Antiurolithiatic Activity Research Articles

Cats with calcium oxalate stones have increased urinary inosine, xanthosine and hypoxanthine when compared to cats with healthy renal function or chronic kidney disease

Objective Evaluate urinary metabolites in cats that formed oxalate stones during life as compared to cats with healthy kidneys or cats with chronic kidney disease. Methods The development and end of life effects of renal disease and calcium oxalate stone formation was evaluated with 42 cats evaluated from one year of age to end of life (21 spayed females and 21 neutered males). Each cat was assigned to one of three groups: calcium oxalate stone forming cats (CaOx, n=12, confirmed by stone analysis), cats with renal disease (RD, n=11) and healthy kidney cats (H, n=19). Their condition was defined during life or at the time of death. Urinary samples were collected throughout life in annual physical exams and at the end of life. Urine was stored at -80 oC until analyzed. Metabolomic analysis was completed by Metabolon (Durham, NC). Statistical analysis was completed on natural log transformed data using group as an independent variable, animal age as a continuous variable, and each cat as a random variable. A statistical cutoff of p<0.05 was used. Results There were 635 analytes measured. There were 297 with different metabolite concentrations when the RD group was compared to the H group (six increased, 291 decreased). There were 202 metabolites with different concentrations when the CaOx group was compared to the H group (10 increased, 192 decreased). There were 55 with different concentrations between the CaOx group and the RD group with all of them being elevated in the CaOx group. Of interest in this group was the elevation of oxalate and a number of the purine family of bases (inosine, hypoxanthine, xanthosine, and urate). Oxalate concentration in the CaOx group was similar to H while inosine and hypoxanthine were elevated as compared to both H and RD groups. Lactate was reduced in the RD cats and unchanged in the CaOx cats when compared to H, resulting in a comparative increase of lactate in the CaOx vs RD groups while pyruvate was unchanged between all groups. Given that oxalate concentration in CaOx group was similar to H, these results indicate that there may be other molecular pathways including those involving purine metabolism that are involved in CaOx stone formation. Multifactorial nutritional strategies may need to be assessed for anti-urolithiatic activity, in addition to lowering oxalate to prevent stone formation. Conclusions The aberrant metabolism and excretion of purines in cats may be a significant component in the formation of calcium oxalate stone formation.

English

The present study was designed to evaluate the antiurolithiatic activity of selected plants extracts (Achyranthes aspera, Lawsonia inermis, Ficus benghalensis, Raphnus sativus and Macrotyloma uniflorum). The methanol extract of selected plants was analysed for in-vitro antiurolithiatic activity using nucleation, aggregation and growth assay of calcium oxalate (CaOX) monohydrate crystals. The nucleation, aggregation and growth of CaOx crystals were significantly inhibited by all selected plant extracts. The highest inhibition of CaOX nucleation was shown by R. sativus (55.21&plusmn;1.9%) followed by M. uniflorum (53.91&plusmn;1.1%) and the least by F. benghalensis (43.63&plusmn;0.8%) at 1.0 mg/mL. The highest inhibition of calcium CaOX aggregation was shown by R. sativus (61.6&plusmn;1.6%) which was very close to Cystone (63.28&plusmn;2.5%). The growth of CaOX was highly inhibited by A. aspera (42.17&plusmn;1.0%) followed by M. uniflorum (40.27&plusmn;1.4%) with lowest inhibition by F. benghalensis (31.44&plusmn;1.4%) as compared to Cystone (43.35 &plusmn;0.9%). The study showed that the selected plants showed the significant antiurolithiatic activity against CaOX crystals, which could be a potential source for the treatment of renal stone disease. Key words: Antiurolithiatic, calcium oxalate, nucleation, aggregation, methanol extracts.

Pharmacological Evaluation of Safoof-e-Pathar Phori- A Polyherbal Unani Formulation for Urolithiasis.

Safoof-e-Pathar phori (SPP) is an Unani poly-herbomineral formulation, which has for a long time been used as a medicine due to its antiurolithiatic activity, as per the Unani Pharmacopoeia. This powder formulation is prepared using six different plant/mineral constituents. In this study, we explored the antiurolithiatic and antioxidant potentials of SPP (at 700 and 1,000 mg/kg) in albino Wistar rats with urolithiasis induced by 0.75% ethylene glycol (EG) and 1% ammonium chloride (AC). Long-term oral toxicity studies were performed according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines for 90 days at an oral dose of 700 mg/kg of SPP. The EG urolithiatic toxicant group had significantly higher levels of urinary calcium, serum creatinine, blood urea, and tissue lipid peroxidation and significantly (p < 0.001 vs control) lower levels of urinary sodium and potassium than the normal control group. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of refractile crystals in the tubular epithelial cell and damage to proximal tubular epithelium in the toxicant group but not in the SPP treatment groups. Treatment of SPP at 700 and 1,000 mg/kg significantly (p < 0.001 vs toxicant) lowered urinary calcium, serum creatinine, blood urea, and lipid peroxidation in urolithiatic rats, 21 days after induction of urolithiasis compared to the toxicant group. A long-term oral toxicity study revealed the normal growth of animals without any significant change in hematological, hepatic, and renal parameters; there was no evidence of abnormal histology of the heart, kidney, liver, spleen, or stomach tissues. These results suggest the usefulness of SPP as an antiurolithiatic and an antioxidant agent, and long-term daily oral consumption of SPP was found to be safe in albino Wistar rats for up to 3 months. Thus, SPP may be safe for clinical use as an antiurolithiatic formulation.

Investigation on antiurolithiatic activity of aqueous extract of Ananas fruit (in-vitro)

Urolithiasis or kidney stone disease is a urologic ailment that has a high prevalence rate worldwide and medicinal plants have been widely used for alternative therapy. In this present study, the antiurolithiatic potential in Ananas nanus (dwarf pineapple) and Ananas comosus (L.) Merr (pineapple) fruit extracts were investigated through in-vitro assays. The fruit is extracted with aqueous distilled water via the decoction method. The antiurolithiatic properties were evaluated by titrimetric and turbidity assay. The results showed that A. nanus 2.5 fold higher (p < 0.05) than A. comosus but no significant difference with standard drug, cystone for titrimetric assay. For turbidity assay, A. nanus has significant antiurolithiatic properties (66.44 ± 3.30%) as compared to A. comosus (15.07 ± 0.59%) but lower than cystone (90.75 ± 6.42%). This might be influenced by the phytochemical contents found in the A. nanus, for instance, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and terpenoids. This finding indicates the potential of A. nanus to be developed into nutraceutical products for urolithiasis in the future.

Intrinsic Evaluation of Antiurolithiatic Capacity of Argemone mexicana L. in Wistar Albino Rats

ABSTRACT The calcium oxalate reduction capacity of Argemone mexicana was demonstrated in vivo in ethylene glycol-induced urolithic rats. A. mexicana leaves extract at 400 and 750 mg kg−1 b.w. demonstrated protection of renal tubes, kidney cells and reduced the levels of serum creatinine and calcium compared to the urolithiasis induced group. Further, A. mexicana restored blood and urine markers to normal before and after treatment in urolithiasis rats and caused the breakdown of calcium oxalate crystals in the urinary tract as observed by microscopy. The A. mexicana extract protected from renal damage and repaired and increased diuresis activity thereby completely excreted calcium oxalate crystals in renal tubes. Analysis of methanolic extract of A. mexicana showed the presence of a 3,4-dihydro-3-hydroxy-7-(7-methyloctyl)naphthalen-2(1 H)-one as the bioactive compound which may be attributed to the antiurolithiatic activity.

Zootherapeutics (Animal-based remedies) for urolithiasis: History, current scenario and future dimensions

Animals like plants are also medicinal agents for the prevention and cure of different health problems all over the world practically in about all human cultures. The concept of zootherapy is very old and has strong evidence of the medicinal use of animal resources. Different animals their body parts and preparations are used in folk medicines. Zootherapy reveals that medical practitioners have always considered animals as a source of surprising and numerous therapeutic effects. A high diversity of animals, their parts and derivative products are used and this is a heritage that could constitute a fundamental step for the discovery and isolation of natural extracts and new and low-cost alternative drugs from animals. About 12% of people in the world are affected by different types of urolithiasis and the recurrence rate in female is 47-60% and in male is 70-80%. According to WHO 75% population rely on traditional medicines for the prevention and cure of different diseases. Hence there is a need to concentrate on all folk natural products effective in urolithiasis for their pharmacological evaluation, isolation of single drug molecule responsible for anti-urolithiatic activity to developed suitable formulations used against urolithiasis.

Evaluation of Efficacy of Cucumis melo in Gentamycin and CPD Induced Urolithiasis on Rats

Evaluation of the efficacy of methanolic extract of Cucumis melo in urolithiasis induced by gentamycin and calculi producing diet on Wistar rats. Gentamycin (40 mg/kg, subcutaneously) and calculi-producing diet (CPD) was fed to induce urolithiasis on Wistar rats. The effect of oral administration of methanolic extract of Cucumis melo seed on calcium oxalate urolithiasis has been studied and is compared with the effect of oral administration of Cystone as standard on Wistar rats. Gentamycin and CPD feeding resulted in hyperoxaluria and calcium oxalate deposition as well as increased renal excretion of calcium and oxalate. Supplementation with methanolic extract of Cucumis melo seed reduced the elevated urinary oxalate, showing a regulatory action on endogenous oxalate synthesis. The results indicate that the seed of Cucumis melo is endowed with antiurolithiatic activity.&#x0D; Keywords: C. melo, Hyperoxaluria, calcium oxalate deposition, cystone, hyperoxaluria, analysis of variance

IN VITRO ANTI-UROLITHIATIC ACTIVITY OF FRESH JUICE OF WHEATGRASS

The objective of this work was to determine the anti-urolithiatic potential of fresh juice of wheatgrass, i.e., Triticum aestivum L. Wheatgrass juice is a rich source of mineral nutrients like iron (Fe), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). The qualitative phytochemical screening of fresh wheatgrass juice showed the presence of amino acids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols and tannins. The in vitro anti-urolithiatic activity was determined using dissolution method and by turbidity method. Crystals of calcium oxalate were prepared and packed in semi-permeable membrane in both methods. Percentage increase in dissolution of calcium oxalate crystals and increase in turbidity was measured, and compared with control (distilled water). Wheatgrass juice exhibited significant anti-urolithiatic activity when compared to the control. The result revealed that wheatgrass juice has potential in the treatment of kidney stone.

Antiurolithiatic Evaluation of α- Mangostin Fraction Isolated from Garcinia mangostana Pericarp through Computational, in vitro and in vivo Approach

Background: The aqueous crude extract of Garcinia mangostana fruit pericarp was already proven to contain antiurolithiatic property. Based on this previous study the current study was focused on analysing the anti-urolithiatic property of α- mangostin, a xanthone polyphenol isolated from the fruit pericarp of G. manostana, which has not been tested for its anti-urolithiatic property till now.&#x0D; Objective: The aim of this present study is to evaluate the anti-urolithiatic property of the isolated α- mangostin from G. mangostana fruit pericarp using in silico, in vitro and in vivo analysis.&#x0D; Study Design: Antiurolithiatic activity of α- mangostin through Molecular docking study à In vitro S.S.M model study à Animal studies.&#x0D; Place and Duration: Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Post Bag No.1, Pennalur, Sriperumbudur Tk, Kancheepuram Dt, TN-602117, India.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: In silico Molecular docking of α- mangostin with Kidney stone forming proteins- Xanthine dehydrogenase (Xdh), Oxalate oxidase and Tamm-Horesefall Protein (THP) were performed using AutoDock 4.0 and was visualised in Discovery studio software. In vitro Simultaneous Static flow Model (S.S.M) was performed to investigate its Antiurolithiatic property against Calcium Oxalate (CaOx) and Calcium Phosphate (CaP) crystals. Based on the in silico and in vitro analysis, the study was extrapolated to Ethylene Glycol (EG) induced urolithiasis rat models. The animal study was performed with 36 Albino Wistar rats which were divided into 6 groups. All group except group I received EG (0.75% in drinking water) for the induction of Urolithiasis for 28 days under curative regimen. Group III was administered orally with Cystone (750 mg/kg) from 15th to 28thday. Group IV to VI was administered orally with GMPE (300 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 750 mg/kg) from 15thto 28th day.&#x0D; Results: Molecular Docking studies showed an inhibitory interaction of α- mangostin with oxalate oxidase, Xdh and THP with binding affinity of -4.47, -4.00 and -3.41 Kcal/mol respectively. S.S.M showed 54.71% inhibition for CaOx crystals and 62.21% inhibition of CaP crystals. The animal studies showed significant results in reduction of serum calcium (P&lt;0.01), serum phosphate (P&lt;0.01), urine calcium(P&lt;0.001) and urine phosphate(P&lt;0.01).&#x0D; Conclusion: Thus, α- mangostin proved to be potent Anti-urolithiatic agent by reducing and disintegrating the urinary crystals.

IN VITRO ANTIUROLITHIATIC ACTIVITY OF MACERATED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF TERMINALIA BELERICA BY USING TURBIDITY METHOD

Objective: To evaluate the anti-urolithiatic activity of macerated aqueous extract of Terminalia belerica by using turbidity method&#x0D; Method: The present study was used to study the inhibitory effect of the Terminalia belerica on urinary stone formation. The aim of study was to examine the In vitro antiurolithiatic activity of macerated aqueous extract of T.belerica was to estimate inhibitory activity of aqueous extract on the formation of urinary stone. Cystone was used as a positive control. Anti urolithiatic study was performed by turbidity method.&#x0D; Result: The percentage inhibition shown by aqueous extract at 20μg/ml was 60% and with almost constant inhibition at 100μg/ml and 200μg/ml ranging between 72% and 80%. The percentage inhibition showed by aqueous extract of Terminalia belerica has significant compared to standard drug.&#x0D; Conclusion: In future this drug can be performed in vitro and clinical study beneficial for people with avoiding adverse effect of modern medicinal drugs

Preliminary phytochemical screening, thin layer chromatography profiling, and in-vitro antiurolithiatic activity of the leaves of Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn.

Urolithiasis, the third most common disorder of the urinary tract is bundled with highly complex and unpredictably varied etiological factors. The undesirable adverse effects with current medications and the recurrence rate pose a major challenge in combating the disorder. Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn. has been used traditionally in treating kidney stone problems. The present study was aimed at investigating the antiurolithiatic activity of different extracts of the leaves of R. madagascariensis. Phytochemical screening carried out on the methanolic, hydromethanolic, and decoction extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, steroids, proteins, flavonoids, and quinones. Thin layer chromatography profiling of all three extracts was established. The turbidity method was carried out to evaluate in-vitro antiurolithiatic activity and the herbal formulation cystone was used as the standard drug. The results of the study showed that the decoction of R. madagascariensis exhibited excellent antiurolithiatic potential with an IC50 value of 188.65 µg/mL in comparison with the methanolic (305.93 µg/mL) and hydromethanolic (306.83 µg/mL) extracts. Thus the findings of the study validate the claims of antiurolithiatic activity of R. madagascariensis that could be attributed to the presence of active phytoconstituents. Further studies are aimed at its formulation and development.

In-vivo Evaluation of Anti-urolithiatic Activity of Different Extracts of Peel and Pulp of Cucumis melo L. in Mice Model of Kidney Stone Formation

In-vivo Evaluation of Anti-urolithiatic Activity of Different Extracts of Peel and Pulp of Cucumis melo L. in Mice Model of Kidney Stone Formation

ANTIUROLITHIATIC ACTIVITY OF NATURAL CONSTITUENTS ISOLATED FROM AERVA LANATA FLOWERS

A well-known traditional herb Aerva lanata, broadly used in India for treatment of different ailments such as urolithiasis. Pashanabheda is used as antiurolithiatic in Ayurveda. In the present study, flowers of A. lanata were selected for isolation of active constituents and screening for in vitro antiurolithiatic potentials, as literature supports that flowers have the highest quantity of natural components when compared with the other parts. Hydroalcoholic (80%-water, 20%-alcohol) extract of A. lanata flowers was prepared and fractionation with different organic solvents.. The two fractions (ethyl acetate and n-butanol) were subjected to isolation of active constituents using column chromatography technique, followed by purification of the isolated constituents by preparative high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC)and then the individual components were characterized by IR spectrophotometery. Finally, in vitro antiurolithiatic activity was screened by nucleation and aggregation assay. In the aggregation assay, gradual decrease in the calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal nucleation as well as growth was observed by light microscopy. The findings of the nucleation assay indicate that phytoconstituents inhibited the crystallization of CaOx in solution. The size and the number of calcium oxalate crystals decreased with increasing concentration of the phytoconstituents. The increasing concentrations of Quercetin and betulin (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 μg/mL) inhibited the CaOx crystal growth. The isolated quercetin and betulin from A. lanata have shown antiurolithiatic effect by significantly reducing the CaOx crystal growth.

Synthesis and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles of Achillea millefolium L. and their activities

Background: Achillea millefolium L. is an herbal aromatic plant of family Asteraceae reported to have various medicinal activities in the literature. The current study evaluated the potential of chitosan nanoparticles of A. millefolium as an effective strategy for targeted treatment of bacterial diseases and urolithiasis. Methods: A. millefolium was collected from Poonch, Jammu and Kashmir, and its inflorescence extracted in water by maceration. Chitosan nanoparticles of A. millefolium (AMCSNPs) were prepared by ionic gelation method using 0.1% chitosan, different concentrations of the cross-linking agent sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP; 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%) and different concentrations of A. millefolium extract (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%). Characterization of AMCSNPs was done using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Antibacterial screening of AMCSNPs was performed by well-diffusion method. Antiurolithiatic screening of AMCSNPs was done by nucleation and aggregation assay. Results: The best chitosan nanoparticles of A. millefolium (AMCSNPs) were obtained with 0.1% chitosan, 1% STPP and 20% A. millefolium. These AMCSNPs showed maximum zone of inhibition of 30±0.5 mm using the well-diffusion method against both Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative) and maximum antiurolithiatic activity with 68% inhibition shown at aggregation stage. Conclusions: The current study suggests that AMCSNPs are an excellent strategy for targeted drug delivery for treatment of bacterial diseases and urolithiasis.

Investigation of potential anti-urolithiatic activity from different types of Musa pseudo-stem extracts in inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization

BackgroundThe banana or scientifically referred to as Musa sp., is one of the most popular fruits all over the world. Almost all parts of a banana tree, including the fruits, stem juice, and flowers are commonly used as traditional medicine for treating diarrhoea (unripe), menorrhagia, diabetes, dysentery, and antiulcerogenic, hypoglycemic, antilithic, hypolipidemic conditions, plus antioxidant actions, inflammation, pains and even snakebites. The study carried out was to evaluate in vitro anti-urolithiatic activity from different types of Musa pseudo-stems.MethodsObserving anti-urolithiathic activity via in vitro nucleation and aggregation assay using a spectrophotometer followed by microscopic observation. A total of 12 methanolic extracts were tested to determine the potential extracts in anti-urolithiasis activities. Cystone was used as a positive control.ResultsThe results manifested an inhibition of nucleation activity (0.11 ± 2.32% to 55.39 ± 1.01%) and an aggregation activity (4.34 ± 0.68% to 58.78 ± 1.81%) at 360 min of incubation time. The highest inhibition percentage in nucleation assay was obtained by the Musa acuminate x balbiciana Colla cv “Awak Legor” methanolic pseudo-stem extract (2D) which was 55.39 ± 1.01%at 60 min of incubation time compared to the cystone at 30.87 ± 0.74%. On the other hand,the Musa acuminate x balbiciana Colla cv “Awak Legor” methanolic bagasse extract (3D) had the highest inhibition percentage in the aggregation assay incubated at 360 min which was obtained at 58.78 ± 1.8%; 5.53% higher than the cystone (53.25%).The microscopic image showed a great reduction in the calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals formation and the size of crystals in 2D and 3D extracts, respectively, as compared to negative control.ConclusionsThe results obtained from this study suggest that the extracts are potential sources of alternative medicine for kidney stones disease.

Antiurolithiatic activity of Berberis asiatica by In vitro calcium oxalate crystallization methods

The primary objective of this research was to investigate the antiurolithiatic effect of the aqueous Heartwood extract of Berberis asiatica (AEBA) on in vitro crystallization methods. The antiurolithiatic behaviour was carried out in the presence and absence of AEBA at the concentration range of 100-1000 μg/ml by employing crystal nucleation, crystal aggregation, and crystal growth assay methods. Standard drug Cystone was made use of positive control in the concentration range of 100-1000 μg/ml. Inhibition efficiency of AEBA on crystal nucleation, crystal aggregation and crystal growth was spectrophotometrically validated. The percentage inhibition rate of crystal nucleation, crystal aggregation and crystal growth by AEBA and standard drug cystone was endorsed to be dose-dependent in nature. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of standard drug cystone on crystal nucleation, crystal aggregation and crystal growth were estimated to be 415.30±21.35, 573.7±65.53 and 566.20±62.06 μg/ml, respectively, while the AEBA, IC50 values were reckoned to be 839±69.13, 927.10±69.98 and 851±86.60 μg/ml, respectively. The findings of in vitro crystallization study disclosed that an aqueous Heartwood extract of Berberis asiatica possesses calcium oxalate crystal inhibition activity on crystal nucleation, crystal aggregation, and crystal growth recommended it as a potent and promising antiurolithiatic activity.

Anti-urolithiatic Activity of Extract of Andrographis paniculata Plant on Calcium Oxalate Crystals: an In vitro Preliminary Study

Lithiasis is an agonizing disease that can be found all around the world. In Sri Lanka, the patients who are suffering from “lithiasis” are increasing gradually yearly. Uses of medicinal herbs as a cure for lithiasis are precious in folk and ayurvedic healing practices. Curing of ureteric calculi is still a challenge for modern medical practices; hence, the medicinal plants have become a hotspot in many disorders including lithiasis to avoid high expenditure and adverse side-effects which cause by the allopathic and western medications. To evaluate the in-vitro anti-urolithiatic activity of Andrographis paniculata plant extract. The methanolic extract prepared by the soxhlet extraction was used to evaluate anti-urolithiatic activity. To identify the chemical constituents, phytochemical analysis was carried out for ethanolic, methanolic, and aqueous extracts following the standard procedures. The titrimetric method was used to evaluate the anti-urolithiatic activity at four different concentrations. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic characterization was done to identify the functional groups present in the extract. Extract of Andrographis paniculata exhibited a greater capability towards the dissolution of calcium oxalate crystals than that of standard drug cystone. A significant correlation has indicated between dissolution percentage and the concentration of the samples at the 0.05 confidence level. Phytochemical analysis that explicated the presence of alkaloid, saponin, tannin, and flavonoid and FTIR spectrum show the peaks for the presence of alkene, amine, aromatic group, phenol, nitro groups, and alcoholic groups. This rudimentary research revealed that the methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata exhibits anti-urolithiatic activity, and it has comparatively high dissolution ability than standard drug cystone.

Anti-Urolithiatic Activity of Filipendula ulmaria Leave Extracts in Male Albino Rats

Filipendula ulmaria L. is a perennial herb that can be found in regions with higher humidity in Asia, and Europe. The herb is used medicinally as drugs for several purposes such as facilitating renal elimination functions and many biological activities. The present study is to investigate the anti-Urolithiatic activity of Filipendula ulmaria leaf extracts. The influence of oral administration of aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic extracts of Filipendula ulmaria leaves on calcium oxalate urolithiasis has been investigated. Nephrolithiasis was induced in the rats by adding ethylene glycol (0.75%) in drinking water for 28 day.Animals were divided into nine groups, each containing six viz. Normal control, and ethylene glycol, cystone,Filipendula ulmaria leave extracts in different doses of 100 and 200mg/kg p.o. The aqueous and methanolic extracts showed significant reduction in the urine parameters compared to ethanolic extracts, whereas the cystone showed more reduction compared to the two extracts. Cystone has higher impact on the serum parameters compared to the extracts, whereas the methanolic and ethanolic extracts had higher activity compared to the aqueous extract. Also the methanolic and ethanolic extracts had higher activity compared to the aqueous extract regarding the kidney parameters. The results revealed that the methanolic and ethanol extracts of Filipendula ulmaria leaves have potent antiurolithiatic activity against ethylene glycol-induced calcium oxalate urolithiasis in male albino rats.

Targeting the antiurolithiatic activity by entrapping the bioactive compounds of Asparagus racemosus in chitosan nanoparticles on ethylene glycol induced renal calculi in Wister albino rats

The objective of our research is to investigate the antiurolithiatic intervention of bioactive compounds of Asparagus racemosus loaded Chitosan nanoparticles (BACARNPs) on ethylene glycol engendered renal calculi in male Wister rats. The efficiency of bioactive compounds of A. racemosus (BACAR) at 800 mg/kg p.o and BACARNPs at 800 mg equivalent weight of BACAR/kg p.o was validated in ethylene glycol 0.75% (v/v) and ammonium chloride 1% (w/v) mediated renal calculi in rats. Cystone (750 mg/kg, p.o.) has been used as a standard drug. Urinary variables comprise calcium, magnesium, oxalate, phosphate, uric acid, creatinine, urine pH, urine volume, and Creatinine clearance; Serum parameters include creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), calcium and uric acid; calcium and oxalate deposition in the kidney were assessed. In vivo antioxidant parameters include lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione were determined and histopathological studies were also examined. In both control groups, a substantial increase in urinary excretion of calcium, oxalate, and their intensification in the kidney; enhanced amounts of phosphate, uric acid, and reduced magnesium levels in urine; elevated serum creatinine, BUN, calcium and uric acid; Creatinine clearance was declined were observed and normalized in treated groups. In vivo antioxidant parameters and histopathological variations reinstated to conventional form. Chitosan serves as a ligand to renal epithelial cells leads to improved agglomeration of BACAR in kidney compared to BACAR administered solitarily results in increased antiurolithiatic activity.

Antiurolithiatic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Piper cubeba Dried Fruits: An in-vitro and in-vivo Study

Introduction: Piper cubeba is a well-known traditional plant used in unani medicine belonging to the Piperaceae family and has been examined for the treatment of urolithiasis produced by calcium oxalate. Methods: Ethanolic extract of Piper cubeba (EEPC) dried fruits was subjected to phytochemical analysis and HPTLC fingerprinting. An in vitro antiurolithiatic analysis took place through conductometric titrations of CaCl2 with Na2C2O4. Acute toxicity studies conducted as per OECD guidelines. Urolithiasis was established in rats by supplementing 28 days with 0.75% ethylene glycol in the ingesting water. Beside ethylene glycol, EEPC (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) was given orally from 15 - 28 days, serum and urine were collected from individual animals and biochemical parameters like BUN, creatinine along with uric acid in serum as well as calcium, oxalate and phosphate in urine the kidney homogenate have been measured on 28th day. Kidney sections have been organized and histopathologically tested for calcium oxalate crystals. Results: Phytochemical analysis of EEPC disclose the presence of phenolics, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and flavonoids and HPTLC fingerprinting shows the presence of 7 terpenoids, 2 flavonoids when scanned at 540nm and 366nm. In vitro studies showed reduction in CaOx crystal aggregation and promoted nucleation after treatment with EEPC. In vivo studies also showed reduction in elevated levels of serum creatinine, BUN, uric acid, and levels of calcium, oxalate and phosphate in urine and kidney homogenate as compared to disease control rats. The results were supported by histopathological studies. Conclusion: The EEPC have shown significant antiurolithiatic activity by reducing calculi.