Bioactive Phytochemical Compounds Research Articles

Phytochemical Studies on Nerium oleander L. Using GC-MS

Phytoconstituents are chemical compounds often referred to as secondary metabolites. Fifty eight bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in the solvent free extract of Nerium Oleander L. root using Keshav Narean Apparatus3 [IP no. 2343/MUM/2013A] .The identification of phytochemical compounds is based on the peak area, retention time, molecular weight and molecular formula. A wide range of fatty acids, heterocyclic compound which are having anticancer, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and antibiotic activity were identified so that it can be recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance. The GCMS analyse Fifty eight phytochemical compounds in Nerium oleander L. root extract. The major phytoconstituents were 2-methoxy-5-methyl phenol and isomers (2.92%), 2, 6-dimethoxyphenyl ester (4.47%), trans-Isogenol (4.89%),5-ter-butylpyrogallol(2.25%),2-hydroxy-4-isopropyl-7 methoxytropone (3.72%),l-(+)-ascorbic-acid-2,6-dihexadecanoate,(4.47%),trans-Isogenol(4.89%),2,3,5-trimetho oxyamphetamine (2.25%), 2-hydroxy-4-isopropyl-7-methoxytropone (3.72 %), Oleic acid(1.09 %), 2-( 9,12- octadecadienyloxy)-,(Z,Z)- ethanol (9.48 %), 9-hexadecenoic acid (2.24%), 9-octadecenamide (3.13%), α-amyrin (10.85 %).

Phytochemical Evaluation and In Vitro Antidiabetic Activity of Ethanolic extract of Alternanthera ficodia Linn.

The intestinal digestive enzymes like alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase are played a vital role in the carbohydrate metabolism. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are the saccharides that act as competitive inhibitors of enzymes needed for the carbohydrates regulation specifically alpha-glucosidase enzymes in the striated border of the small lintestines. The membrane bound intestinal alpha glucosidases hydrolyze oligosaccharides, trisaccharides and disaccharides to glucose and other monosaccharides in the small intestine. One antidiabetic therapeutic approach to reduce the postprandial glucose level in blood by the inhibition of alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase enzymes. These can be an important strategy for the management of blood glucose level in the body. The aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical bioactive compounds of the ethanolic extract of Alternanthera ficodia Linn leaves and its Invitro antidiabetic activity. The result suggests that the presence of bioactive compounds could be responsible for the versatile medicinal properties of this plant including diabetes and the extract exhibit the dose-dependent action by increasing the inhibitory effect on alpha-glucosidase enzyme and alpha-amylase enzyme. The ethanolic extract of Alternanthera ficodia Linn leaves study exhibited potent hypoglycemic activity by In vitro studies.

Antioxidant Activity, Antibacterial Screening, Proximate Composition and GC-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Cantaloupe Seeds

Cantaloupe refers to the Cucumis melo species in the Cucurbitaceae family. Seeds are solid by-product generated in large quantity. Regulation of agricultural by-products as a source of bioactive compounds could minimize environmental hazard. For that reason, cantaloupe seeds were evaluated for its antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The current study included the proximate analysis of the seeds that had protein content 20.8%, crude fiber 33.1%, moisture 8% and fat 24.6%. Characterization of bioactive constituents by GC-MS analysis revealed the existence of methionine (60.17%), 4-aminoheptanedioic acid (4.75%), 9-cis-retinoic acid (34.12%) and stearic acid allyl ester (0.96%). Data revealed that total phenolic and flavonoid contents of cantaloupe seeds had range of 50.5 mg GAE/100 g dry weight and 6.43 mg QE/100 g dry weight, respectively. Total antioxidant activity valued 272.6 mg AAE/100 g dry weight. Ferric reducing antioxidant power increased relative to increase the extract concentration which indicated high reducing ability of cantaloupe seeds. Ethanolic extract of cantaloupe seeds had mild inhibition activity against E. coli and Salmonella sp., while Staphylococcus aureus was resistant to the ethanolic extract. Aqueous extract did not show any antagonistic effect against the three pathogenic bacterial strains. Inclusion of phytochemical bioactive compounds and methionine as sulphur-containing amino acid in cantaloupe seeds may contribute to the apparent antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Results ensured that cantaloupe seeds possessed nutritional, antibacterial and antioxidant properties.

Green synthesis and characterisation of natural antiseptic soaps from the oils of underutilised tropical seed

The maintenance of beautiful skin and hair is the desire of many people all over the world, thus, the application of safe cosmetic products is inevitable. Natural cosmetics containing bioactive phytochemical compounds offer great deal of beauty and pharmacological effect with less toxicity to users and the environment. The principle of green chemistry was adopted for the preparation of herbal antiseptic soaps which were plant-based, biodegradable and free of artificial colourings/preservatives. Underutilised tropical seeds of Daniellia oliveri, Elaeis guineensis and Vitellaria paradoxa (Shea butter) were used as sources of oil or fat for the saponification processes while Moringa oleifera seed oil and leave extract served as sources of antimicrobial agents. Ocimum basilicum also served as source of fragrance as well as antiseptic agent. The oils were mixed at different ratio to obtain soaps with different properties. Physicochemical parameters which include colour, acid value, free fatty acid values, saponification values, hardness, pH, colour and foaming ability of the oil and soaps were determined as applicable. The fatty acids methyl esters of the oils were prepared via transesterification and subjected to GC–MS analysis to obtain the fatty acid composition of the oils. Daniellia oliveri oil contains 57% linolelaidic acid as the major fatty acid, while oleic acid (46%) and lauric acid (44%) were the most prominent in Shea butter and palm kernel oil respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the soaps determined using agar diffusion method indicated that the soaps made from the oil of Daniellia oliveri and Shea butter inhibited the growth Streptococcus aureus, Klebsiella granulomatis and Aspergillus niger. Shea butter soap has the highest activity against Klebsiella granulomatis (42mm), while soaps made from blend of palm kernel oil and Shea butter had highest activity against Aspergillus niger (7.0). The production was highly cost effective when compared to selected commercial soaps. Therefore, the adoption of these natural resources for the preparation of eco-friendly herbal soaps would save the environment of the daily introduction of many hazardous synthetic chemical products whilst also finding utility for non-conventional seed oils and at the same time improving the economic status of the community.

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The objective of this research was to determine the chemical composition of aerial parts extract from methanol. The phytochemical compound screened by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Thirty one bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in the methanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum. The identification of phytochemical compounds is based on the peak area, retention time molecular weight, molecular formula, MS fragment-ions and pharmacological actions. GC-MS and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analyses of O. basilicum revealed the existence of Paromomycin, Stevioside, Campesterol and Ascaridole epoxide, aliphatic fluoro compounds, alcohols, ethers, carboxlic acids, esters, nitro compounds, alkanes, H-bonded H-X group, hydrogen bonded alcohols and phenols. Methanolic extract of bioactive compounds of O. basilicum was assayed for in vitro antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aerogenosa, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia by using the diffusion method in agar. The zone of inhibition was compared with different standard antibiotics. The diameters of inhibition zones ranged from 5.70±0.10 to 0.55±0.29 mm for all treatments. Key words: GC/MS, Bioactive compounds, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Ocimum basilicum.

The Effects of Phytochemical Tannin Containing Diets on Meat Goat Performance and Drug Resistant Haemonchus contortus Control

Haemonchus contortus one of the most pathogenic widely distributed blood sucking nematode of sheep and goats [20, 22]. Adult H. contortus can suck about 0.05 mL of blood/ worm/day [27]. Several highly effective anthelmintic drugs were used for controlling of such worms, however these drugs were no longer be used due to rapid developing of the parasite drug resistance [26]. Developing of new control programs to H. contortusis critical for goat enterprise expansion. One of these control programs is using of the phytochemical bioactive compounds to overcome H. contortus problems. Phytochemical condensed tannins (CT) used efficiently as natural alternative anthelmintics to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), as it safe, eco-friendly and easily applicable feed additives [31].

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Medicinal plants are potential sources of natural compounds with biological activities and therefore attract the attention of researchers worldwide. The objective of this research was to determine the chemical composition of seeds extract from methanol. The phytochemical compound screened by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Fifty six bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in the methanolic extract of Foeniculum vulgare. The identification of phytochemical compounds is based on the peak area, retention time molecular weight, molecular formula, MS Fragment- ions and Pharmacological actions. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of F. vulgare seeds proved the presence of alkenes, aliphatic fluoro compounds, alcohols, ethers, carboxlic acids, esters, nitro compounds, alkanes, hydrogen bonded alcohols and phenols. Key words: Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS), bioactive compounds, Fourier transforminfrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Foeniculum vulgare.

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The main objective of this study was to determine the phytochemical composition from the dried galls of Quercus infectoria, using methanolic extraction and report the main functional components by using infrared (IR) technique. The phytochemical compound screened by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Twelve bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in the methanolic extract of Q. infectoria. The identification of phytochemical compounds is based on the peak area, retention time molecular weight, and molecular formula. GC-MS analysis of Q. infectoria revealed the existence of the Cis-p-mentha -1(7),8-dien-2-ol, 3-Nonynoic acid, Urea, N,N´-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-, 3-Trifluoroacetoxypentadecane, Pterin -6-carboxylic acid, 2,2-Difluoroheptacosanoic acid, y-Sitosterol, Spirost-8-en-11-one, 3-hydroxy-, (3s,5α,14s,20s,22s,25R)-, Curan,16,17-didehydro-,(20xi.)-, 17.alfa.21s-28,30-Bisnorhopane, Ethyl iso-allocholate, Milbemycin B,6,28-anhydro-15-chloro-25-isopropyl-13-dehydro-5-. The Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) analysis of Q. infectoria proved the presence of alkenes, aliphatic fluoro compounds, nitro compounds, alkanes, hydrogen bonded alcohols, and phenols. Key words: Quercus infectoria, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, phytochemicals.

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Phytochemicals are chemical compounds often referred to as secondary metabolites. Twenty eight bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in the methanolic extract of Nigella sativa. The identification of phytochemical compounds is based on the peak area, retention time molecular weight, and molecular formula. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of Nigella sativa revealed the existence of the s-Pinene, D-Glucose, 6-O-α-Dgalactopyranosyl, O-Cymene, DL-Arabinose, Trans-4-methoxy thujane, 2-Propyl-tetrahydropyran-3-ol, Terpinen-4-ol, α- D-Glucopyranoside, O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1.fwdarw.3)-s-D-fruc, Thymoquinone, 2-Isopropylidene-5-methylhex-4-enal, Limonen-6-ol, pivalate, Longifolene, 2-(4-Nitrobutyryl)cyclooctanone, s-Bisabolene, 1,1-Diphenyl-4-phenylthiobut-3-en-1-ol, Phenol, 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethyl, Pyrrolidin-2-one-3s-(propanoic acid, methyl ester),5-methylene-4α, Cholestan-3-ol, 2-methylene-,(3s,5α), l-(+)-Ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester, 1-Heptatriacotanol, 10,13-Eicosadienoic acid, methyl ester, E,E,Z-1,3,12-Nonadecatriene-5,14-diol, 9-Octadecenamide,(Z), 2H-Benzo[f]oxireno[2,3-E]benzofuran-8(9H)-one,9-[2-(dimethylar, Phthalic acid, decyl oct-3-yl ester, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(8-methylnonyl) ester and Stiqmasterol. Key words: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Nigella sativa, phytochemicals.

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Phytochemicals are chemical compounds often referred to as secondary metabolites. Forty four bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in the methanolic leaves extract of Cassia angustifolia. The identification of phytochemical compounds is based on the peak area, retention time molecular weight and molecular formula. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of C. angustifolia revealed the existence of the 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanon, 2-propyl-tetrahydropyran-3-ol, estragole, benzene, 1-ethynyl-4-fluoro-, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, anethole, 7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-2-one,6-methyl-3-(1-methylethyl)-, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, 1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid, E-9-tetradecenoic acid, caryophyllene, cholestan-3-ol,2-methylene-, (3s,5α)-, Benzene, 1-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-4-methyl-, s-curcumene, 7-epi-cis-sesquisabinene hydrate, Cyclohexene, 3-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-6-methylene-,[S-(R*,S*)]-m, octahydrobenzo[b]pyran, 4a-acetoxy-5,5,8a,-trimethyl, dodecanoic acid, 3-hydroxy, tetraacetyl-d-xylonic nitrile, 1-ethenyl 3, trans(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4,cis-methoxycyclohexan-1-ol, phen-1,4-diol,2,3-dimethyl-5-trifluoromethyl, 5-benzofuranacetic acid, 6-ethenyl-2,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3,6-dime, 5-benzofuranacetic acid, 6-ethenyl-2,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3,6-dime, phytol, acetate, desulphosiniqrin, oxiraneundecanoic acid, 3-pentyl-,methyl ester, cis,Phytol, 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, 2-phenyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl ester, butanoic acid, 1a,2,5,5a,6,9,10,10a-octahydro-5,5adihydroxy-4-(h), 9-Octadecenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, (E,E,E) and Diisooctyl phthalate. C. angustifolia was highly active against Aspergillus terreus (6.01±0.27). Key words: Antifungal, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, phytochemicals, Cassia angustifolia.

Phytochemical Evaluation of Withanolide-A in Ashwagandha Roots from Different Climatic Regions of India

A b s t r a c t A r t i c l e I n f o Ashwagandha [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal] is a highly valued medicinal plant in Ayurveda, used either singly or in combination with other herbs. Plants growing under different agro-climatic condition often show qualitative and quantitative variations in their phytoconstituents. In the GC-MS analysis, 24 bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in roots and leaves of Withania somnifera. Present investigation deals with comparison of Ashwagandha plants (WsL, WsK, WsN and WsM) obtained from various regions (Lucknow, Karnataka, Nimuch and Mumbai) of India, for their withanolide-A contents using HPTLC. Methanolic root extracts of WsN showed maximum withanolide-A content (1.3%), WsK being close behind at 1.2% followed by WsM (0.7%); WsL showed minimum withanolide-A content at 0.4% only.

Antibacterial efficiency of the Sudanese Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), a famous beverage from Sudanese folk medicine.

Background:Hibiscus sabdariffa L. is a plant native to tropical Africa and intensively cultivated in Sudan. Its calyces are widely consumed with many uses in Sudanese folk medicine.Materials and Methods:The dried calyces of H. sabdariffa were subjected to soak in 80% v/v methanol to get the methanolic extract, which was tested against five Gram-negative and three Gram-positive referenced bacterial strains using disc diffusion method. Selected bioactive phytochemical compounds were also investigated using qualitative methods.Results:The results of the antibacterial test indicate that the methanol extract of H. sabdariffa calyces contained effective antibacterial agent(s), revealed a considerable zone of inhibition against all tested Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and it was a competitor to gentamicin and greatly higher than penicillin which showed weak or no effect.Conclusion:The results of current investigation support the folk medicine application of this plant against different microbial ailments and suggest it as a promising source for new antibacterial agents.

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Phytochemicals are chemical compounds often referred to as secondary metabolites. Thirty three bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in the methanolic extract of Citrullus colocynthis. The identification of phytochemical compounds is based on the peak area, retention time molecular weight and molecular formula. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of C. colocynthis revealed the existence of the methyl 6-oxoheptanoate, hexanoic acid, 2-isopropyl-2-methyl-5-oxo-, methyl ester, dodecanoic acid, 3-hydroxy, benzofuran,2,3-dihydro, 1,1-Cyclopropanedimethanol, 2-methyl-α-phenyl, 1,1-cyclopropanedimethanol, 2-methyl-α-phenyl, 12,15-octadecadiynoic acid, methyl ester, (5s)pregnane-3,20s-diol, 14α,18α-[4-methyl-3-oxo-(1-oxa-4-azabutan, 3-(N,N-dimethyllaurylammonio)propanesulfonate, 2H-1-benzopyran-3,4-diol,2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3,4dihydro-6-met, 11,13-dihydroxy-tetradec-5-ynoic acid, methyl ester, Cyclopenta[1,3]cyclopropa[1,2]cycloheptan-3(3aH)-one,1,2,3b,6,7, 4-(2,4,4-trimethyl-cyclohexa-1,5-dienyl)-but-3-en-2-one, 1-tetradecanamine,N,N-dimethyl, α-D-glucopyranoside, O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,fwdarw.3)-s-D-fructo, acetamide, N-methyl-N-[4-(3-hydroxypyrrolidinyl)-2-butynyl]-, 9-octadecenamide,(z)-, butyrophenone,2´,3,4´,6´-tetramethyl-, ethyl 5,8,11,14,-eicosatetraenoate, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, 2,3,-dihydroxypropyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)-, 1H-cyclopropa[3,4]benz[1,2-e]ezulene -5,7b,9,9a 476.241018tetrol,1a,1b,4,4a, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, 9,10-Secocholesta -5,7,10(19)-triene-3,24,25,-triol,(3s,5Z,7E)-, 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid,2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)-, triazido-(1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopenta-2,4-dienyl)-german, ethyl iso-allocholate, α-N-Normethadol, Octadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester, phthalic acid , decyl oct-3-yl ester, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid , bis(8-methylnonyl)ester, phthalic acid, di(6-ethyl-3-octyl)ester, y-tocopherol, 1,4-ethanonaphthalene -6,9(4H)-dione,1,4a,5,8a-tetrahydro-4,5,7,10 and vitamin E. Methanolic extract of bioactive compounds of C. colocynthis was assayed for in vitro antibacterial activity against Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aerogenosa, P. mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia by using the diffusion method in agar. The zone of inhibition was compared with different standard antibiotics. The diameters of inhibition zones ranged from 4.91±0.260 to 1.03±0.200 mm for all treatments. Key words: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, phytochemicals, Citrullus colocynthis.

Larvicidal activity and GC–MS analysis of Leucas aspera against Aedes aegypti Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus

The mosquitocidal activity of aqueous, ethanol, methanol, chloroform and petroleum ether plant extracts of Leucas aspera against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus was analyzed. The larval mortality of fourth instar larvae of Ae. aegypti, An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus after 24h and 48h of treatment was observed separately in control 30, 40, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450 and 500ppm concentrations. The plant extracts were screened to identify the phytochemical bioactive compounds. Ae. aegypti was found to be most susceptible than the other species. Based on probit analysis the 24h and 48h methanol extracts of L. aspera showed pronounced larvicidal activity when compared with the other extracts. An LC50 and LC90 value of methanol extracts against Cx. quinquefasciatus was found to be 37.649ppm and 27.855ppm (24h), 79.150ppm and 73.284ppm (48h) respectively. LC50 and LC90 values were 35.624ppm and 20.897ppm (24h), 64.260ppm and 60.096ppm (48h) against Ae. aegypti. The 24h and 48h LC50 and LC90 values of ethanol extracts of L. aspera were found to be 40.877ppm and 34.359ppm, 72.903ppm and 67.355ppm against An. stephensi. The extracts of this plant showed potent larvicidal efficacy and can be considered for further investigation.

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Phytochemicals are chemical compounds formed during the plants normal metabolic processes. These chemicals are often referred to as secondary metabolites. The objective of this research was to determine the chemical composition of leaves extract from methanol. The phytochemical compound screened by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Fifteen bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in the methanolic extract of Urtica dioica. The identification of phytochemical compounds is based on the peak area, retention time molecular weight, molecular formula, mass spectrometry (MS) fragment-ions and pharmacological actions. GC-MS analysis of U. dioica revealed the existence of the Oxime- methoxy-phenyl, 2, 6,-Nonadienal, 3, 7-dimethyl, 1, 2, 3-Butanetriol, Silane, triethyl(2-phenylethoxy), Benzofuran, 2,3,-dihydro, 2,5,5,8a-Tetramethyl-1,2,3,5,6,7,8, 8a-octahydronaphthalen-1-ol, 2H-Indeno[1,2-b]furan-2-one, 3,3a, 4,5,6,7,8, 8b-octahydro-8,8-dimet, 1-Dodecanamine, N, N-dimethyl, 2(3H)-Naphthalenone, 4, 4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-1-methoxy, D-Fructose, diethyl mercaptal, pentaacetate, [1,1-Bicyclopropyl-2-octanoic acid 2hexyl-methyl ester, Estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17B-ol, Cyclopropaneoctanoic acid, 2-[2-pentylcycloproyl)methyl]-methyl, 1-Hydroxy-2-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)-9H-xanthe and Ethyl iso- allochlate. The FTIR analysis of U. dioica leaves proved the presence of aromatic rings, alkenes, aliphatic fluoro, alcohols, ethers, carboxlic acids, esters, nitro compounds, hydrogen bonded alcohols and phenols. It contain chemical constitutions which may be useful for various herbal formulation as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, cardiac tonic and antiasthamatic. Key words: GC-MS analysis, fourier-transform infrared, phytochemicals, Urtica dioica.

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The main objective of this study was to determine the phytochemical composition in the leaves of Coriandrum sativum, using methanolic extraction and report the main functional components by using IR technique. The phytochemical compounds in the extract were then screened by GC-MS method. Seven bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in the methanolic extract of C. sativum: 1,6-octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl, 1,6-octadien-3-ol,3,7-dimethyl, 2-aminobenzoate, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one,1,7,7-trimethyl., geranyl vinyl ether, 9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-3,24,25-triol., ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate and 7aH-cyclopenta[a] cyclopropa[f]cycloundecene. Thirteen bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in the methanolic extract of Melia azedarach. In the present investigation, a variety of compounds have been detected in M. azedarach including trichloromethane, propanedioic acid, diethyl ester, 2-pyrrolidinyl-methylamine, butanedioic acid, diethyl ester, 2-piperidimethanamine, butanedioic acid, hydroxyl-, diethyl ester, 2,5-dimethylhexane-2,5-dihydroperoxide, dithiocarbamate, s-methyl-,n-(2-methyl-3-oxobutyl), triethyl citrate, y-sitosterol, ethyl 9,12,15-octadecatrienoate, hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester, and octadecane, 3-ethyl-5-(2-ethylbutyl). It contains chemical constitutions which may be useful for various herbal formulation as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, cardiac tonic and antiasthamatic. C. sativum is highly active against Aspergillus terreus 6.01 ± 0.200. Bioactive compounds of C. sativum and M. azedarach were assayed for in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aerogenosa, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia using the diffusion method in agar. The zone of inhibition was compared with different standard antibiotics. The diameters of inhibition zones ranged from 5.60 ± 0.320 to 1.96 ± 0.200 mm for all treatments. Key words: Anti-bacterial, antifungal activity, Coriandrum sativum, GC-MS analysis, Melia azedarach, phytochemicals.

GC-MS analysis of bioactive components and biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Hybanthus enneaspermus at room temperature evaluation of their stability and its larvicidal activity.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Hybanthus enneaspermus extract at room temperature that act as a reducing agent as well as capping agent has been investigated. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), zeta potential, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). The silver surface plasmon resonance was observed at 420 nm in the UV-visible spectrum. XRD peaks were observed at 2θ values in 38.20°, 44.40°, 64.60°, and 77.50° which are indexed as (111), (200), (220), and (311) bands of face-centered cubic (fcc) structures of silver. FTIR revealed the AgNPs were capped with plant compounds of alcohol, phenols, carbonyl, amines, and amide functional groups. TEM image shows that the particles were of spherical, hexagonal, and triangular in shape, and the size range was 16-26 nm. Further, DLS exhibits the average size of 25.2 nm and the zeta values were measured (-27.1 mV) which proves the stability of the AgNPs. The conversion of Ag(+) ions into Ag(0) was calculated using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and was found to be 96 %. The biosynthesized AgNPs showed the larvicidal activity with the LC50 values of 17.24 and 13.12 mg/L against the fourth-instar larvae of Anopheles subpictus and Culex quinquefasciatus, respectively. The GC-MS analysis of the plant extract showed that 39 bioactive phytochemical compounds have been found to possess a wide range of activities, which may help in the protection against incurable diseases.

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Medicinal plants are potential sources of natural compounds with biological activities, and therefore attract the attention of researchers worldwide. The objective of this research is to determine the chemical composition of methanolic seed extract. The phytochemical compound screened by spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Sixteen bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in the methanolic extract of Origanum vulgare. The identification of phytochemical compounds is based on the peak area, retention time molecular weight, molecular formula, MS Fragment- ions and pharmacological actions. GC-MS analysis of O. vulgare revealed the existence of the 1,7-Dioxaspiro[5,5]undec-2-ene, 2,4-Dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-39(2H)-furan-3-one, 2,4-Difurobenzene, 1-benzyloxy, α-D-Glucopyranoside, O-α- Glucopyranosyl, 4-Hexenal, 6-hydroxy-4-methyl,dimethyl acetal, acetate, 4H-pyran-4-one,2,3,-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl, Benzofuran, 4-Amino-1,5-pentandioic acid, 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol, d-Mannose, 7-Isopropyl-10-methyl-1-oxo-1,5-dithia-spiro[5,5]undecane-2-carboxy, Phytol, Cis-Vaccenic acid, N-Methyl-Nbenzyltetradecanamine, 3,8,8-Trimethoxy-3-piperidyl-2,2-binaphthalene-1,1,4,4-tetrone, and 17-(1,5-Dimethylhexyl)10,13-dimethyl. The FTIR analysis of O. vulgare seeds proved the presence of alkenes, aliphatic fluoro compounds, alcohols, ethers, carboxlic acids, esters and hydrogen bonded alcohols, phenols. Key words: GC/MS, bioactive compounds, FT-IR, O. vulgare.

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The bioactive compounds were screened by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Twenty one bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in the methanolic extract of Mentha viridis using GC-MS method. The identification of phytochemical compounds is based on the peak area, retention time, molecular weight and molecular formula. GC-MS analysis of M. viridis revealed the existence of the 3,6-Octadecadiynoic acid, methyl ester, 2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone, 4H-pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl, benzofuran, R-Limonene, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, 2-hydroxy-5-methylbenaldehyde, tetra-acetyl-d-xylonic nitrile, Ficusin, Phen-1,4-diol, 2,3-dimethyl-5-trifluoromethyl, n-Hexadecanoic acid, 7-Methyl-Z-tetradecen-1-ol acetate, Ethyl 9,12,15-octadecatrienoate, Methyl 19-methyl-eicosanoate, Ethyl iso-allocholate, and Tocopherol. Five new bioactive chemical compounds 3-(N,N-Dimethyllayrylammonio), 1b,4a-eboxy-2H-cyclopenta [3,4]cyclopropal[8,9] cycloundec, 5H-Cyclopropa[3,4]benz [1,2-e]azulene-5-one, 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-(3,8), 12,16-tetramethyl-hepta deca, and 4H-Cyclopropa[5,6]benz [1,2:7,8] azulene[5,6-b] oxiren-4-one are described and may in future be suitable sources for phytotherapy purposes. Mentha viridis contain chemical constitutions which may be useful for various herbal formulation exhibiting cardiac tonic, analgesic, antiasthamatic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties. Key words: Bioactive compounds, chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, Mentha viridis.

English

The aims of the study were to investigate the presence of phytochemical compounds from the leaves of Rosmarinus oficinalis, using methanolic extraction and report the main functional components by using FT-IR. The phytochemical compound screened by GC-MS method. Seventeen bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in the methanolic extract of R. oficinalis. The identification of phytochemical compounds is based on the peak area, retention time molecular weight, molecular formula, chemical structure, MS Fragment ions and pharmacological actions. GC-MS analysis of Rosmarinus oficinalis revealed the existence of the α-pinene, Camphene, Eucalyptol, 2-Methoxy-4-vinylohenol, 1-Oxaspiro[4,5]deca-3,6-diene,2,6,10,10-tetramethyl, 1-Oxaspiro[4,5] deca-3,6-diene,2,6,10,10-tetramethyl, Neocurdione, Isoaromadendrene epoxide, 1b,4a-Epoxy-2H-cyclopenta[3,4]cyclopropa[8,9] cycloundec., Cis-Vaccenic acid, Phenanthrenol,4b,5,6,7,8,8a,9,10-octahydro-4b,8,8-trimethyl-1, Galanthamine, Dibenz[a,c]cyclohexane,2,4,7-trimethoxy, 2,4a,7-Trihydroxy-1-methyl-8-methyleneqibb-3-ene. 1,10-carboxylic acid, Retinoic acid, 7,8,12-Tri-O-acetyl-3-desoxy-ingol-3-one and 4,6-Androstadien-3β-ol-17-one,acetate. The FTIR analysis of Rosmarinus oficinalis leaves proved the presence of Alkenes, Aliphatic fluoro compounds, Alcohols, Ethers, Carboxlic acids, Esters, Nitro compounds, Alkanes, Aldehydes, Ketones compounds. It contain chemical constitutions which may be useful for various herbal formulation as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, cardiac tonic and antiasthamatic. Key words: FT-IR, GC-MS analysis, Leaves, Methanol, Rosmarinus oficinalis.