded. The organization of the public authorities in the self-proclaimed re­publics is similar to the system of the Ukraine (e.g.: unicameral parliament and unitary system), but the public service is built according the Russian model. Discussion and conclusions. The DPR and the LPR passed legal acts and adopted the system of executive bodies, which are not yet available in Russia. The LPR’s experience in using annual reports of civil servants for their certification, control, analysis of the distribution of official duties, and performance improvement is of significant interest. The service ethics in the LPR is formalized in the Code of Civil Servants’ Conduct which has a higher legal status than the General Principles of Service Conduct that exists in the civil service of Russia.

The Croatian path from socialism to European membership through the lens of technology transfer policies

The transition from a socialist economy to one of capitalism brought, to many countries that had previously been socialist, a drastic decline in their technological competences, technological transfers, and research activities after the 1990s. This research seeks to assess whether or not the policy of technology transfer practised during the socialist era improved for these countries following their entry to a capitalist regime and their subsequent joining of the European Union, and whether or not these two processes (which historically coincide for many previously socialist countries) correlate. Croatia is used as an example of a typical transition country possessive of a specific type of market socialism, with controversial outcomes arising from its particular transition process in comparison to its peers. Despite the assistance of the European Union, which helped many new members from socialist backgrounds to recover their economies by upgrading their technological capabilities, this research reveals that technology transfer in less technologically developed countries is unfolding very slowly. Technological transfer occurs as a highly contextual phenomenon, dependant not only on the structure of the economy and technological and research capacities, but also on the political economy and the type of capitalism. This research identifies the three phases of the evolution of university technology transfer: science based models in socialism; endeavours towards an innovation based model throughout the transition period; and the bureaucratic model, driven by the EU cohesion policy and facilitated through access to the European Structural Funds. This research points out that bureaucratic-driven types of technology transfer should be coupled with nationally concerned actions on overall economic and political reforms in order to gain efficient results from their technology transfer efforts.

A Integração e a Inclusão Escolar no panorama histórico patrimonial-burocrático brasileiro

O presente estudo analisa a inserção dos alunos com necessidades educacionais específicas nas instituições de ensino regular, tendo em vista as características da sociedade brasileira marcadamente patrimonial-burocrática. As metodologias utilizadas foram a pesquisa documental, relativa à legislação vigente que preconiza o atendimento aos discentes com deficiência, transtornos globais do desenvolvimento e altas habilidades – Lei nº 9.394, de 20 de dezembro de 1996; Resolução CNE/CEB nº 2, de 11 de setembro de 2001; Política Nacional de Educação Especial na Perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva de 2008; Lei nº 13.146, de 6 de julho de 2015 – e a pesquisa bibliográfica de produções científicas atinentes ao assunto abordado. Como resultado, considera-se que as normativas legais possibilitam a inclusão desses estudantes no sistema de ensino regular. Entretanto, esse modelo híbrido de patrimonialismo e burocracia, obstaculiza mudanças substanciais, pois à tentativa de implantação da inclusão nas instituições educacionais, opõem-se as práticas tradicionais dos docentes, mantendo os pressupostos da integração escolar. Conclui-se que a formação continuada dos professores, recomendada pelas normativas legais pesquisadas, cria a possibilidade de enfraquecer aspectos do fazer pedagógico arraigados em valores patrimoniais, garantindo a eficácia da inclusão escolar.

Towards network governance model that assume the increasing of complexity

The ever growing complexity in today’s society has brought about new necessities of interaction among the distinct social actors, that ascend from the segmentation of the bureaucratic model to the reticular configuration of the governance”. This article analyzes the aspects associated with governance on the policies related to social inclusion within the Province of Malaga (Spain). To ascertain whether any correspondence existed with the theory’s envisioned framework it was vital to gain knowledge of the opinions held by the actors associated with these policies. The methodology employed, therefore, consisted in a bibliographic and documental review and in semi-formal interviews with the actors involved as well as the public. The actors consulted demand another way of doing things, one in which they can network in a sustainable manner so as to avoid feeling discredited by a public who perceives their services as uncoordinated.

MODELS AND CONCEPTS OF MODERNIZATION OF GOVERNMENT

Modernization changes the basic target, functional, structural principles of building public administration, thereby there is a paradigm shift in understanding its place and mission in the state-market-civil society relationship. The bureaucratic model of public administration belongs to the old paradigm, the new government and network models belong to the new paradigm. These models are contradictory intertwined under the influence of globalization and decentralization on modernization processes in public administration, which creates new problems in adapting administrative hierarchies (bureaucracies) to global challenges and the requirements of devolution. The problem arises of integrating new horizontal connections (networks) into traditional vertical structures. At the same time, the problem of the state’s ability to increase the efficiency of officials’s actions in conditions of rapid environmental transformation is exacerbating. In addition, there is a problem of scale, traditional for public administration, i.e. the correspondence of functions and resources at different managerial levels to the nature and volume of existing tasks. The solution of these problems at the transit stage largely depends on the nature of the emerging institutional paths and the reform strategy, its focus on maintaining a balance of stability and changes based on the experience of previous transformations. The managerial model of priority for many reformers, with its inevitable decentralization carried out in an institutional environment that has not reached the necessary level of self-organization and accountability, will obviously entail the progressive loss of autonomy by the state bureaucracy from special interest groups. Strengthening the role of informal managerial practices in the face of non-established norms of administrative ethics will not provide unbiased impersonal law enforcement. However, criticism of the new government does not make the choice of bureaucratic or network models justified. The priority is not the choice of one or another theoretical model of modernization as its goal, but the process of developing a policy for its implementation. The criterion of manageability, reflecting the development of modernization abilities of public administration, provides guidance for institutional construction.

Change processes, practices of authority and communication : Authority negotiations between managers and employees in two medical companies

Many contemporary organizations rely on a horizontal structure where local experts need to acquire authority. Despite this, many organizations may still adhere to the bureaucratic model where authority is distributed vertically and authority of position and expertise is considered to coincide. These two contradictory models can coexist because the relationship between authority of position and authority of expertise is loosely coupled. However, this contradiction may result in a wedge between managers and subordinates as subordinates lose trust in managers if decisions are not based on expertise. Organizations commence to acknowledge this wedge and consequently aim to remedy it. This article explores how organizations initiate communicative practices for different purposes, which, one way or another, involve the negotiation of authority. The results point to that the initiatives involve power struggles that need attention. The results also emphasize the importance of providing communicative tools. If this is done, sharing of authority seems to be more prone to take place.

Neural coding: The bureaucratic model of the brain.

The neural coding metaphor is so ubiquitous that we tend to forget its metaphorical nature. What do we mean when we assert that neurons encode and decode? What kind of causal and representational model of the brain does the metaphor entail? What lies beneath the neural coding metaphor, I argue, is a bureaucratic model of the brain.

Analisis Model Pengelolaan Dana Zakat di Indonesia (Kajian Kualitatif Eksistensi Badan Amil Zakat dan Lembaga Amil Zakat)

Theoretically, poverty is a phenomenon brought about by practices of economic policy that deviates the principle of equilibrium. Islam regards the economic discipline (the use of productive resources by taking into accounts of cost efficiency and most advantages of social utilily) as part of equilibrium in social responsibility. Economic function as part of social responsibility is urgently demanded by Islam in order to achieve a harmonious equilibrium in the relationship between the haves and the haves- not. In Islam, many social responsibility mechanisms can be performed among others through zakah, infak, sedekah, wakaf, jizyah, kharaj, rikaz, ghanimah, and so forth. This thesis pays attention to the problems of zakah fund management. In this research, it was found that there are four kinds of zakah fund raisers, namely the bureaucratic model, the business model, the non-government organization model (NGO/ormas) dan the traditional model zakah fund raising agents or institutions.

Comparative Governance of Non-Profit Organization

The research on comparative governance of non-profit organization (organisasi nir laba/ ONL) in case study on social welfare institution (lembaga kesejahteraan social/ LKS) of Mardi Wuto dan Hamba in Yogyakarta Indonesia aimed at finding out the difference of the governance model and practice of both LKS and the uniqueness of each LKS. LKS was one of non-profit organizations in Indonesia. The empirical data were obtained and the finding was described and interpreted based on qualitative case study. The interpretation was related to the normative expectation on the design and implementation of the management of both non profit organizations.
 The research finding of ONL Mardiwuto was that it had bureaucratic governance model indicated by the good interaction and relation of the stakeholders, as the value management stated on articles of association. Meanwhile, ONL Hamba had democratic governance model indicated by the very good interaction and relation of the stakeholders, beyond the value management stated on articles of association. The weakness of the research was that the sample was still limited. Then, for the future research, it was suggested that the sample would be more various, and the implication of the research was it could be a reflection material for the decision makers and the managers of ONL.

Corporate Governance and the Sustainability of Universities in Anglican Church in Uganda

The thesis of this paper was that whereas the Anglican Church in Uganda has done well to establish universities, there is need to do more in terms of corporate governance. The paper outlines that facts that the Church been in involved in education for a long term. It introduced schools in the country. It has a bureaucratic model of governance the functions of a university council are stated and the challenges that universities are grappling with. In view of all the above issues, this paper has proposed a consortium corporate governance for the Anglican universities in Uganda. Furthermore, it has also been suggested that for better training people for the ordained ministry, theological training of ordinands be relocated to Namugongo Martyrs Seminary. Universities should remain for those who want to pursue advanced academic programmes.