Artificial Landscapes Research Articles

Characteristics of plant landscape of traditional academy gardens in Zhejiang.

Ancient Chinese academies tended to have garden environment. Plants were an indispensable element for academy to meet the demands of learning, residence, travel and other functions. Combining reviewing literature with investigation, this paper analyzed plant landscape of traditional academies in Zhejiang from natural landscape, artificial landscape and its culture, in order to restore the real garden environment of traditional academy. Characterized by the fun of nature, ingenuity of artificiality and elegance of culture, plant landscape of traditional academy in Zhejiang created the unique space and culture environment. The design idea of combining education with landscape also had great significance to the construction of modern campus. ［Ch, 3 fig. 1 tab. 26 ref.］

The change of nature and the nature of change in agricultural landscapes: Hydrologic regime shifts modulate ecological transitions

AbstractHydrology in many agricultural landscapes around the world is changing in unprecedented ways due to the development of extensive surface and subsurface drainage systems that optimize productivity. This plumbing of the landscape alters water pathways, timings, and storage, creating new regimes of hydrologic response and driving a chain of environmental changes in sediment dynamics, nutrient cycling, and river ecology. In this work, we nonparametrically quantify the nature of hydrologic change in the Minnesota River Basin, an intensively managed agricultural landscape, and study how this change might modulate ecological transitions. During the growing season when climate effects are shown to be minimal, daily streamflow hydrographs exhibit sharper rising limbs and stronger dependence on the previous‐day precipitation. We also find a changed storage‐discharge relationship and show that the artificial landscape connectivity has most drastically affected the rainfall‐runoff relationship at intermediate quantiles. Considering the whole year, we show that the combined climate and land use change effects reduce the inherent nonlinearity in the dynamics of daily streamflow, perhaps reflecting a more linearized engineered hydrologic system. Using a simplified dynamic interaction model that couples hydrology to river ecology, we demonstrate how the observed hydrologic change and/or the discharge‐driven sediment generation dynamics may have modulated a regime shift in river ecology, namely extirpation of native mussel populations. We posit that such nonparametric analyses and reduced complexity modeling can provide more insight than highly parameterized models and can guide development of vulnerability assessments and integrated watershed management frameworks.

Urbanization dramatically altered the water balances of a paddy field-dominated basin in southern China

Abstract. Rice paddy fields provide important ecosystem services (e.g., food production, water retention, carbon sequestration) to a large population globally. However, these benefits are diminishing as a result of rapid environmental and socioeconomic transformations, characterized by population growth, urbanization, and climate change in many Asian countries. This case study examined the responses of stream flow and watershed water balances to the decline of rice paddy fields due to urbanization in the Qinhuai River basin in southern China, where massive industrialization has occurred during the past 3 decades. We found that stream flow increased by 58 % and evapotranspiration (ET) decreased by 23 % during 1986–2013 as a result of a three-fold increase in urban areas and a reduction of rice paddy fields by 27 %. Both high flows and low flows increased significantly by about 28 % from 2002 to 2013. The increases in stream flow were consistent with the decreases in ET and leaf area index monitored by independent remote sensing MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. Attribution analysis, based on two empirical models, indicated that land-use/land-cover change contributed about 82–108 % of the observed increase in stream flow from 353 ± 287 mm yr−1 during 1986–2002 to 556 ± 145 during 2003–2013. We concluded that the reduction in ET was largely attributed to the conversion of cropland to urban use. The effects of land-use change overwhelmed the effects of regional climate warming and climate variability. Converting traditional rice paddy fields to urban use dramatically altered land surface conditions from an artificial wetland-dominated landscape to an urban land-use- dominated one, and thus was considered an extreme type of contemporary hydrologic disturbance. The ongoing large-scale urbanization of the rice paddy-dominated regions, in humid southern China and East Asia, will likely elevate storm-flow volume, aggravate flood risks, and intensify urban heat island effects. Understanding the connection between land-use/land-cover change and changes in hydrological processes is essential for better management of urbanizing watersheds in the rice paddy-dominated landscape.

Genetic potential of wild birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) seeds collected from different geographical locations regarding to nutrient composition and nutritive value

To investigate the effects of seed origin on the nutrient content and nutritive value of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), seeds of wild birdsfoot trefoil (WBT) communities were collected from plants spontaneously occurring in pasture, rangelands and silvopastoral areas located at four altitudes, two latitudes and eight longitudes ranges of the Black Sea Region, Turkey. The relative feed value (RFV) and metabolizable energy (ME), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K) and condensed tannins (CT) contents, K/(Ca + Mg) and Ca/P ratios of 126 populations from these seeds collected from different locations and grown under the same climatic conditions were determined. Altitude was significantly correlated with the abundance of WBT (r2 = 0.71). The abundance of population (percentage of WBT populations) in the silvopastoral areas (58.4 %) was higher than that in upland (5.6 %), pasture (16.7 %) and rangeland (19.3 %). The ME, RFV and ADF, NDF, P, K and CT contents of populations were not influenced by altitudinal and geographical gradients. There were obvious effects of altitude on Ca and Mg, of latitude on Ca and of longitude on CP, Ca and Mg, and also on Ca/P and K/(Ca + Mg) ratios. This study provided information on genetic potentials of WBT populations in terms of nutritional properties. The results indicated that seeds selected from the populations that have high feed value can be used to improve the studied areas or artificial pasture and agroforest landscapes.

Merging trait-based and individual-based modelling: An animal functional type approach to explore the responses of birds to climatic and land use changes in semi-arid African savannas

Climate change and land use management practices are major drivers of biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems. To understand and predict resulting changes in community structures, individual-based and spatially explicit population models are a useful tool but require detailed data sets for each species. More generic approaches are thus needed. Here we present a trait-based functional type approach to model savanna birds. The aim of our model is to explore the response of different bird functional types to modifications in habitat structure. The functional types are characterized by different traits, in particular body mass, which is related to life-history traits (reproduction and mortality) and spatial scales (home range area and dispersal ability), as well as the use of vegetation structures for foraging and nesting, which is related to habitat quality and suitability. We tested the performance of the functional types in artificial landscapes varying in shrub:grass ratio and clumping intensity of shrub patches. We found that an increase in shrub encroachment and a decrease in habitat quality caused by land use mismanagement and climate change endangered all simulated bird functional types. The strength of this effect was related to the preferred habitat. Furthermore, larger-bodied insectivores and omnivores were more prone to extinction due to shrub encroachment compared to small-bodied species. Insectivorous and omnivorous birds were more sensitive to clumping intensity of shrubs whereas herbivorous and carnivorous birds were most affected by a decreasing amount of grass cover. From an applied point of view, our findings emphasize that policies such as woody plant removal and a reduction in livestock stocking rates to prevent shrub encroachment should prioritize the enlargement of existing grassland patches. Overall, our results show that the combination of an individual-based modelling approach with carefully defined functional types can provide a powerful tool for exploring biodiversity responses to environmental changes. Furthermore, the increasing accumulation of worldwide data sets on species’ core and soft traits (surrogates to determine core traits indirectly) on one side and the refinement of conceptual frameworks for animal functional types on the other side will further improve functional type approaches which consider the sensitivities of multiple species to climate change, habitat loss, and fragmentation.

China’s campaign to create artificial water surfaces in drought-affected regions must consider prevention measures for ecological problems

Many new cities have developed in China in recent years and older cities have expanded substantially. These newly built urban areas incorporate vast expanses of water landscapes for aesthetic purposes and enhance the quality of the living environment. Considering the uneven distribution of water resources in China, concerns have been raised over the impact of creating such large-scale water surfaces on ecosystems of the country's northern arid region. The methods for creating surface water bodies in the arid cities of northern China are examined and the internal driving factors are analyzed. The authors advocate that these cities should exercise caution when creating artificial water landscapes and that such projects must be scientifically sound.

A new artificial oasis landscape dynamics in semi-arid Hongsipu region with decadal agricultural irrigation development in Ning Xia, China

Understanding the ecological mechanisms and processes driving changes in our landscapes is significant for ecological conservation. This work used remote sensing with the extending contingency-based method to quantify the interchange relationship of land use types, and landscape metrics including spatially nuanced difference at patch level to track immigrants’ resettlement impacts at the semi-arid Hongsipu region with decadal agricultural pumping irrigation development in Ning Xia, China. Landsat-TM images acquired in 1989, 1999, 2003, and 2008 were used to study landscape changes in three periods, the earlier development from 1989 to 1999, the middle period in 1999–2003, and final stage in 2003–2008. The results showed the over 50 % landscape area experienced drastic change in each period with heavy immigrants’ perturbations since 1998. The nearly natural landscape with 1:1 area between desert and steppe in 1989 10 years before development, however, became the overwhelming barren landscape with almost 80 % of the study area in 2008, grassland and shrub land almost disappeared respectively, and cultivated land climbed to the third large type from about 2 % in 1989 to more than 16 % in 2008. The landscape became more fragmented, more regular shape with human disturbance spreading from the northwest low mountain and flat basin to the southeast diluvial fan, even high mountain at the end. Although Hongsipu pumping irrigation zone alleviates poor population pressure in the fragile ecological southern mountainous areas of Ningxia, the new artificial oasis creates another possible new ecological risk of the study area. Therefore, besides the economic development, the ecological conservation and restoration measures should be also the primary objectives in order to successful resettlement immigrants.

Effects of the visual landscape factors of an ecological waterscape on acoustic comfort

In an ecological waterscape, acoustic comfort is an important element of the landscape experience; however, there is still a lack of study on the relationships between sounds and landscape factors. In this study, the acoustic comfort influenced by three visual landscape factors was examined based on audiovisual experiments. The results indicate that although landscape factors can influence the acoustic comforts of 11 types of sounds in different ways, the audiovisual matching contexts resulting in higher acoustic comforts are presented regularly. The analysis of the effect of landscape objects suggests that the acoustic comforts of the sounds relating to people’s participation are increased by artificial landscape objects compared with those under the effect of natural landscape objects, whereas natural landscape objects closely match natural sounds, as well as the sounds with music-related and melodic characteristics. In terms of the effect of the distance to water edge, the acoustic comfort score (based on a five-point scale) of children frolic is higher with a closer view of a waterscape, by 1.06, compared to that with a distant view, whereas the distant view continuously increases the evaluation scores of road traffic sound by 0.50 per 10dBA at 30–50dBA compared to those with the closer view. In terms of the effect of the appearance of animals and humans, the coherence between audio and visual environment is: with the appearance of animals, the evaluations of natural sounds are higher compared to those without, whereas with the appearance of humans, the evaluations of the sounds relating to people’s participation are higher compared to those without.

Enhancement of the critical current density by increasing the collective pinning energy in heavy ion irradiated Co-doped BaFe2As2 single crystals

We investigate the effect of heavy ion irradiation (1.4 GeV Pb) on the vortex matter in Ba(Fe0.92Co0.08)2As2 single crystals by superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry. The defects created by the irradiation are discontinuous amorphous tracks, resulting in an effective track density smaller than 25% of the nominal doses. We observe large increases in the critical current density (Jc), ranging from a factor of ∼3 at low magnetic fields to a factor of ∼10 at fields close to 1 T after irradiation with a nominal fluence of BΦ = 3.5 T. From the normalized flux creep rates (S) and the Maley analysis, we determine that the Jc increase can be mainly attributed to a large increment in the pinning energy, from <50 K to ≈500 K, while the glassy exponent μ changes from ∼1.5 to <1. Although the enhancement of Jc is substantial in the entire temperature range and S is strongly suppressed, the artificial pinning landscape induced by the irradiation does not modify significantly the crossover to fast creep in the field-temperature vortex phase diagram.

Watersheds in disordered media

What is the best way to divide a rugged landscape? Since ancient times, watersheds separating adjacent water systems that flow, for example, toward different seas, have been used to delimit boundaries. Interestingly, serious and even tense border disputes between countries have relied on the subtle geometrical properties of these tortuous lines. For instance, slight and even anthropogenic modifications of landscapes can produce large changes in a watershed, and the effects can be highly nonlocal. Although the watershed concept arises naturally in geomorphology, where it plays a fundamental role in water management, landslide, and flood prevention, it also has important applications in seemingly unrelated fields such as image processing and medicine. Despite the far-reaching consequences of the scaling properties on watershed-related hydrological and political issues, it was only recently that a more profound and revealing connection has been disclosed between the concept of watershed and statistical physics of disordered systems. This review initially surveys the origin and definition of a watershed line in a geomorphological framework to subsequently introduce its basic geometrical and physical properties. Results on statistical properties of watersheds obtained from artificial model landscapes generated with long-range correlations are presented and shown to be in good qualitative and quantitative agreement with real landscapes.

Disturbance and climate microrefugia mediate tree range shifts during climate change

Many tree species will shift their distribution as the climate continues to change. To assess species’ range changes, modeling efforts often rely on climatic predictors, sometimes incorporating biotic interactions (e.g. competition or facilitation), but without integrating topographic complexity or the dynamics of disturbance and forest succession. We investigated the role of ‘safe islands’ of establishment (“microrefugia”) in conjunction with disturbance and succession, on mediating range shifts. We simulated eight tree species and multiple disturbances across an artificial landscape designed to highlight variation in topographic complexity. Specifically, we simulated spatially explicit successional changes for a 100-year period of climate warming under different scenarios of disturbance and climate microrefugia. Disturbance regimes play a major role in mediating species range changes. The effects of disturbance range from expediting range contractions for some species to facilitating colonization of new ranges for others. Microrefugia generally had a significant but smaller effect on range changes. The existence of microrefugia could enhance range persistence but implies increased environmental heterogeneity, thereby hampering migration under some disturbance regimes and for species with low dispersal capabilities. Species that gained suitable habitat due to climate change largely depended on the interaction between species life history traits, environmental heterogeneity and disturbance regimes to expand their ranges. Disturbance and microrefugia play a key role in determining forest range shifts during climate change. The study highlights the urgent need of including non-deterministic successional pathways into climate change projections of species distributions.

The dual role of rivers in facilitating or hindering movements of the false heath fritillary butterfly.

BackgroundSpecies movement responses to landscape structures have been studied using a variety of methods, but movement research is still in need of simple methods that help predicting and comparing movements across structurally different landscapes. We demonstrate how habitat-specific movement models can be used to disentangle causes of differentiated movement patterns in structurally different landscapes and to predict movement patterns in altered and artificial landscapes. In our case study, we studied the role of riparian landscapes to the persistence of the endangered false heath fritillary butterfly (Melitaea diamina) in its newly discovered coastal distribution region in Finland. We compared the movement parameters of the riparian population to two reference populations by using capture-recapture data and habitat-specific diffusion modelling, and analysed the role of the river and riverbank buffer zones in facilitating or hindering false heath fritillary movement with movement simulations.ResultsThe riparian population of the false heath fritillary did not show major differences to reference populations in terms of movement parameters within breeding habitat, high-quality matrix and low-quality matrix. However, movement simulations showed that the habitat-specific movement parameters estimated for the false heath fritillary can lead into markedly different movement patterns in structurally different landscapes. An artificial riparian landscape mimicking those of the coastal distribution resulted into more directional, longitudinal movements both parallel and perpendicular to the river than a more mosaic-like landscape, but the existence of the river in the landscape reduced movements across the river.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates how habitat-specific movement models enable comparisons of movement patterns across structurally different real, altered and artificial landscapes. As such, they can be used to compare movement parameters across populations, to study the effects of management interventions to endangered species and to identify areas that have high sensitivity to individual movement. In our case study, the river is shown to perform a dual role for the movements of the riparian false heath fritillary population. Whereas the river acts as a moderate movement barrier for the false heath fritillary, the longitudinal configuration of riverbank habitats provides a means especially for the male false heath fritillaries to move across the landscape.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40462-015-0031-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The Landscape Evolution Observatory: A large-scale controllable infrastructure to study coupled Earth-surface processes

Zero-order drainage basins, and their constituent hillslopes, are the fundamental geomorphic unit comprising much of Earth's uplands. The convergent topography of these landscapes generates spatially variable substrate and moisture content, facilitating biological diversity and influencing how the landscape filters precipitation and sequesters atmospheric carbon dioxide. In light of these significant ecosystem services, refining our understanding of how these functions are affected by landscape evolution, weather variability, and long-term climate change is imperative. In this paper we introduce the Landscape Evolution Observatory (LEO): a large-scale controllable infrastructure consisting of three replicated artificial landscapes (each 330m2 surface area) within the climate-controlled Biosphere 2 facility in Arizona, USA. At LEO, experimental manipulation of rainfall, air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed are possible at unprecedented scale. The Landscape Evolution Observatory was designed as a community resource to advance understanding of how topography, physical and chemical properties of soil, and biological communities coevolve, and how this coevolution affects water, carbon, and energy cycles at multiple spatial scales. With well-defined boundary conditions and an extensive network of sensors and samplers, LEO enables an iterative scientific approach that includes numerical model development and virtual experimentation, physical experimentation, data analysis, and model refinement. We plan to engage the broader scientific community through public dissemination of data from LEO, collaborative experimental design, and community-based model development.

Relationship between the Outdoor and Indoor Landscape of Primary Schools in order to promote the Children Learning (Through a Viewpoint to the Architecture of Traditional Schools of Iran)

Yards of schools and educational environments while having different abilities, are considered as an effective factor in education and learning. But in nowadays schools of Iran, the yards are generally free of educational role, while traditional schools in combination with outdoor space and using the yard have previously had a dynamic function. This research studies on the role of these spaces and manner of their relationships with indoor spaces in traditional and contemporary schools of Iran in addition to the effect of outdoor spaces of school as an effective factor on learning improvement in children. This article has been fulfilled based on a Contents Analysis research methodology, and the data has been collected based on documentary and field studies. The results of the research indicate that outdoor spaces of schools consisting of natural and artificial landscapes will have important role on children training and learning through providing the possibility of active partnership, social partnership, deep understanding and conception, natural growth and readiness, decrease of stress and producing interest and motivation. Also, green spaces facilitate the children’s learning process through providing a suitable location for different domains of education such as: experience of environmental sciences, creativity and presentation of artistic aspects. In this way, we can improve the designing operation for children’s training spaces through putting into operation of the direct (spatial relationship without mediator) and indirect (situation of mediator spaces such as public and private semi-outdoor or public indoor or private spaces) spatial relationships between indoor and outdoor spaces. One of the other factors for improvement of schools efficiency is establishment of different states of relationship such as availability, visual and audio relationships between indoor and outdoor educational spaces.

东莞市人工景观结构与连接度的协整性及因果关系

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 东莞市人工景观结构与连接度的协整性及因果关系 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201311052673 作者: 作者单位: 广州大学地理科学学院,广州大学地理科学学院,广州大学地理科学学院,广州大学地理科学学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家科技支撑计划课题(2012BAH32B03);国家自然科学基金项目(41071078);教育部人文社科规划基金项目(11YJAZH016);住房和城乡建设部科学技术项目(2012-K8-42)资助 Research on the cointegration and causality between urban artificial landscape structure change and landscape connectivity in Dongguan City Author: Affiliation: School of Geographical Sciences,Guangzhou University,School of Geographical Sciences,Guangzhou University,School of Geographical Sciences,Guangzhou University,School of Geographical Sciences,Guangzhou University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:城市人工景观特征逐步向城市外围自然及半自然景观渗透。近年来对快速城市化地区的景观格局特征定量化研究很多,但侧重于景观格局特征的简单分析和描述,忽略了城市空间扩展过程中,城市人工景观结构与景观连接度动态变化过程中之间的内部联系。以东莞市1988-2009年城市人工景观为研究对象,通过计算并分析景观结构与景观连接度指数,利用计量经济学中的协整概念与格兰杰因果检验方法并详细分析了这两类指数之间的具体关系。研究结果表明:(1)所选取的景观结构指数与景观连接度指数能较好地描述东莞市城市人工景观时空格局变化过程;(2)人工景观斑块类型面积(CA)与可能连通性指数(PC)存在协整关系。景观聚集度指数(AI)、蔓延度指数(CONTAG)与景观连通性指数(IIC与PC)也存在协整关系,即这些变量之间确实存在长期均衡关系;(3)格兰杰因果关系检验中,在不同滞后期的情况下,大部分的结果表明景观连接度指数(IIC与PC)是景观结构指数(CA、AI、CONTAG)的格兰杰成因,说明景观连接度指数信息有助于预测景观结构指数的变化。 Abstract:Characteristics of urban artificial landscape have permeated into natural and semi-natural landscapes. Prior studies focused on landscape pattern analysis and description in rapid urbanization areas but neglect the dynamic changes between structures and connectivity of artificial urban landscape and their internal interactions. We measured two landscape indices (landscape structures and landscape connectivity) and presented an integrated approach (the cointegration and causality) to explore the urban expansion of Dongguan, a rapidly growing city in southern China, since 1988 to 2009. Analyses of seven landscape indices indicates a clear dynamic change in the expansion of Donguan. We divided this expansion into four different periods, that is early natural and semi-natural landscapes dominated urban areas in 1988-1990, followed by rapid 'extension' and 'linear development' period through 1990-1999, and then urbanization developed steadily period ('sprawl') during 1999-2005, and the recent 'infilling' stage since 2005-2009 characterized by urban development? The results show that: (1) According to variation characteristics of seven indices, the period is divided into four stages. The first is 1988-1990, in which the natural and semi-natural landscapes such as farmland, woodland were dominant, while urban artificial areas were small and had low density and aggregation. The second period is 1990-1999, in which urban artificial landscape increased rapidly with high density and aggregation. Then, we named the urban land expansion as 'extension' and 'linear development' type. The skeleton of the city gradually formed and the urban artificial landscape was in the dominant position, while natural and semi-natural landscapes such as farmland, woodland were small with low density and aggregation. The third period is 1999-2005. The total area of urban artificial landscape grew steadily and we named the urban land expansion as 'sprawl' type. The last is 2005-2009. Urban artificial landscape grew further and we named the urban land expansion as 'infilling' type. (2) There exist cointegration relationships between class area (CA) and probability index of connectivity (PC), aggregation index (AI), contagion index (CONTAG), and connectivity indices IIC and PC. This indicates that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship among these variables and thereby no internal mechanism would break down the equilibrium of urban system. (3) Granger causality test shows that landscape connectivity indices (IIC and PC) are the Granger Causes of landscape structure indices (CA, AI, CONTAG), which suggests the landscape connectivity indices can be used to predict the change of landscape structures. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

京津唐城市群土地利用变化的区域增温效应模拟

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 京津唐城市群土地利用变化的区域增温效应模拟 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201305191114 作者: 作者单位: 河南大学黄河中下游数字地理技术重点实验室/环境与规划学院,中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,河南大学黄河中下游数字地理技术重点实验室/环境与规划学院,俄克拉荷马大学微生物和植物生物学系空间分析中心 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(41371409,14101504,41171438);国家重点基础研究发展计划(2014CB954302);河南大学青年科研人才种子基金资助 Modeling urban sprawl effects on regional warming in Beijing-Tianjing-Tangshan urban agglomeration Author: Affiliation: Henan University,---,,, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:土地利用变化与大气相互作用,影响区域气候,而城市及其周边地区受人类活动影响很大,成为土地利用变化最为强烈的区域。利用耦合了城市冠层模型的中尺度大气模式(WRF/UCM),在2008年的初始大气条件和边界条件下,用20世纪70年代后期和2008年两期京津唐地区土地利用资料替换WRF/UCM模式推荐的地表覆盖数据,模拟分析不同土地利用类型及其变化对应的气候差异情况。在此过程中,利用插值方法(ANUSPLIN)得到京津唐及其周边26个气象站点观测气温的插值数据,并以此在时空尺度上对比验证了模式的模拟结果。结果表明:WRF/UCM较好地模拟出了近地表2 m的气温,无论在空间上还是在时间上都表现良好;由城市扩展主导的土地利用变化导致研究区大部分区域的增温幅度大于0.05 ℃,且最大的增温区域出现在城市扩展区,可达1.31 ℃。此外本研究初步探讨了土地利用变化的增温贡献率,结果显示研究区土地利用变化导致增温0.08 ℃,整体贡献率为9.88%,城市扩展区增温0.29 ℃,表示出了城市扩展导致的增温贡献率达到32.75%。 Abstract:Land use and land cover change (LUCC) significantly influence regional climate as a critical aspect in the land-atmosphere interaction system. Cities and their surrounding regions tend to experience more intensive LUCC due to the high population and human activities. And the accelerating LUCC and urbanization has become an important factor which affect regional even global temperature change. In some developed countries, the space expansion rate and population growth rate all are low level. However, from the point of view of a long time (decades) and worldwide, the processes of urbanization are sustainably increasing observably. As a developing country, China is undergoing rapid urbanization, which is characterized by not only the extension of urban economy and population but also the expansion of urban land (urban sprawl). Urban sprawl is often presented by the conversion from original natural underlying surface to artificial architectural landscape land. Comparing with some developed countries (such as the United States) which have higher urbanization level but lower urban sprawl rate due to lower population growth rate, China is experiencing an urban sprawl process with high area ratios and magnitudes. The change process will have profound impacts on regional climate, revealed by the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Different land use types have different biophysical characters and processes, the emission of greenhouse gases only is one factor of the climatic change, the differences of surface radiation, energy and kinetic energy will directly or indirectly affect the near-surface energy balance, the local micro-meteorological conditions, the urban canopy layer, the atmospheric boundary layer and atmospheric circulation in urban and suburban areas, and affect the regional temperature changes finally. In this study, WRF/UCM (Weather Research and Forecasting Model/Urban Canopy Model), a meso-scale atmospheric model, which couple with an urban canopy model, was used to simulate the differences of near surface air temperature according to the different underlying surfaces, namely the land use/land cover types of 1970s and 2008 in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region were used to replace the land cover data recommended by WRF itself. All the process were based on the meteorological field of 2008 and the other conditions all were the same. In the process, ANUSPLIN method was used to get interpolation data of observed temperature collected by 26 meteorological stations in the study area and its surrounding area. The study results showed that: WRF/UCM performed well on simulating the air temperature, both in the temporal or spatial scale. Almost all of the land use type transformations presented warming trend because the LUCC was dominant by urban sprawl in the area. And the warming extent over 0.05 ℃ in most of the study area. The largest warming region appeared in the urban expansion regions, up to 1.31 ℃. The entirety warming extent of the study area led by LUCC was 0.08 ℃, indicating that the warming contribution ratio of LUCC was 9.88%. Meanwhile, the warming extent of the urban expansion regions was 0.29 ℃, showing that the warming contribution ratio caused by urban sprawl up to 32.75%. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Modernity and Social Change: Perversion, Commoditization and Closure

Man believes in modernity and technology because he fears death. Man is likely to cling on to anything that will give him comfort, gratification or security in the world; a world in which culture and ritual play distinct and critical functions for human survival. Modernity for man used to be about understanding how the customization of societies and how things ought to come into play. But modernity is the realization of the question of what it means to be alive today? Modernity moves man towards resolution and closure within artificial landscapes designed out of contradictions and consequences. There are clear ambiguities, contradictions and consequences throughout the modern experience. This is discoverable in reality as well as the nonreality of academia, of cultural anthropology, political theory, political science, and computer science

Technogenic landforms: conceptual framework and application to geomorphologic mapping of artificial ground and landscape as transformed by human geological action

ABSTRACTThe shaping of the Earth’s surface by Man’s geological action has produced original landform types, namely technogenic landforms. In this paper we will revise the conceptual framework concerning the geomorphic agency of mankind and introduce a new proposal for classifying these new landforms, which join the existing criteria for the identification of technogenic processes, the analysis of technogenic layers and the characterisation of the resulting newly formed technogenic ground. The proposal itself is enhanced by a taxonomic classification which considers the technogenic landforms as constituent parts of the land shape compartments that, by their way, form extensive technogenic landscapes. The classification was applied to the geomorphologic mapping of two urban areas in Presidente Prudente City (São Paulo State, Brazil) in which technogenic ground occurs. RESUMOA modelagem da superfície da Terra pela ação geológica do Homem tem produzido tipos originais de formas de relevo tecnogênicas. Neste trabalho é revisado o quadro conceitual concernente à ação geomorfológica da humanidade e introduzida uma proposta de classificação dessas novas formas de relevo, segundo os critérios de identificação dos processos tecnogênicos, as análises das camadas tecnogênicas e a caracterização do resultante terreno tecnogênico recém-formado. A proposta referida e desenvolvida por uma abordagem taxonômica que considera as formas de relevo tecnogênicas como partes integrantes de compartimentos de modelado tecnogênico que, por seu lado, formam paisagens tecnogênicas mais amplas. A classificação foi aplicada ao mapeamento geomorfológico de duas áreas urbanas na cidade de Presidente Prudente (Estado de São Paulo, Brasil) onde ocorrem terrenos tecnogênicos.

Mapping and characterizing ecosystem services of social–ecological production landscapes: case study of Noto, Japan

Improving our understanding about ecosystem production, function, and services is central to balancing both conservation and development goals while enhancing human well-being. This study builds a scientific basis for conservation and development planning by exploring the types, abundance, and spatial variation in ecosystem services in the Noto Peninsula of Japan, a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems. Although the Noto Peninsula is recognized as an important social–ecological production landscape, limited quantitative information about ecosystem services is available. This study evaluates and maps ecosystem services and explores their spatial variation using original data obtained through questionnaire surveys and secondary data from literature, statistics, and geographic information systems. The hilly and mountainous geography of the Noto Peninsula and its remoteness from large consumption markets work as constraints for agricultural provisioning services by limiting water resources, labor productivity, and choice of economically viable crops. However, the rich forests, and marine and coastal resources provide various economic opportunities for forest-, fishery-, and livestock-related provisioning services. Geographical conditions such as land use and cover type also play an important role in differentiating the spatial variation of regulating services, a variation that starkly differs to distribution patterns in other areas. Unlike provisioning and regulating services, natural and artificial landscape components including traditional and cultural constructions such as shrines and temples work as an anchor to help people appreciate intangible and tangible cultural services, linking different services to specific locales across the Noto Peninsula.

Current anthropogenic pressures on agro-ecological protected coastal wetlands

Coastal wetlands are areas that suffer from great pressure. Much of it is due to the rapid development of the surrounding artificial landscapes, where socio-economic factors lead to alterations in the nearby environment, affecting the quality of natural and agricultural systems. This work analyses interconnections among landscapes under the hypothesis that urban-artificial impacts could be detected on soils and waters of an agro-ecological protected area, L’Albufera de Valencia Natural Park, located in the vicinity of the City of Valencia, Spain. The methodological framework developed addresses two types of anthropogenic pressure: (1) direct, due to artificialisation of soil covers that cause soil sealing, and (2) indirect, which are related to water flows coming from urban populations through sewage and irrigation systems and which, ultimately, will be identified by the presence of emerging pharmaceutical contaminants in waters of the protected area. For soil sealing, a methodology based on temporal comparison of two digital layers for the years 1991 and 2011, applying Geographical Information Systems and landscapes metrics, was applied. To determine presence of emerging contaminants, 21 water samples within the Natural Park were analysed applying liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the detection of 17 pharmaceutical compounds. Results showed that both processes are present in the Natural Park, with a clear geographical pattern. Soil sealing and presence of pharmaceuticals are more intensive in the northern part of the study area. This is related to population density (detection of pharmaceuticals) and land cover conversion from agricultural and natural surfaces to artificial ones (soil sealing).