Water-alcohol Extracts Research Articles

Biotechnological potential of the forest regions of Russia and a feasibility study for integrated processing of forest biotechnological resources

The article presents an overview of the state, structure and main trends in the development of the global and Russian biotechnology market in terms of assessing the prospects for using the forest biotechnological potential of Russian regions (wild berries, mushrooms, medicinal raw materials, logging industry waste). A detailed description of the structure of the world and Russian biotechnological markets is given with a justification of the market segments that are most interesting for products obtained from the processing of forest biotechnological raw materials. The author presents an overview of the most competitive and popular types of products on the market based on the processing of forest biotechnological raw materials (natural plant extracts, freeze-dried powders, essential oils, hydrolates, and others). The article contains an overview of modern technologies for the extraction of plant raw materials (including technologies for water-alcohol extraction, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, ultrasonic extraction, hydrodynamic extraction, steam distillation, vacuum circulating extraction, and others), and also provides a feasibility study for the integrated processing of forest biotechnological resources and logging waste (green mass of coniferous woody plants), involving the choice of the most effective technologies for processing specific types of biotechnological raw materials. The review of technologies was made by the author based on the analysis of scientific articles and publications, as well as on the basis of the author's experience in the development and support of the implementation of investment projects in the field of forest biotechnologies.

The study of herbs extracts composition in the drying process

Medicinal and flavoring herbs are widely used in herbal medicine. Various methods are used to study plants, evaluate the efficiency of extraction of biologically active target components. The process control is carried out by chromatographic, spectral methods. The search for new fast, affordable, simple methods of analysis is currently relevant. The dry droplet weighing method of the extract was proposed as an alternative to the known methods. The analysis of flavoring herb parsley extracts by four methods (spectrophotometry, refractometry, thin layer chromatography and direct dry drop weighing) was carried out. The objects of study were fresh protected ground parsley and the Indana brand dried parsley. Fresh parsley was dried and the change in the chemical composition of water-alcohol extracts was monitored for 16 days. Compounds in the extracts were identified by differential spectra. It was found out that the amount of substances extracted from the flavoring herb was greater than in the dry sample after 12 days of drying. The composition of the mobile phase for thin layer fast chromatography was selected. The best separation of chlorophylls from related substances occurs at a volume ratio of toluene and ethyl alcohol of 5:5 and 6:4. The sensitivity of the refractometry method does not allow determining the difference in the composition of fresh parsley extracts. Using the method of direct piezoquartz microweighing, it was proved that with an increase in the drying time of parsley, the number of compounds in a dry drop of the extract increases. The most sensitive method i.e. piezoquartz microweighing, the MCNano-WPQ-8 device can be used in non-laboratory conditions for express monitoring of plant materials drying in small manufactures. it is simpler, cheaper, more compact and more sensitive than other devices. The device and approach were tested on various types of phyto raw materials.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ СУММЫ ФЛАВОНОИДНЫХ ГЛИКОЗИДОВ В ЛИСТЬЯХ ГИНКГО ДВУЛОПАСТНОГО (GINKGO BILOBA L.)

It is known that preparations of plant origin occupy a special place and are characterized by a unique chemical composition, a wide spectrum of action, effectiveness in prolonged use, lack of toxicity and side effects, availability according to the criteria of resource supply and renewable. The issue of the phytochemical study of medicinal vegetal raw materials and the production of a complex of biologically active substances from it for further introduction into pharmaceutical practice remains relevant. From these positions, the Ginkgo biloba L. plant is of scientific interest as the richest source of biologically active compounds that have a polyfunctional effect on the body. The Ginkgo biloba L. relict plant is a promising raw material for use in phytotherapy. Most biologically active substances are concentrated in leaves. Unique chemical composition of Ginkgo leaves determines a wide range of its pharmacological and physiological properties. Bioflavonoids are known among biologically active Ginkgo bioflavonoids – quercetin, isoramnetin, kempferol, flavonoid glycosides – ginkgetin, bilobetin, myricetin, triterpene lactones gingcolide and bilobalide, organic acids, amino acids (thymine, asparagine), essential oils. However, information on the quantitative content of biologically active compounds in Ginkgo leaves is not enough. In this regard, it is of scientific interest to study the sum of flavonoids in the extract of dried leaves of the Ginkgo biloba L. plant. The purpose of this work was to quantify the content of the sum of flavonoid glycosides in the dried leaves of Ginkgo biloba L., which grows in the Krasnodar Territory Russian Federation. To identify the content of flavonoids in water-alcohol extracts (with a different ratio of water to ethyl alcohol) of Ginkgo biloba leaves, a method was used to quantify the sum of flavonoid glycosides in plant raw materials. In the course of the study, in order to establish optimal (technological) conditions for the quantitative determination (quantitative identification) of the sum of flavonoids in the Ginkgo biloba L. raw material, a series of experiments were carried out to extract air-dried, ground leaves of this plant with ethyl alcohol (an aqueous solution of ethyl alcohol), as an extractant of various concentrations. In the course of comparative analysis of the sum of flavonoids extracted from Ginkgo biloba leaves in water-alcohol extracts with different concentration of ethyl alcohol (40 %, 60 %, 70 % and 80 % solutions), it was revealed that the highest yield of the sum of flavonoids is observed under the action of extractant – 60 % aqueous ethanol solution. The obtained experimental data of the flavonoid composition indicate a significant content of flavonoids in the leaves of Ginkgo biloba, which determines a wide range of physiological and pharmacological activity of the plant. The studied plant source is a promising raw material for further development of new effective dosage forms. Ginkgo biloba L. plant is a depot of valuable biologically active components, which is the basis for further studies on the identification of other biologically active substances and the subsequent assessment of their physiological and pharmacological activity with the aim of developing new phytodetic agents based on it.

Хомич Г. П., Левченко Ю. В., Чоні І. В. КОМПЛЕКСНА ПЕРЕРОБКА ВИНОГРАДУ З ОТРИМАННЯМ АЛКОГОЛЬНИХ І БЕЗАЛКОГОЛЬНИХ НАПОЇВ

The article is devoted to the complex processing of raw materials, the use of secondary products after the processing of Moldova grapes as a source of biologically active substances in the technology of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. The aim of the research. the processing of grapes to obtain alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages using grape juice and hydroalcoholic extracts from grape pomace. Research methods – organoleptic, physical, chemical methods for determining the quality of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products. Results. An analysis of the quality indicators of grapes, juice and pomace was carried out and their rich chemical composition was confirmed, and the presence of a significant content of phenolic and coloring compounds makes it possible to use the products of its processing as a natural antioxidant. To obtain juice, the method of direct extraction was used as the most rational in the conditions of the restaurant industry. The expediency of using the extraction process with a 50 % water-alcohol solution of pomace from grapes has been established. A technology for carrying out the extraction process is proposed and the quality indicators of the obtained extract are determined. The directions of using grape juice in the technology of blended juices and soft drinks, water-alcohol extract from pomace in the technology of low-alcohol drinks are considered. It is shown that the drinks have a balanced sweet-sour taste, pleasant aroma with light refreshing tones, increased nutritional and biological value, which indicates the possibility of using grape juices and water-alcohol extracts from pomace in the composition of drinks. Conclusions. The expediency of introducing complex processing of Moldova grapes in the technology of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages is proved.

Разработка методики количественного определения суммы флавоноидов в полыни метельчатой траве

Plants of the genus Artemisia have a rich complex of biologically active compounds, among which essential oils, sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, and acetylenic compounds predominate. Particular attention is drawn to Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit. Due to a wide range of therapeutic activity, wormwood paniculata is used as a choleretic, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory agent. Flavonoids are one of the leading groups of biologically active compounds (BAS) in water and water-alcohol extracts from the aerial part of Artemisia scoparia. These compounds have powerful hepatoprotective, choleretic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral effects. Objective: development of a method for quantitative determination of the amount of flavonoids in the herb Artemisia scoparia. Materials and methods. The object of the study was Artemisia scoparia herb, collected in the flowering phase in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden in 2016-2020. Quantitative determination of the amount of flavonoids in raw materials was carried out by UV spectroscopy. Results. It has been established that the differential spectrum of the complex compound of the studied extract with aluminum chloride does not differ in terms of the position of the light absorption maximum (410 nm) from the differential spectrum of the complex of rutin with aluminum ions. The content of total flavonoids in terms of rutin in Artemisia scoparia herb was 1.95% ± 0.05. Conclusion. A method has been developed for the quantitative determination of the amount of flavonoids in the raw material of Artemisia scoparia by UV spectrophotometry in terms of rutin.

Substantiation of technological parameters of the oil extract obtained from Urtica dioica roots based on the yield determination of phytosterols using capillary gas chromatography method

Due to the content of phytosterols, extractive preparations of Urtica dioica roots are able to show antiandrogenic effect in the case of external therapy of men and women with androgenic alopecia. Oil extracts (OE) are characterized by several advantages when applied to the skin of the scalp compared to water-alcohol extracts. For the development of OE technology from Urtica dioica roots, it is important to choose the optimal extraction parameters, which are based on the quantitative determination of phytosterols in the extractant and the studied samples of extracts.
 The aim of the work is to choose the optimal parameters for obtaining OE from Urtica dioica roots based on quantitative determination of phytosterols content in experimental samples of OE by gas capillary chromatography.
 Materials and methods. Objects of the research – Urtica dioica root, refined corn oil, refined sunflower oil, samples of oil extracts. Determination of phytosterol content in experimental samples was carried out by gas capillary chromatography (chromatograph “Crystal 2000”, manufacturer – research and production company “Analytics”).
 Results. 5 different compounds of steroid structure (stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, etc.) were identified in sunflower oil by gas liquid chromatography, and 10 (campesterol, 2-α stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, Δ5-avenosterol, etc.) were identified in sunflower oil. The quantitative content of β-sitosterol in the sum of sterols of corn oil was significantly higher compared to the content of this substance in sunflower oil and amounted to 59.33 %. Optimal technological parameters were established considering the peculiarities of extraction with oil extractant and quantitative determination of the amount of phytosterols and β-sitosterol in experimental samples of OE. The total content of plant sterols in OE, including considering their amount in the extractant, was in the range of 7880 mg/kg; the amount of β-sitosterol was 4638 mg/kg.
 Conclusion. The choice of optimal parameters for obtaining OE from UDR based on determination of phytosterol yield by gas capillary chromatography was experimentally substantiated, namely: extractant – corn oil, raw material-extract ratio – 1: 5, extraction time – 6 h, extraction method – maceration

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF FLAVONOIDS DURING DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIDIABETIC EXTRACT

During development of antidiabetic extract in blueberry shoots (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), ginseng leaves (Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.) and water-alcohol extraction from this plant material the flavonoid content is studied because this group of biologically active substances has hypoglycemic effect. Qualitative reactions for different groups of flavonoids has confirmed their presence in blueberry shoots and ginseng leaves. In addition, qualitative analysis of water-alcohol extraction on their base using spectrophotometry has also showed presence of this group of biologically active substances. Along with that, quantitative content of flavonoids has been detected using differential spectrophotometry in blueberry shoots, ginseng leaves and water-alcohol extraction on their base.

INVESTIGATION OF CONTENT OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVITY COMPOUNDS OF AERIAL PART OF CHENOPODIUM ALBUM L. PLANTING IN REPUBLIC BURYATIA

Abstract: In present study, the results are researching the chemical compounds of the aerial part of Chenopodium album L. growing on the territory the Republic of Buryatia. A study was conducted the qualitative composition and quantitative content of flavonoids in the flowering stage of vegetation of, the quantitative content of ascorbic acid, and the amount of phytoecdysteroids in three vegetation period: the vegetation stage, the flowering stage, the fruiting stage for the major component of 20-hydroxyecdysone. The qualitative composition of flavonoids Ch. album is the major component quercetin. Because quantitative content of flavonoids is making in terms of quercetin. The results of quantitative content are: in water extraction - 3.38%; in water-alcohol extraction: 5.18% - 40%, 5.28 - 70%, 4.44 - 95% in terms of absolutely dry raw materials, confidence interval 0.5. The greatest content of flavonoids is extracted with ethyl alcohol 70%. Content of ascorbic acid in the aerial part Ch. album was 23.87 mg per 100g., confidence interval 0.8. The content of 20-hydroxyectizone is equal to 28 mg/g – the vegetation stage, 18 mg/g – flowering stage, 32 mg/g – fruiting stage. The greatest content of 20-hydroxyectizone were at the period of fruiting. For the first time, investigated the content of ascorbic acid and of 20-hydroxyecdysone Ch. album from Buryatia.

Effects of Onopordum acanthium L., seeds extracts on serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and angiotensin-converting enzyme in hyperlipidemic and diabetic rats

This study was designed to evaluate the role of local Onopordum acanthium L. (cotton thistle) seed extracts (200mg/kg) in diabetic and hyperlipidemic rats with the histopathological examination of liver, kidney and spleen tissues. Ninety adult male rats were randomly divided into nine equal groups. The first group was used as a control fed on a standard diet; the second group was treated with water extract and the third group was treated with the ethanolic extract. The fourth group was injected with streptozotocin (40mg/kg) as a diabetic group, while in the fifth group, diabetic rats were treated with water extract and in the sixth group, diabetic rats were treated with the alcoholic extract. The seventh group was fed on high cholesterol diet (hyperlipidemic group). In the eighth and ninth groups, hyperlipidemic rats were treated with water extract and alcoholic extracts, respectively. The fasting blood glucose (FBS), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), lipid profile, liver and renal function parameters, CRP, WBCs, hematological parameters and body weight were almost improved when diabetic and hyperlipidemic rats were treated with water extract and ethanol extract. Histopathological changes in the liver, kidney and spleen in diabetic groups were improved in groups treated with both extracts. Conclusion: from the results of this study, it can be reported that extracts of local cotton thistle seeds (mostly water extract) were effective in controlling abnormal parameters and histopathological changes in diabetic and hyperlipidemic rats.

Optimization of Extraction Process of Methyl Eugenol and Asarinin in Asarum with Deep Eutectic Solvent Based on the Response Surface Methodology

To explore a green and efficient extraction technology for the extraction of active ingredients of Asarum, the deep eutectic solvent combined with ultrasonic was applied to compare the extraction efficiency of 10 kinds of deep eutectic solvents, taking the extraction rate of methyl eugenol and asarinin as indices. Single-factor experiments were adopted to investigate the influence of molar ratio, liquid-to-solid ratio, eddy time, ultrasonic time, and temperature of the deep eutectic solvent on the extraction rate of methyl eugenol and asarinin. Based on single-factor experiments, the surface response methodology was used to optimize the extraction process conditions. The results showed that the optimum extracting process conditions of methyl eugenol and asarinin in Asarum consisted of a ratio of choline chloride to glycerol of 1 : 3, a DES volume of 2 mL, an ultrasonic temperature of 60°C, an ultrasonic time of 30 min, and a vortex oscillation of 7 min. Under the optimum extracting process conditions, the contents of methyl eugenol and asarinin were 1.9428 mg/g and 0.9989 mg/g, respectively, and the comprehensive index was 2.3280 (RSD of 1.91%). The results were close to the predicted values of the response surface model, demonstrating the applicability of the model. The extraction rate of methyl eugenol and asarinin in Asarum by this method was higher than that of water extraction and alcohol extraction, which fully indicated the high efficiency of ultrasonic-assisted green deep eutectic solvent extraction technology. The results provide data support for further development and utilization of Asarum.

ANTIRADICAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTIVES FROM THE ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM L. OF THE SIBERIAN REGION

In model reactions with a free stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, the antiradical properties of extractives of common yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) growing in the Krasnoyarsk Territory were studied: water-alcohol extracts with an alcohol content of 20, 40 and 70% and essential oil. Whole essential oil is obtained by exhaustive hydro-steam distillation for 11 hours. In addition, separate oil fractions were obtained: the first after 20 minutes from the start of distillation, the second after the next 50 minutes, the third after the next 180 minutes, and the fourth after the next 360 minutes.
 The results of the DPPH test showed that ARA is minimal for alcohol-soluble substances and increases for aqueous-alcoholic extracts from 20.3% in the case of a 20% extract to 21.8% for a 70% aqueous-alcoholic extract. ARA of the obtained samples of essential oil surpasses the ARA values of aqueous, alcoholic and aqueous-alcoholic extracts. It was found that the APA value for 1 fraction of oil is 29.7% and increases with the transition to subsequent fractions to 54.3%. Whole Yarrow essential oil has an ARA value of 52.8%.
 According to the ARA value, the extractives of yarrow can be arranged in the following row: whole essential oils> 70% aqueous-alcoholic extract> 40% extract> 20% extract> aqueous extract> 96% alcoholic extract.

Effect of <i>Thymus marschallianus</i> extract on lipid peroxidation processes <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> experiments

BACKGROUND: Currently, fundamental and experimental data confirming the role of free radicals in physiological and pathological processes have been accumulated. The literature describes conflicting information about the effect of antioxidants on the organism: they are able to protect not only normal cells from the alterative effect of free radicals, but also tumor cells, thereby supporting the survival and growth of the latter. Therefore, the study of the effect of Thymus marchallianus extract on the processes of lipoperoxidation in vivo against the background of the tumor process is relevant.
 AIM: To study the effect of Thymus marchallianus extract on the quantity of lipid peroxidation intermediates in the blood plasma of mongrel white rats with liver cancer PC-1 and compare with in vivo antioxidant activity.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The object of research was the dried Thymus marchallianus grass. Water and alcohol extracts were used in the experiment. Fifteen male white mongrel rats with a tumor were included in the experiment: the first group was intact, the second group received the water extract of Thymus marchallianus, and the third group received the alcohol extract of Thymus marchallianus. The activity of lipoperoxidation processes was evaluated, the content of intermediate lipid peroxidation intermediates malon dialdehyde, lipid hydroperoxides and medium-mass molecules in the blood plasma of experimental rats were estimated by means of conventional spectrophotometric methods. Determination of the antioxidant activity of the infusion and alcohol extraction in the in vitro experiment was carried out by the titrimetric method.
 RESULTS: In the control groups and the group of animals that received intraperitoneal water and alcohol extracts of Thymus marchallianus, increase in the intermediate products of lipid peroxidation was not revealed. The amount of malon dialdehyde, lipid hydroperoxides and medium-mass molecules in the blood plasma of experimental rats did not differ significantly from the level of similar indicators of intact animals. In the in vitro experiment, water and alcohol extracts from raw Thymus marchallianus showed antioxidant activity.
 CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, the experiment was conducted to study the effect of water and water-alcohol extracts of Thymus marchallianus on lipoperoxidation processes in mongrel white rats with alveolar liver cancer PC-1. The activity of formation of intermediate products of lipid peroxidation did not change, since their content in the blood plasma of experimental animals did not differ from the level of similar indicators of intact animals. In vitro the infusion and alcohol extract demonstrated antioxidant activity.

ANTIRADICAL ACTIVITY OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL AND WATER-ALCOHOL EXTRACTS OF ORIGANUM VUL-GARE L., GROWING IN THE KRASNOYARSK TERRITORY

The antiradical properties of essential oil and water-alcohol extracts of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), which grows in the Krasnoyarsk territory, were studied in model reactions with a free stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical. Essential oil is obtained by exhaustive hydro-distillation. Separate fractions of oil: first 10 minutes from the start of the distillation, the second – after 20 min, the third after 40 min, and the fourth in 80 minutes, a fifth fraction was collected after the end of hydroponically. The results of the DPPH test showed that all the studied samples of essential oil exhibit anti-radical activity (ARA), the values of which increase from 30.4% (the first fraction) to 51.0% (the fifth). The ARA of O. vulgare whole oil was 36.1%. The ARA values of O. vulgare water-alcohol extracts vary from 56.6 to 100% depending on the alcohol concentration and the volume of the added extract. The highest anti-radical activity is 70% extract, and the lowest – 96%. According to the ARA value, the studied extracts and essential oil are O. vulgare, which grows in the Siberian region, can be arranged in the following order: 70% water-alcohol extract > 40% extract > 20% extract > water extract > 96% alcohol extract > essential oil.

INVESTIGATION OF CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN WASTE OF JUICE PRODUCTION OF BLUEBERRIES AND BLACK CURRANTS

This article examines the chemical characteristics contained in the waste of juice production of black currants and blueberries. the influence of antioxidant substances on the human body is considered. The aim of the article is to study the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of freshly frozen blueberries and black currants, fresh juice of blueberries and black currants, raw and dried pomace of the studied berries, which underwent short-term heat treatment, water extracts and concentrated water extracts of these berries, as well as the subsequent comparison of the values of all data. We demonstrate methods for determining the total content of phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, total anthocyanins, FRAP method (method for determining antiradical activity), a method for evaluating antioxidant properties using a model system of linoleic acid, as well as a method for determining the restoring force. Studies were carried out on water-alcohol extracts obtained at atmospheric pressure and temperature of 37 °C. The results of the study show that dried blueberries, compared with other objects studied as blueberries and blackcurrants, have the maximum values of all chemical characteristics, which is the best option for human health.

DETERMINATION OF SOME PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN THE EXTRACT FROM THE HERB OF INULA BRITANNICA L BY HPLC

Phenolic compounds are an extensive group of biologically active substances, characterized by a wide range of pharmacological activity. As you know, the chemical composition of plant objects is diverse, but it is in the aboveground part that phenolic compounds predominate. Of particular interest are flavonoids and phenylpropanoids. The identification of compounds of these groups was carried out by HPLC analysis in the grass of inula britannica collected in the Volgograd region. The paper presents chromatograms of water-alcohol extracts with ultraviolet and fluorescent detections, the presence of some hydroxycinnamic acids, namely chlorogenic, caffeic and ferulic acids, as well as luteolin-7-o-glucoside and quercetin from the group of flavonoids.

Anti-Oxidative Activity of Alcohol-Water Extracts from Field Horsetail (Equisteum arvense) in Elastomer Vulcanizates Subjected to Accelerated Aging Processes.

The article aimed to highlight the antioxidant potential of natural extracts obtained from Equisteum arvense in elastomer vulcanizatec made of natural rubber. Horsetail extracts were prepared using four solvent systems at different volume ratios: methanol–water (50/50 and 70/30) and ethanol–water (50/50 and 70/30), which were then lyophilized and added to the polymer matrix. A deep characterization of the obtained bio-additives was performed. The obtained vulcanizates were subjected to various aging processes: thermo-oxidative, ultraviolet and solar. Then, the resistance and susceptibility of vulcanizates to selected processes of accelerated, simulated degradation were determined based on the changes in the spatial structure (network nodes), material strength and physical properties (color). The research showed the presence of polyphenols in the extracts of horsetail, which resulted in their high anti-oxidative activity. Moreover, the extracts were able to absorb UV radiation. As a consequence, they were active additives that protected rubber vulcanizates against the damaging effects of the aging processes, securing their functional properties. Samples containing natural extracts were characterized by better stability of: mechanical strength parameters, the increase in cross-linking density and color changes after simulating aging processes in comparison with the control sample.

Effects of lingonberry extract on the antioxidant capacity of meat paste

Introduction. Modern meat scientists are currently interested in combining meat raw materials with plant ingredients to enrich products with biologically active substances of natural origin, including antioxidants. In this regard, we studied the antioxidant capacity of a dry lingonberry marc extract introduced into meat paste and analyzed its effects on the product’s color and stability during storage. Study objects and methods. Our objects of study were a dry lingonberry marc extract originating in the Republic of Buryatia, forcemeat, and a ready-made paste in a casing. The extract was obtained by water-alcohol extraction using microwave irradiation. We investigated the physicochemical characteristics of the dry extract, including its contents of phenolic compounds, benzoic acid, and antioxidants. Results and discussion. During the experiment, we analyzed the extract’s effect on the paste’s total antioxidant capacity, coloring, and shelf life. The results showed that increasing the extract’s amount from 0.1% to 0.4% changed the color of the paste from gray-brown to purple-brown, respectively, due to anthocyanins. In further tests, we used a 0.2% concentration of lingonberry extract – the optimal amount that retained the usual brown color of the paste while increasing the content of antioxidant substances. Then, we analyzed the degree of fat oxidation in the paste samples made with and without sodium lactate during storage. According to the results, the lingonberry marc extract used without the acidity regulator and with it inhibited lipid oxidation by 12.7% and 20%, respectively, by neutralizing free radicals. Finally, we tested the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the end products. We detected no E. coli bacteria in the samples and found an inhibited growth of mesophilic anaerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms due to the extract’s bactericidal effect established in Our earlier studies. Conclusion. Thus, our results indicated that the dry lingonberry marc extract introduced into meat paste increased the product’s total antioxidant capacity and improved its stability during storage.

RENOPROTECTIVE ACTION OF PHYTOTHERAPY IN EXPERIMENTAL METABOLIC SYNDROME

Purpose. To determine the efficacy of the therapeutic and prophylactic effect of two phytopreparations on the kidneys of rats with the metabolic syndrome. Material and methods. We used the “Grape” extract (water-alcohol extract from the grape squeeze) and the extract “Oak” containing phenolic substances from oak. The experiments were performed on rats that reproduced metabolic syndrome (MS) by keeping rats on a high-fat diet, while reproducing intestinal dysbiosis and immunodeficiency (due to the introduction of cytostatics). The “Grape” extract was administered with food, and the “Oak” extract with drinking water, both at a dose of 50 mg of dry matter per kg of live weight. Herbal preparations were administered daily for 40 days. The activity of elastase, urease, lysozyme and ALT was determined in the blood serum. In the homogenate of the kidneys, the activity of elastase, urease, lysozyme, catalase and the content of MDA were determined. The antioxidant-prooxidant API index was calculated by the ratio of catalase activity and MDA content, and the degree of dysbiosis was calculated by the ratio of the relative activities of urease and lysozyme. Results. It has been shown that in rats with MS in the kidneys, the activity of elastase, urease, the content of MDA and the degree of dysbiosis increase with a decrease in the activity of lysozyme, catalase and the API index. In the blood serum of rats with MS, the activity of elastase, urease, ALT increases and the activity of lysozyme decreases. Phytopreparations decreased elastase, urease activity, MDA content and the degree of dysbiosis, but increased lysozyme activity, catalase and the API index; these effects were more pronounced in the Oak extract. Conclusions. In kidney under MS, an inflammatory-dystrophic process develops due to systemic inflammation and bacteremia. Phytopreparations, especially Oak, have a renoprotective effect.

Anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects of grape-derived stilbene concentrate in the experimental metabolic syndrome.

This study aimed to investigate the carbohydrate and lipid dynamics, associated inflammation markers and the effectiveness of a grape-derived stilbene concentrate (GDSC) treatment in experimental metabolic syndrome (MetS). The study was carried out on 40 male 12-weeks of age Wistar rats. The MetS was induced using the fructose model (feeding with 60%-solid fructose diet for 24weeks). Rats with induced MetS were treated with polyphenolic GDSC, which was obtained by water-alcohol extraction of Vitis vinifera grapevine (Ressfood LLC, Russia). The experimentally induced MetS development leads to classic MetS signs, including abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, high lipid levels and heart damage. The expression of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) had greater dynamics than biochemical measurements. The development of the associated inflammatory reactions was confirmed by the increased level of Toll-like receptor type 4 (TLR4) and C-reactive protein (CRP) compared to control levels. The use of the GDSC had positive dynamics in carbohydrate and lipid levels, inflammatory marker, also prevented associated inflammation and heart damage.

Determination of Nettle Leaves Extracts Antioxidant Activity by Various Methods

Introduction . Recently, much attention has been paid in the literature to the primary assessment of the pharmacological effect of various drugs using in vivo and in vitro tests. Great interest in determining the antioxidant activity ( АА ) of drugs, including herbal remedies, medicinal plant materials and their biologically active substances (BAS). It is known that such an officinal medicinal plant, like dioica nettle, is rich in natural antioxidants ( АО ) in its phytochemical composition: flavonoids, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, etc. In some publications, there is information about the АА of nettle leaves and preparations based on it. However, information on the comparative characteristics of the use of various methods for determining the АА of this type of medicinal plant material and the results obtained are not found in the scientific literature. Aim . The aim of this work was a comparative determination of the АА of medicinal plant raw materials of nettle dioica by various methods. Materials and methods . The object of the study was the finished crushed raw material of dioica nettle leaves (Folia Urticae) in filter bags produced by a domestic manufacturer. AA of water and water-alcohol extracts was determined titrimetrically according to the method developed by T. V. Maksimova with co-authors; the ability to inhibit the autooxidation of adrenaline in vitro. The Paramecium caudatum cell culture was also used as a biological model to determine the АА of aqueous extracts from the studied raw material on a living cell. The determination of the qualitative and quantitative composition of phenolic AO was determined by HPLC-DMD-MS. Results and discussion . The total АА of water and water-alcohol extracts from dioica nettle leaves was determined using various techniques recommended in the literature. The effect of the extractant polarity on the value of АА was investigated and an inversely proportional relationship was revealed. It was found that the highest content of АО in the extraction is observed when using 96% ethanol as an extractant. Evaluation of the АА of the test object by the biological method was carried out in accordance with the values of the index of biological activity. HPLC-DMD-MS analysis of water-methanol extraction from nettle leaves showed the presence of 17 substances - representatives of the group of phenolic compounds. Conclusion . Using four independent methods, the prospects of using dioica nettle leaves and preparations based on it as a source of AO are shown. The data obtained undoubtedly open up new possibilities for the use of a long-known plant and confirm the feasibility and prospects of its use for obtaining new dosage forms.