Abstract
Background: Achillea millefolium L. is an herbal aromatic plant of family Asteraceae reported to have various medicinal activities in the literature. The current study evaluated the potential of chitosan nanoparticles of A. millefolium as an effective strategy for targeted treatment of bacterial diseases and urolithiasis. Methods: A. millefolium was collected from Poonch, Jammu and Kashmir, and its inflorescence extracted in water by maceration. Chitosan nanoparticles of A. millefolium (AMCSNPs) were prepared by ionic gelation method using 0.1% chitosan, different concentrations of the cross-linking agent sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP; 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%) and different concentrations of A. millefolium extract (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%). Characterization of AMCSNPs was done using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Antibacterial screening of AMCSNPs was performed by well-diffusion method. Antiurolithiatic screening of AMCSNPs was done by nucleation and aggregation assay. Results: The best chitosan nanoparticles of A. millefolium (AMCSNPs) were obtained with 0.1% chitosan, 1% STPP and 20% A. millefolium. These AMCSNPs showed maximum zone of inhibition of 30±0.5 mm using the well-diffusion method against both Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative) and maximum antiurolithiatic activity with 68% inhibition shown at aggregation stage. Conclusions: The current study suggests that AMCSNPs are an excellent strategy for targeted drug delivery for treatment of bacterial diseases and urolithiasis.
Highlights
Natural biopolymers are attractive products of living organisms as they serve a number of different applications for human health due to their biodegradability, such as vaccine delivery, drug development, and food preservatives[1]
Synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles of A. millefolium On addition of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) to chitosan solution, an opalescent color was observed, which indicates the formation of CS nanoparticles (CSNPs)
The amount of loaded extract was determined using the standard graph as a decrease in the absorption values of the supernatant of AMCSNPs indicated the loading of extract of the nanoparticles
Summary
Natural biopolymers are attractive products of living organisms as they serve a number of different applications for human health due to their biodegradability, such as vaccine delivery, drug development, and food preservatives[1]. The current study was designed to evaluate the potential of CSNPs of A. millefolium (AMCSNPs) as an effective alternative of targeted drug delivery and treatment of various diseases, including bacterial infections urolithiasis. The current study evaluated the potential of chitosan nanoparticles of A. millefolium as an effective strategy for targeted treatment of bacterial diseases and urolithiasis. Results: The best chitosan nanoparticles of A. millefolium (AMCSNPs) were obtained with 0.1% chitosan, 1% STPP and 20% A. millefolium These AMCSNPs showed maximum zone of inhibition of 30±0.5 mm using the well-diffusion method against both Bacillus subtilis (Grampositive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative) and maximum antiurolithiatic activity with 68% inhibition shown at aggregation stage. Conclusions: The current study suggests that AMCSNPs are an excellent strategy for targeted drug delivery for treatment of bacterial diseases and urolithiasis
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