Wool Yarns Research Articles

A mathematical model for through-air drying process of yarn bobbins

In this study, a mathematical model has been developed to simulate the through-air drying process of yarn bobbins. For this purpose, experimental data was obtained in a prototype experimental set up by passing pressurized hot air through the wool yarn bobbins. First of all, the physical phenomenon expressing the drying process has been reduced to the heat transfer problem and then a mathematical model has been written for the drying process which also includes the convective term. Using the experimental data, the coefficient included in the mathematical model was found by the extremal method. So, an inverse problem was solved. The accuracy of the model was checked by comparing with the experimentally obtained temperature values after solving a direct heat transfer problem in the given conditions. Good correlation between the obtained model results and the experimental results shows the accuracy of the mathematical model.

ВИВЧЕННЯ ПРОЦЕСУ ОДНОВІСНОГО РОЗТЯГУ ТРИКОТАЖУ ПЕРЕПЛЕТЕННЯ ЛАСТИК РІЗНИХ РАПОРТІВ

Study of the process of deformation of rib knits, which occurs due to the application of tensile forces in the course direction. Methodology. During the study, methods of theoretical analysis, a camera, a stretching frame, Microsoft Excel software and Autodesk AutoCAD were used. Findings. For producing rib knit samples, a 10th class flat-bed knitting machine PVRK was used. Samples of knitwear were made with repeatable unit patterns of 1x1, 2x2, 3x3, 4x4, 5x5 and 6x6 from bamboo yarn of linear density 29x2 tex, woolen yarn 32x2 tex, half-woolen yarn 31x2 tex and Polyacrylonitrile yarn 32x2 tex. To carry out uniaxial stretching of knitted fabric samples along the line of stitch rows, a stretching frame was used. After fixing the opposite ends of the sample on the needle set of the frame holders, the distance between them gradually increased with an interval of 20 mm. At each stage of stretching, the samples were photographed together with a calibration ruler. Sample photos imported into Autodesk AutoCAD software. After calibration, for each state of stretching of the sample, such characteristics were determined as: the average value of the width of the repeatable unit pattern, the average value of the width of the convex part of the pattern, as well as the visible section of its concave part. The study showed that at the first stages of stretching, there is a mutual displacement of the sections of the pattern, belonging to different layers of knitwear and a decrease in the twisting of the sections of the smooth surface. Further application of the tensile force leads to a more uniform deformation of the ivestigated structural parts of the pattern. Scientific novelty. The change in the geometric characteristics of rib knits with various repeatable units patterns made from various types of raw materials is experimentally determined. Practical value. The characteristics of knitwear, obtained in the course of the study, were used to form a database necessary for the construction of three-dimensional models of rib knits with bamboo, woolen, semi-woolen, and polyacrylonitrile yarns.

Quantification and evaluation of chemical footprint of woollen textiles

The chemical pollutants discharged in the production processes of textile products cause severe impact on the environment. The chemical footprint (ChF) methodology provides a new way to quantify the toxicity impacts caused by chemical pollutants. ChF does well in identifying priority chemical pollutants and helping enterprises to select greener chemicals to reduce the environment impacts. In this study, the ChF of woollen yarn were assessed with the data that collected from the production processes. The results showed that the ChF of dyeing process (4.10E+06 l) accounted for the largest proportion, because a large number of auxiliaries were used in the dyeing process to prevent uneven dyeing and colour difference, followed by scouring (7.79E+05 l) and finishing (8.11E+03 l). Among all the discharged chemical pollutants, polyoxyethylene nonyl phenyl ether (1.37E+06 l) caused the most ecotoxicity severe impact on the environment due to its high bioaccumulation and high toxicity to ecosystem, followed by sulfuric acid (1.03E+06 l). Sodium chloride and hydrogen peroxide were the two substances that caused the least environmental load. The overall uncertainty caused by toxicity prediction data accounting for 20.2% of the total ChF, and the uncertainty of the scouring process was the most. The results are referable for wool textiles producers to enhance the textile chemicals management.

Grafting of Wool with Alginate Biopolymer/Nano Ag as a Clean Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Agent: Characterization and Natural Dyeing Studies

There is a continuous search for green and sustainable materials and processes in textile dyeing and finishing. In the current study, wool yarns were grafted with Sodium Alginate-Silver nanoparticles (SA-Ag NPs) and consecutively dyed with Cochineal or Madder. The weight gain of the samples was measured to find the optimized SA-Ag NPs initial concentration, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to study their surface morphology. The effects of the initial dye concentration, pH, temperature on the color strength of the dyed samples were investigated. It was found that the pretreatment enhanced the dye-ability, antimicrobial, and antioxidant characteristics of the samples noticeably. Under the same dyeing conditions, the fixation of dyes on the treated wool fibers was noticeably higher than that of the untreated wool fibers. The colorfastness characteristics of the treated samples dyed with Cochineal or Madder were slightly improved. The results clearly showed that the application of SA-Ag NPs on the wool samples could be considered as a green finishing process with promising antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. A very high level of antimicrobial efficiency (99%) was achieved after the pretreatment, which remained as high as 90% even after ten repeated washing cycles.

Optimization of Polyethylene Glycol Concentration as an Agglutination Potentiator for Examination of Blood Types of Dry Blood Sample

Blood type is classifying blood based on the presence of antigens on the surface of the erythrocyte membrane. In criminal cases, dry blood spots are often used as samples in determining blood types an the examination with the elution absorption method but this method requires a long and complicated time. polyethylene glycol (PEG) has potentiator properties in the formation of agglutination. The purpose was to determine the optimum concentration of PEG of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% as an agglutination potentiator. The experimental research method is blood sample dried on wool yarn overnight. the analysis results obtained on the elution absorption method and without PEG as a control is grade agglutination +2, whereas with the addition PEG 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% obtained grade agglutination + 4, + 4, + 3, + 3, + 3 results. The results statistic showed that there was quality of the results of agglutination grade were different at each additional concentration of PEG. At the addition of 4% PEG gave optimal results. So that the PEG modification method can be used as a agglutination potentiator in the determination of blood groups of dried blood spots.

Design of Electro-Thermal Glove with Sensor Function for Raynaud's Phenomenon Patients.

Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) is a disease that mainly affects human fingertips during cold weather. It is difficult to treat this disease using medicine, apart from keeping the body in a warm environment. In this research, conductive knitted fabrics were fabricated to help relax the vessels of the patient’s fingertips by providing proper heat, and also serving as a sensor to detect finger motion after relaxation of the blood vessels of patients. Four different structures, termed plain, purl, interlock, and rib were produced using conductive silver/PE (polyethylene) yarn and wool yarn, with a computerized flat knitting machine. The effect of knitted structure on the electro-thermal behavior, sensitivity, and stability of resistance change (∆R/R) under different tensile forces was investigated. By comprehensive comparison, the purl structure was identified as the preferred structure for the heating glove for RP patients, owing to superior electro-thermal behavior. Additionally, the purl structure had a greater capacity to detect different motions with stable resistance change. This potential electro-thermal glove could be used for functional, as well as aesthetic (fashion) purposes, and could be worn at any time and occasion with complete comfort.

Rationale for the development of the design of a microwave installation for cleaning wool yarn in the conditions of modern textile enterprises

In the conditions of fierce competition in the world market of textile materials the important factor is optimization of process of fabrics production. Textiles must be of high quality, inexpensive and competitive. This concept is more or less adhered to by manufacturers of woven materials made of synthetic fibers, which are outwardly attractive and inexpensive. According to the last year’s statistics, the dominant raw material in the production of fibrous materials is polyester. Its share in the world market is several times higher than the share of its closest competitor - wool. However, the cost of textiles based on wool fibers, taking into account its important performance properties, can not be cheap. Sewing products made of woolen materials are always in the trend of modern fashion. Coats, suits, dresses, sweaters, sweaters, blankets, plaids - these are products for the manufacture of which woolen fabrics of various thicknesses, compositions and finishes are traditionally used. Thus, the issue of reducing the cost of textile production technology from wool yarn is relevant for domestic textile enterprises located in Chernihiv, Kryvyi Rih, Odessa, Sumy. However, modern wool cleaning technology remains multi-stage and energy consuming, which affects the quality and final cost of production [1]. Therefore, the purpose of research is to create energy-saving technology for wool cleaning through the use of ultra-high frequency electromagnetic field (UHF) at textile enterprises.

Automation in Measurement of Inverse Creep in Textile Yarns

From decades Creep has been known and studied for textile materials. In comparison, a newly observed phenomenon of inverse creep seems not to have received much attention. A new instrument has been fabricated to measure creep and inverse creep in textile materials particularly yarns. Creep and Inverse creep measurements of few of the textile yarns like nylon multifilament yarn, Polyester multifilament yarn, Cotton and wool yarn at different levels of stress have been studied, using the new instrument along with Transreceiver, embedded system and Personal computer the automation is achieved and results are reported in the present paper.

Dyeing of wool yarn with natural dyes of Lactarius deliciosus and L. sanguifluus from Turkey

In recent years, the use of synthetic dyes and pigments in textile finishing companies has been discussed for their harmful effects on human health and environment. For this reason, the use of plant–based dyestuffs from the nature has begun to increase because of the biodegradability, non–toxicity, human health and waste water contamination. Natural dyes are substances synthesized by some plants, animals, lichens and fungi in nature. Fungal species, including lichenized fungi have been used as natural colorants in different parts of the world throughout the history. In this study, natural dyes were extracted from Lactarius deliciosus and Lactarius sanguifluus collected from Osmaniye province (East Mediterranean region) of Turkey. Wool yarn (for carpet) was dyed with these natural dyes by using different mordants. CIELab (L*, a*, b*, c* and h), color differences (ΔE) and color strength (K/S) values of dyed wool yarns were determined. According to the dyeing results, cream and brown colors were obtained from L. deliciosus and L. sanguifluus respectively; the use of mordant (ferrous sulfate) increased the color strength of dye goods. This is the first study on dyeing of wool yarns with natural dyes obtained from L. deliciosus and L. sanguifluus collected from East Mediterranean (Osmaniye province) of Turkey.

Green Dyeing of Wool Yarns with Yellow and Black Myrobalan Extract as Bio-mordant with Natural Dyes

ABSTRACT The main topic of this study is Green and environmentally wool dyeing. For this purpose, yellow and black myrobalan extract as green mordants and madder and resedaluteola as natural dyes were used. The FTIR-ATR spectra of the washed wool yarns, mordanted wool yarns and dyed wool yarns confirmed bonding of wool yarns with the green mordant and dyes through comparing chemical structures. The effective linkage between yarn, mordant and dye molecules removes the C-N peaks in FTIR-ATR spectra. After dyeing process, fastness and dyeing properties of dyed wool yarns were investigated. The K/S values of dyed wool yarns with extracted madder and resedaluteola were quantified values; and fastness properties including light, wash, and rubbing fastness were defined as per ISO standard methods. The research pointed out that the myrobalan extraction as a potential route for the development of eco-friendly dyeing in green production of dyed yarns.

Thermo-physiological properties and burning behaviours of automotive upholstery fabrics woven with aramid and wool yarns

Today, people’s expectations of cars have changed because they travel more frequently and take much longer trips in their automobiles. Therefore, auto manufacturers have come to realize that comfort properties of automobiles should be improved in addition to their mechanical, technical and aesthetical properties. This study aimed to investigate the thermophysiological properties of the automotive upholstery woven fabrics produced with different blend ratios of flame resistant meta-aramid and wool yarns. For this purpose, twenty-eight automotive upholstery woven fabric samples were produced using two different weaving patterns and different blend ratios of flame resistant meta-aramid and wool yarns. Thermophysiological properties of the samples such as water vapor permeabilities, air permeabilities and thermal conductivities were measured, and their burning behaviours were tested according to the standards. The results obtained in this study were assessed by means of statistical methods, and the results of the statistical analysis showed that blending ratios of flame resistant meta-aramid and wool fiber had statistically significant effects on both the thermo-physiological properties and burning behaviours of automotive upholstery fabrics. This study showed that the thermal comfort values of the automotive upholstery fabrics of different meta-aramid/wool blend ratios were very close to one another. In addition, the air permeability values of these fabrics were increased with the increase of the meta-aramid content in the blend. The blends containing 25% meta-aramid fiber exhibited the highest increases in air permeability values of the fabrics. Besides, the blend of 25% meta-aramid and 75% wool fiber was found to be the optimal blending ratio in terms of the total burning time after the removal of the ignition source. Therefore, it can be concluded that thermo-physiological comfort properties and burning behaviours of automotive upholstery fabrics can be improved by using the blends with different meta-aramid contents, depending on desired fire performance levels and thermophysical properties.

Identification of influence factors on physical-mechanical properties, using the principal component analysis, in selecting the textile fabrics for the clothing products

The paper aims to highlight the correlations between the physical-mechanical properties of woven fabrics made of combed wool yarn with different fibrous compositions, using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method. Based on the information on each fabric/assortment group, it is found that four main factors were extracted: durability, comfort, production price and fabric design. The extracted components explain 92% of the variability of the twelve initial inter-correlated variables, so that we can considerably reduce the complexity of the data configured using these components, with only 8% loss of information. This technique that follows the controlled reduction of the number of variables can be used subsequently for modelling the physical-mechanical properties of the fabrics and for selecting the most suitable fabrics to satisfy the requirements of a particular field of use

Functional Finishing of eri silk and its union fabrics for hydrophobicity

A novel approach was attempted for the functionalization of eri and its union fabrics with polymers for water repellency finishes. For the study, eri fabric was prepared with plain weave structure using 1/140s and 2/140s (warp and weft directions) and 2/140s of eri and 1/56s of wool yarn for the union fabric in both the warp and weft directions. For surface enrichment, silicone polymer was applied by the pad-dry-cure method. The untreated and treated fabric was evaluated for its hydrophobicity like the water contact angle and spray test, air permeability and physio-mechanical properties viz., counts, GSM, thickness, bending length, crease recovery, tensile strength and elongation were assessed. Analytical tests like UPF, whiteness, brightness, yellowness index for surface appearance was evaluated and SEM was performed. The marginal enhancement in bending length was observed in treated eri silk and union fabrics in both directions. The properties like thickness, brightness, yellowness, increased after application of silicone polymers, while crease recovery decreased. Noticeable enhancement of water contact angle was observed in eri silk and union fabric after adding silicone polymer and UPF was found to be excellent. There was no structural damage observed in all treated samples which are cleared from the Scanning Electron Microscope view. Application of silicone polymer on eri silk and its union fabrics improved the hydrophobic characteristic. The UPF protection properties were evaluated on both fabrics and recorded excellent UPF. In this study, the functional properties on eri silk and union fabrics were achieved successfully for functional clothing and textiles

The Effect of Dyeing and Mohair/Wool Blend Ratio on Fabric Physical Properties

ABSTRACT In this study, dyeing effects on the physical properties of blended fabrics containing different ratios of wool and mohair fibers were investigated in detail. Six types of fabrics were produced by using 100% wool yarns and 100% mohair yarns separately in either direction with different sequences. Then the fabrics were dyed with a wool reactive dye and physical properties were investigated before and after dyeing process. As a result of the study, wool/mohair blended fabrics could be used in the lightweight suitings since adding mohair in the fabric composition made the fabrics stiffer, less drapeable, more air permeable. Another important finding was that the color yield values of both front and back sides of the 50/50% blended fabrics were found to be quite close. From this point of view, if wool and mohair yarns were used symmetrically in the fabric structure, it would be possible to dye blended fabric uniformly in one bath. Otherwise, in case of weaving fabrics according to various designs using wool and mohair yarns separately in either direction unsymmetrically, two different tones could be obtained on the same fabric, known as a bicolor effect.

PERANCANGAN PEMBUATAN PERMEN KAPAS OTOMATIS BERBASIS ARDUINO UNO

Cotton candy is one of Indonesia's traditional foods which was quite popular in its time. Cotton candy is made from sugar that is given food coloring, cotton candy is made using a special tool that rotates and produces refined sugar fibers. Most cotton candy consists of air cotton candy feels sweet and sticky. Even though it looks like wool yarn ... The design of this cotton candy maker uses an arduino uno microcontroller, equipped with a temperature sensor, 3 push buttons and a heating stove as a heating container for the sugar container design of this tool. All Arduino Uno microcontroller working systems have been programmed using the C program language on the Arduino Uno microcontroller. Using a dose of 1/2 spoonful sugar, the average initial temperature (54.5 ° C) and the average final temperature (64.8 ° C) were obtained. Measuring one (1) spoonful of sugar, the initial heating temperature with an average (68.8oC) average final temperature (74.2oC). The dose of sugar 1 1/2 spoon, the initial temperature of the heater with an average (70.4 ° C) the average temperature of the final heater (77.4). This tool takes time to heat the heating stove in approximately 2 minutes to reach ambient temperature (54oC). Testing to find out the exact time of each dose of sugar. as in the dose of half a sugar (1/2) a spoon an average of about 120 seconds is obtained, a dose of sugar (one) spoon is obtained an average time of about 150 seconds and in a sugar one and a half (1½) spoon an average time is obtained about 180 seconds. ABSTRAK:Permen kapas adalah salah satu makanan tradisional khas Indonesia yang cukup populer pada masanya. Permen kapas dibuat dari gula yang diberi pewarna makanan, permen kapas dibuat menggunakan sebuah alat khusus yang berputar dan menghasilkan serat – serat gula yang halus. Sebagian besar permen kapas terdiri dari udara permen kapas terasa manis dan lengket. Meskipun terlihat seperti benang wol..Perancangan pembuat permen kapas ini menggunakan mikrokontroler arduino uno, dilengkapi sensor suhu, 3 buah push button dan kompor pemanas sebagai pemanas wadah penampung gula perancangan alat ini. Semua sistem kerja mikrokontroller arduino uno sudah diprogram menggunakan bahasa program C pada mikrokontroler Arduino Uno.Menggunakan takaran gula 1/2 sendok, didapatkan suhu awal rata-rata (54,5oC) dan suhu akhir rata-rata (64,8oC). Takaran gula satu (1) sendok, suhu awal pemanas dengan rata-rata (68,8oC) suhu akhir rata-rata (74,2oC). Takaran gula 1 1/2 sendok, suhu awal pemanas dengan rata-rata (70,4oC) suhu akhir pemanas rata-rata (77,4). Alat ini membutuhkan waktu untuk memanaskan kompor pemanas dalam waktu kurang lebih 2 menit untuk mencapai suhu sekitar (54oC). Pengujian untuk mengetahui waktu yang tepat dari setiap takaran gula. seperti pada takaran gula setengah (1/2) sendok diperoleh rata-rata waktu sekitar120 detik, takaran gula satu (1) sendok diperoleh rata-rata waktu sekitar150 detik dan pada takarang gula satu setengah (1 ½) sendok diperoleh rata-rata waktusekitar 180 detik.

Improvement of enzymatic antifelting treatment of wool fiber and its effect on dyeing with juglone from a common walnut plant

The objective of this study is to assess an enzymatic effect on the antifelting treatment of yarn and wool fabric. Enzymes, namely, the proteases cardosines A and B, are extracted from the flowers of the cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L) plant. Several conditions of enzymatic treatment are studied in order to optimize the antifelting process and improve shrink proofing. The optimal process is at 40 °C for 2 h in an alkaline medium at pH 10. The results show that the shrinkage of 16.8% for untreated yarn is reduced to 0%, while the shrinkage of 10% for the untreated fabric is reduced to 5%. In addition, the antifelting treatment increases the dye absorbance of a walnut stain (common walnut plant) on the yarn and wool fabric, although the fixation dye rate is decreased. Post oxidation is tested in order to improve the fixation dye rate and the washing fastness of juglone on the wool yarn and fabric.

Performance of Indian crossbred wool on khadi spinning system

HP Crossbred, JK Crossbred and JK Merino yarns have been spun on the New Model Charkha (NMC) spinning system to find out the suitability of Indian crossbred wool in Khadi sector. These crossbred wools produced in the north temperature region of India have been spun into medium quality yarn linear density of 42 tex. The pure crossbred wool yarns have higher U%, imperfections and hairiness index; and lower tenacity, elongation-at-break and coefficient of friction. The mixing of Australian merino wool with JK crossbred wool significantly improves yarn performance in terms of fineness (31 tex), evenness (U%), imperfections and hairiness index. The tenacity, elongation-at-break and coefficient of friction of mixed yarns increase significantly by mixing of Australian merino wool with JK crossbred wool. These findings will help in increasing the utilization of crossbred wool and reducing the costing of end products.

Optimisation of process parameters of Alpaca wool printing with Juglans regia natural dye

AbstractThe aim of this research study was to optimise the process parameters of Alpaca wool hand‐knitted samples screen‐printing with Juglans regia natural dye and to set the optimal conditions regarding colour yield, colour fastness and colouristic properties of printed samples. An extensive preliminary examination of the Alpaca woollen yarn and hand‐knitted samples characteristics, the characteristics of suitable thickeners and the optimisation of the printing paste composition, was performed. A starch‐based thickener, British Gum, with a dry matter content of 4% was selected due to its rheological properties responding to properties of the Alpaca yarn and knitwear. It was determined that the fluidity increases while the viscosity and the elasticity decrease in acidic pH, so a pH of 4 was set for the thickener preparation. The thickener of lower viscosity and higher fluidity assures easier pressing of printing paste through the screen, giving uniform colour yield on the substrate, contributing to easier absorption of dyes into the fibre. A 45‐minute fixing process at 105°C by steaming delivered the best results of printing quality. Iron sulphate was used as the mordanting agent. The colour fastness to washing, dry and wet rubbing, and to light, was tested for samples with and without mordanting. The highest light and washing fastness were obtained with the iron sulphate mordanting agent printed in acid (pH 4) with paste containing 4% dry matter‐based thickener. The rubbing fastness was satisfactory for samples with iron sulphate printed with paste containing 4% dry matter thickener, fixed for 45 minutes, regardless of the pH.

Analyzing the thermal and hygral behavior of wool and its impact on fabric dimensional stability for wool processing and garment manufacturing

Wool is one of the most moisture sensitive natural fibers. This paper investigated changes of wool fiber diameter, fabric dimensions and fabric dimensional properties, as a function of moisture regain, temperature and pH. Experiments were conducted on fabrics with different weave structures as well as on fabrics with and without a permanent set. Results showed that the fabrics tended to contract when they were subjected to increased temperature at saturated regain. The degree of contraction appeared to depend on the weave structure of the fabrics and permanent setting treatments. Dimensions of the wool fabrics were also found to be dependent on the pH. Greater fabric dimensions were observed at pH 7.2 than at pH 2.1. The contraction effect was almost reversible when unset fabric samples were measured in pH 2.1. The reasons for the changes of dimensional property were analyzed in terms of changes in wool fiber swelling, yarn crimp and polymer relaxation phenomena with changes in regain, temperature and pH. Industrial implications from outcomes of this research to practical wool processing are discussed in the paper.

Low-Stress Mechanical Properties of Wool-Cotton Blended Fabrics

ABSTRACT Hand-spun and hand-woven textiles made of natural fibers are known as khadi fabrics. Khadi fabrics are known for their luxury, excellent handle, and comfort properties. These properties can not be obtained using the methods employed for machine-made textiles. The fabric handle is associated with low-stress mechanical properties. In this work, the low-stress mechanical properties of wool-cotton blended khadi fabrics are studied and the effect of different blend proportions of wool fibers and yarn count on the fabric properties is investigated. The combination of different wool varieties was spun using a hand-operated spinning machine (charkha) and used as weft, while the various cotton-wool blends were employed as warp. A total of 27 types of wool-cotton khadi fabrics were woven on a handloom. The low-stress mechanical properties were measured using the SiroFAST system. It was found that the extensibility, formability, shear rigidity, bending rigidity, relaxation shrinkage, and hygral expansions of fabrics were influenced by the proportions of wool blend/mix and yarn linear density. The shear and bending rigidity of wool-cotton fabric are significantly influenced by the wool content in wool-cotton blended warp yarn as well as the proportion of AM wool in weft yarn (p < .001). From a formability point of view, wool-cotton fabrics perform well during garment manufacturing irrespective of a wool type. Relaxation Shrinkage in wool-cotton fabric is higher in warp wise than weft wise and increases with increasing the amount of wool for each type of fabric. The wool dominant fabric has higher hygral expansion in the weft direction than the warp direction.