Winter Triticale Research Articles

Продуктивність сільськогосподарських культур залежно від рівня їх удобрення на дренованих органогенних ґрунтах

Goal. Experimentally determine an efficient set of micro fertilizers and regulators of growth and development of crops, which will increase their yields on drained organogenic soils in the floodplains of the humid zone. Methods. Field, laboratory-analytical, mathematical, and statistical. Results. The introduction of regulators of growth and development of plants and micro fertilizers had little effect on the nutrient regime of organic soil. They had a positive effect on the productivity of perennial grasses, cereals, and vegetables. The introduction of growth regulators on the background of N90P45K120 under perennial grasses provided an increase in yield on average over 5 years from drugs Biolan — 2.7 t/ha of dry weight, Radifarm — 2.4, Radostym — 2.1, Regoplant, Emistym C, Reakom, Humisol , Plantafol — 0.5–2.0 t/ha of dry weight. A high increase in grass yields was also due to the application of micro fertilizers on the background of N90P45K120 — 0.6–1.2 t/ha of dry weight. Application of micro fertilizers for grain crops on unfertilized areas provided an increase in the yield of winter rye on 0.7–0.9 t/ha, winter triticale — 0.8–0.9, spring triticale — 0.6-0.7, oat: filmed — 1,4–1.5, naked 0.6–0.8 t/ha, and with the introduction of P45K120 increase was 0.4, 0.7; 0.8; 0.4 and 0.6 t/ha of grain respectively. On average, over the years of research in unfertilized fields, the increase in the yield of carrots and beets from the application of Humisol and Reakom was 13.0-25.3% compared to areas without their addition. The introduction of growth regulators and micro fertilizers helped to improve the quality of the harvest. Conclusions. The application of growth regulators and microelements both on the background of applied macro nutrients and without them on drained organogenic soils provided an increase in the yield of perennial grasses, respectively on 1.1–2.7 and 0.6–1.2 t/ha and 1.3–2, 4 and 0.8–1.4 t/ha of dry mass. The increase in grain yield at the introduction of growth stimulants on the background of PK and without them was, respectively: winter rye — 0.4 and 0.5 t/ha; winter triticale — 0.7 and 0.8; spring triticale — 0.8 and 2.8; grain oats — 0.4 and 2.6 t/ha; naked oats 0.6 and 2.5 t/ha. The introduced growth regulators and microelements helped to improve the feed quality of perennial grasses.

Winter Triticale: A Long-Term Cropping Systems Experiment in a Dry Mediterranean Climate

Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) is a cereal feed grain grown annually worldwide on 4.2 million ha. Washington is the leading state for rainfed (i.e., non-irrigated) triticale production in the USA. A 9-year dryland cropping systems project was conducted from 2011 to 2019 near Ritzville, WA to compare winter triticale (WT) with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (WW) grown in (i) a 3-year rotation of WT-spring wheat (SW) -no-till summer fallow (NTF) (ii) a 3-year rotation of WW-SW-undercutter tillage summer fallow (UTF) and (iii) a 2-year WW-UTF rotation, We measured grain yield, grain yield components, straw production, soil water dynamics, and effect on the subsequent SW wheat crop (in the two 3-year rotations). Enterprise budgets were constructed to evaluate the production costs and profitability. Grain yields averaged over the years were 5816, 5087, and 4689 kg/ha for WT, 3-year WW, and 2-year WW, respectively (p < 0.001). Winter triticale used slightly less water than WW (p = 0.019). Contrary to numerous reports in the literature, WT never produced more straw dry biomass than WW. Winter wheat produced many more stems than WT (p < 0.001), but this was compensated by individual stem weight of WT being 60% heavier than that of WW (p < 0.001). Spring wheat yield averaged 2451 vs. 2322 kg/ha after WT and WW, respectively (p = 0.022). The market price for triticale grain was always lower than that for wheat. Winter triticale produced an average of 14 and 24% more grain than 3-year and 2-year WW, respectively, provided foliar fungal disease control, risk reduction, and other rotation benefits, but was not economically competitive with WW. A 15–21% increase in WT price or grain yield would be necessary for the WT rotation to be as profitable as the 3-year and 2-year WW rotations, respectively.

Влияние элементов технологии возделывания озимой тритикале сорта Немчиновский 56 на продуктивность и качество зерна в условиях Нечернозёмной зоны РФ

Тритикале обладает стабильной и высокой урожайностью, устойчивостью к стрессовым факторам, повышенным содержанием белка, что делают эту культуру хорошим кормом для сельскохозяйственных животных. Исследовательская работа проводилась в Ярославской государственной сельскохозяйственной академии и Ярославском научно-исследовательском институте животноводства и кормопроизводства – филиале ФНЦ «ВИК им. В. Р. Вильямса» в 2012–2018 годах. В статье изложены результаты полевых и лабораторных исследований по усовершенствованию технологии возделывания озимой тритикале сорта Немчиновский 56 в условиях Нечернозёмной зоны РФ. Проведено изучение продуктивности озимой тритикале в зависимости от предшественников, фонов питания и норм высева. При изучении влияния предшественников было выявлено, что наилучшим является чистый пар — средняя урожайность составила 4,6 т/га; по занятому пару — 4,3 т/га и наименьшая урожайность — после многолетних трав — 4,1 т/га. Снижение урожайности по занятому пару и многолетним травам объясняется поглощением легкодоступного азота пожнивно-корневыми остатками, что повлияло и на качество зерна в сторону снижения содержания сырого протеина, клетчатки и жира. В среднем по уровню питания при внесении N100K100 была достигнута планируемая урожайность 5,0 т/га. При максимальном уровне питания (N150P40K140), рассчитанном на получение 6,0 т/га, урожайность составила 5,9 т/га. При изучении норм высева было выявлено, что средняя урожайность озимой тритикале с нормой высева 5,5 млн всхожих семян/га в среднем была существенно выше, чем при норме 6,5 млн всхожих семян/га (4,2 т/га), и составила 4,4 т/га. Снижение урожайности при посеве с более высокой нормой происходило вследствие затенения нижних ярусов листьев, их пожелтения и более раннего отмирания, что, в свою очередь, привело к снижению качества зерна. В статье также представлены данные по сбору питательных веществ: сухого вещества, обменной энергии, кормовых единиц, переваримого протеина. Being a valuable forage crop triticale has stable and high productivity as well as high protein content and resistance to stress-factors. The research took place at the Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy and Yaroslavl Research Institute of Animal Husbandry and Forage Production in 2012–2018. This article reports on field and lab experiments aimed at improving cultivation technology of winter triticale (“Nemchinovskiy 56” variety) in the Non-Chernozem region of Russia. Triticale productivity was tested as affected by forecrop, nutrition and seeding rate. Triticale performed the best on the clean fallow field (4.6 t grain ha-1); its productivity dropped down to 4.3 t ha-1 on the seeded fallow field being the lowest after perennial grass cultivation — 4.1 t ha-1. Such a decrease in yield occurred due to the loss of readily available nitrogen to crop and root residues, affecting negatively crude protein, fiber, and fat concentrations in grain. Application of N100K100 provided the planned yield of 5.0 t ha-1. Triticale produced 5.9 t ha-1 of grain on the background of N150P40K140 compared to the planned yield of 6.0 t ha-1. Seeding rate of 5.5 million germinated seeds ha-1 resulted in significantly higher yield of 4.4 t ha-1, while 6.5 million germinated seeds ha-1 provided 4.2 t grain ha-1. Higher seeding rate led to lower grain quality due to leaf overshadowing, subsequent discoloration, and death. The article also reports on dry matter, exchange energy, feed unit and digestible protein contents.

Agricultural crop discrimination in a heterogeneous low-mountain range region based on multi-temporal and multi-sensor satellite data

Crop type information such as its location and spatial distribution is relevant for agricultural planning and decision making about food sustainability and security. This information can be obtained through the analysis of images obtained through optical satellite remote sensing. Activities such as accurate discrimination of crops require dense time-series of satellite data which can capture the diverse crop phenology. However, given the presence of clouds at important periods of crops’ development, the required time-series is impossible to obtain from just one optical satellite sensor. The Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 (HLS) project by NASA provides fused data from both Operational Land Imager and Multispectral Instrument optical sensors of Landsat and Sentinel systems respectively. The present study used a multi-temporal HLS data and a target-oriented cross-validation (TOV) modelling approach with random forest algorithm to discriminate 13 crop types. 15 phenological metrics derived from time-series HLS data, together with 48 spectral and 2 topographic information were used as predictors in the model. A forward feature selection (FFS) procedure of the TOV was used to improve the classification model. 16 predictors comprising of spectral, phenological and topographic information were selected as useful for the crop discrimination. An independent accuracy assessment of the final model based on the selected predictors by the FFS procedure resulted in an overall accuracy of 76%. While most of the crop classes, achieved higher producer’s and user’s accuracies (>80%), the discrimination accuracies of potato, summer oat and winter triticale were comparatively low (<60%). Based on the outcome of the FFS, three models consisting of different predictor combinations, were further developed to ascertain the contribution of the predictors. A comparison of the models showed that the addition of phenological metrics increased the discrimination performance of the model as a whole and for cereals in particular. However, the inclusion of the topographic information did not have any significant effect on the overall model performance. Therefore, future crop type discrimination research in areas with similar terrain characteristics like Northern Hesse should reconsider the use of topographic predictors. Overall, our findings depict that the TOV modelling approach based on multi-temporal and multi-sensor data is promising for effective, accurate and practical crop type discrimination.

Protection of grain crops with herbicide Secator Plus, MD

The natural and climatic conditions of Belarusare favorable for development of over 300 species of weeds. Currently, perennial, wintering, winter and spring weeds dominate among grain crops. When grain crops are infested with both annual and perennial dicotyledonous weeds, herbicides containing several active substances are efficient. One of such promising herbicides is the new herbicide Secator Plus, MD(2.4 acid, 433 g/l + iodosulfuron, 62.5 g/l + amidosulfuron, 25 g/l + mefenpyr /antidote/, 62.5 g/l). This herbicide used at the rate of 0.3-0.5 l/ha for winter grain crops provided high biological efficiency against the dominant annual and some perennial dicotyledonous weeds (80–100% loss): Chenopodium album L., Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik., Galeopsis tetrahit L., Tripleurospermum inodorum Sch.-Bip., Galium aparine L., Sonchus arvensis L., etc. In the studied crops, reliable increases in preserved grain yield were obtained. Economic benefit: the net income in winter wheat crops amounted to 60.0-90.0 dollars/ha, winter triticale 35.5-43.7 dollars/ha, and spring wheat 159.9-212.3 dollars/ha. Based on the research results, the herbicide Secator Plus, MD is registered in the State Register of Plant Protection Products (pesticides) and fertilizers permitted for use on the territory of theRepublic ofBelarus. The research results are of interest in the field of herbology, since they reveal the mechanisms of interaction of various active substances in herbicide, show possibilities of its widespread use in agriculture.

СПОСОБЫ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ЗЕЛЕНОЙ МАССЫ ОЗИМОЙ ТРИТИКАЛЕ В КАЧЕСТВЕ УДОБРЕНИЯ В УСЛОВИЯХ СТЕПНОГО КРЫМА

The method of incorporating green leafy matter directly into the soil is called Green Manuring. Green Manuring helps improve soil quality in the following ways: increase organic content of soil, increase biological activity in the soil, improve agrochemical and agrophysical properties of the soil. The purpose of our research was to identify the influence of different ways of using green mass of winter triticale variety ‘Allegro’ on the soil fertility indicators before the sowing winter wheat under conditions of the steppe Crimea. Field experiments were carried out in 2015–2018. Soil – chernozem southern calcareous low humic. In the course of the research, we studied three ways of green manure management: disking at the phase of stem elongation, disking and ploughing at the phase of early heading, use of triticale biomass for forage (triticale stubble disking) – control variant. Specifically, the studies revealed that the most favorable conditions for obtaining seedlings of winter wheat were after the incorporation of plant biomass at the phase of stem elongation. In this case, plants consume moisture and nutrients more economically, organic matter mineralization occurs more actively. This method provided 2.01 mg/100 g of nitrate nitrogen in the root layer of the soil before sowing winter wheat exceeding the indicators by up to 40 % compared to other options of triticale biomass incorporation. Manuring Triticale aestivumforme at the phase of early heading increases the input of soil organic matter by 2.5–2.6 times compared to the stem elongation phase; by 3.9–4.0 times in case of use triticale biomass for forage. The full benefits of this technique will be seen in the subsequent years when the process of the organic matter mineralization will be completed. Option “use of triticale biomass for forage” ensured the least input of soil organic matter – 2.11 t/ha. Moreover, the content of nitrate nitrogen in the 0–30 cm soil layer decreased to 1.37, available forms of phosphorus – to 2.12 mg/100 g of soil. Besides, the production costs for incorporating 1 ton of organic matter into the soil increased by 5.3–5.6 times compared to green mass manuring.

Влияние севооборота с люпином и способов основной обработки почвы на засоренность посевов в условиях Брянской области

Tests have been done on gray forest soil in the South-West of the Non-Chernozem zone of Bryansk re-gion in the stationary experiment in the All-Russian Lupin Research Institute in 2015–2018. The aim of the test was to evaluate the effect of the intensity of the basic soil cultivation on crop weed infestation in lupin crop rotation. The experiment has been done during a rotation of the field crop rotation (winter wheat – bare oats – winter triticale – lupin) turned in time and space in the fields of white lupin and win-ter wheat where lupin has been cultivated as a predecessor. During the test years 7 weeds species have been fixed at tillering phase of winter wheat, its number made 9.4–15.4 units/m2. The number of the main weeds decreased to 11 species at the end of the vegetation season (at ripeness stage) and made 9.7–15.9 units/m2. There have been noticed 8 weeds species in white lupin crops, the number made 33.6–55.8 units/m2. The deep non-moldboard soil cultivation decreased weeds number in crop rotation. At dif-ferent basic soil cultivation 8 weeds species occurred in crops. The others were either in the deep non-moldboard soil cultivation or in the surface one. The number and ratio of weeds species changed when the grass component increased to the final field of crop rotation. The annual dicotyledonous species made 45.0–60.5% decreasing at the surface cultivation. Perennial weeds made 38.5–55.0% of the total weeds coenosis. Their number decreased in the case of deep cultivation. Crop infestation degree and as a result the weeds twice during the rotation at the surface soil cultivation.

The new winter triticale variety ‘Uralan’ for the arid zone of the Republic of Kalmykia

The scheme of the winter triticale breeding at the National Center of grain named after P. P. Lukiyanenko provides for extensive ecological variety trials in various soil and climatic zones of the Russian Federation that makes it possible to reliably estimate the adaptability of promising breeding material and more reasonably and accurately select varieties for the State Variety Testing (Kovtunenko et al., 2017). The breeding material developed in the department of wheat and triticale breeding and seed production at the NCG named after P. P. Lukiyanenko (Krasnodar) was tested on the experimental plot of the KNIISKh, a branch of the FGBNU “PAFNTs RAS” in the SPOK “Agroniva” of the Tselinny district of the Republic of Kalmykia. The purpose of the current study was to identify the most highly productive breeding lines adaptable to local conditions and, on their basis, to develop new varieties. In the course of joint work begun in 1996, KNIISKh, a branch of the FGBNU “PAFNTs RaS” and the NCG named after P P Lukiyanenko (Krasnodar) developed highly productive joint varieties of winter triticale ‘Khongor', ‘Barun', ‘Bogdo' and ‘Khot'. In 2018 a new variety of winter triticale ‘Uralan', which meets the best world achievements in breeding, has been sent to the State Variety Testing. In 2019 at the Elista GSU, the productivity of the variety ‘Uralan' was 5.37 t/ha, exceeding the standard variety ‘Valentin 90' on 1.4 t/ha. In 2016, the productivity of the new winter triticale variety ‘Uralan' was 6.43 t/ha, which was the absolute maximum identified in the long-term ecological variety trials of this grain crop on the experimental plots of the KNIISKh, a branch of the FGBNU “PAFNTs RAS” in arid conditions of the Republic of Kalmykia. The current paper has presented the productivity data and investigated the feed advantages of the new winter triticale variety ‘Uralan' in 2017-2019.

Морозостійкість злаків корелює з інтегральними показниками вмісту низькомолекулярних протекторних сполук і активності антиоксидантних ферментів

Along with specific adaptive reactions, universal defense reactions, in particular activation of antioxidant system, are of great importance for plant survival under cold conditions. We have studied a relationship among the content of low-molecular-weight protective compounds with antioxidant properties (proline, soluble carbohydrates, flavonoids), the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and guaiacol peroxidase) in seedlings of winter wheat, rye and triticale, and frost resistance of etiolated seedlings and adult plants at tillering stage. It was found that there was a fairly close correlation between the frost resistance of seedlings and adult cereal plants (r = 0,78). It was shown that a pronounced relationship between individual indicators of antioxidant system functioning in unhardened seedlings and their frost resistance was not found. After 6-day hardening of seedlings at 2-4°C, there was a high correlation between the total indicator of the enzymatic antioxidant system (the sum of normalized indicators of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activity) and their frost resistance (r = 0,86), but the correlation coefficient of this index with frost resistance of plants in tillering phase was significantly lower (r = 0,47). At the same time, a high correlation was found between the content of low-molecular-weight protectors in hardened seedlings and frost resistance of tillering adult plants (r = 0.89). The closest correlation was observed between the integral normalized indicator, comprising the sum of normalized values of antioxidant enzymes activity and the content of low-molecular-weight protectors in hardened seedlings, and frost resistance of seedlings (r = 0,94) and plants in tillering phase (r = 0,89). A presence of specific features in the functioning of antioxidant system during cold adaptation of cereal seedlings was established. Rye is characterized by a high content of low-molecular-weight protective compounds; at the same time, increased activity of antioxidant enzymes - superoxide dismutase and catalase - was noted in wheat seedlings. In triticale, depending on the genotype, the values of both enzymatic antioxidant activity and the content of low-molecular-weight protectors varied.

The Level of Luvisols Biochemical Activity in Midfield Shelterbelt and Winter Triticale (xTriticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus) Cultivation

This study aimed to evaluate the usage of Luvisols under the midfield shelterbelt and in the cultivation of winter triticale, together with the influence of physicochemical properties on enzymatic activity. Soil samples were collected in spring, summer, and autumn from the depth of 0–15 cm along the following measurement transect: midfield shelterbelt (S), the border between the shelterbelt and the triticale field (B), cultivated field at a distance of 50 m from point B (F50), and cultivated field at a distance of 100 m from point B (F100). The activities of dehydrogenase (DHA), acid phosphatase (PAC), and alkaline phosphatase (PAL) were determined, and a water retention curve (pF) was established. The pH, soil organic carbon (SOC) content, and total nitrogen (Ntotal) were also measured. The analysis of the activity results for DHA, PAC, and PAL showed that the triticale soil had a higher level of enzyme activity than the midfield shelterbelt soil during the entire growing season. The soil under the triticale cultivation was slightly acidic, and the shelterbelt soil was very acidic. It was observed that the timing of soil sampling had an impact on the activity of the studied enzymes. The highest levels of DHA, PAC, and PAL activity were found in summer. The midfield shelterbelt demonstrated greater water retention than the winter triticale. The SOC content and Ntotal were higher in the shelterbelt than in the winter triticale field.

Suitability of winter triticale varieties for composing crop mixtures

The Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council 2009/128/CE establishing a framework for Community action to achieve the sustainable use of pesticides in Annex III “General principles of integrated pest management” emphasizes the use of all possible methods which reduce populations of pests to the level of harmlessness. One of the relatively cheap and easy methods to prolong the genetic resistance of modern varieties is their cultivation in different types of mixtures and in complex interbred populations according to the concept of evolutionary plant cultivation. A three-year field experiment was carried out in two locations to assess the suitability of five winter triticale varieties (Elpaso, Mikado, Tomko, Pigmej and Borowik) for constructing crop mixtures (10 two-component mixtures and 10 three-component mixtures). The suitability of varieties for creating crop mixtures was analysed through the comparison of real and expected yields of mixtures. Coefficients of variation for the yields of variety monocultures ranged from 1.24 % (for Borowik in Bąków 2014) to 37.51 % (for Borowik in Winna Góra 2016). Yield stability for two-component mixtures expressed as CV was from 2.39 % (for Tomko/Borowik in Winna Góra 2015) to 36.16 % (for Mikado/Tomko in Winna Góra 2016), and for three-component mixtures from 2.89 % (for Elpaso/Tomko/Borowik in Winna Góra 2015) to 34.43 % (for Elpaso/Mikado/Borowik in Bąków 2016). Overall, the highest variability of the coefficients of variation was found for variety monocultures (75.91 %), lower for three-co0mponent mixtures (67.67 %) and the lowest for two-component mixtures (66.52 %). The study demonstrated that the Elpaso and Mikado varieties were most suitable for composing high-yielding mixtures; when grown in monocultures their yield was not the highest, but they caused a significant increase in the yield of mixtures (the highest in four out of six locations).

ИЗМЕНЧИВОСТЬ ВЫСОТЫ РАСТЕНИЙ И УРОЖАЙНОСТИ ЗЕРНА КОЛЛЕКЦИОННЫХ ОБРАЗЦОВ ОЗИМОЙ ТРИТИКАЛЕ

The aim of the study is to isolate from collection samples of winter triticale the sources of short-stemming and high grain yield for their further involvement in the selection process in the forest-steppe conditions of middle Volga region. The studies were carried out in 2013–2017 on typical gray forest soils. 93 samples of winter triticale of Russian selection, obtained from the collection of All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources named after N.I. Vavilov. Standard is Bashkir short-stemmed. Weather conditions during the years of study varied significantly. The studied gene pool has a wide genetic diversity in plant height (65 ... 136 cm) and yield (277 ... 579 g/m2). According to the results of analysis of variance, a significant influence of the genotype and year conditions on the manifestation of these characters was established. Plant height and yield depended on both factors and their interaction, but the first trait is determined mainly by the heredity of the varieties (46.1%), and the second - by the growing conditions (61.8%). There was a significant variation in the values of the studied indicators, both by genotypes and by years: the coefficient of intervarietal variation in the average values of the traits of grain yield and plant height for 2013–2017 amounted to 15.0 and 17.2%, respectively, with variation by years 15 , 4 ... 30.7% and 15.1 ... 20.1%, respectively. According to the results of regression analysis, it was found that within the studied gene pool the highest grain yield was formed by samples with a plant height of 86 ... 105 cm. 13 sources of short-stemming with a plant height below 80 cm and 17 high-yielding samples with a yield of 515 ... 579 g/m2 were identified. In these genotypes, the yield excess over Bashkirskaya short-stemmed standard was significant and amounted to 33 ... 97 g/ m2, or 6.8 ... 20.1%. The varieties Tribun, Skif, Kentavr, Sotnik are characterized by the highest breeding value

New winter crops and rotations for the Pacific Northwest low‐precipitation drylands

AbstractThis article is an overview of recent advances in dryland cropping in the region of the Inland Pacific Northwest of the United States (PNW) that receives &lt;300 mm annual precipitation. The climate of the region is Mediterranean‐like with wet winters and dry summers. For the past 130 yr, monocrop 2‐yr winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–fallow (WW–F) has been the dominant rotation practiced on &gt;90% of rainfed cropland throughout this region. Rapid advances in technology in the past several decades and the realities of dryland farm economics prompted most farmers to expand their land area and adopt conservation tillage and no‐tillage practices. Three relatively new crops have gained some foothold in the past decade. These crops are winter pea (WP) (Pisum sativum L.), winter canola (WC) (Brassica napus L.), and winter triticale (WT) (X Triticosecale Wittmack). Like WW, all three of these “new” winter crops need to be planted in late August–early September into carryover soil moisture after a 13‐ to 14‐mo fallow period to achieve optimum yield potential. Researchers and farmers have experimented with a multitude of spring‐planted crops but, to date, all have shown high year‐to‐year variability in yield and none have been economically viable in the long term. The focus of this paper is to summarize major research conducted on WP, WC, and WT, as well as farmers’ attitudes on the potential of these three winter crops for wheat‐based rotations in the PNW drylands.

Developing a parent material for breeding forage rye in conditions of Bashkortostan

Abstract. The aim of the research is to create source material for breeding forage rye that combines stable productivity over the years, high protein content in the grain, and low content of water-soluble pentosans. The object of research was winter rye. Research methods Research on these tasks was carried out in 2016–2018 in the conditions of the South-Western Urals using generally accepted methods. The predecessor is dead fallow. Soil is chernozem with a predominance of leached, typical and carbonate varieties with the following agrochemical indicators: humus content in the topsoil – 7–9 %, pH value – 7.2–7.6, total nitrogen in the arable layer of the soil – 0.4 %, mobile potassium and phosphorus (according to Machigin) – respectively 20.5 mg/100 g and 10.2 mg / 100 g of dry soil, calcium – 5.6 %. The recommended rate of mineral fertilizers is N60P60K60. Scientific novelty. For the first time, 3 promising winter rye varieties selected in the Bashkir scientific research Institute and 2 samples of the All-Union Research Institute of Plant Breeding were studied in climatic conditions of south-western Cis-Ural. The content of water-soluble polysaccharides (WSP) and the water extract viscosity (WEV) were evaluated. The breeding value of plants was studied. Results The main indicators of the nutritional quality of winter rye grain are found to depend on both the variety (genotype) and the influence of external conditions (phenotype). It was detected that the content of water-soluble polysaccharides and the dynamic viscosity of the grain meal water extract are in a linear relationship (r = 0.98). They are unstable indicators and have a variable character. There are two varieties (Kombaynnyay 3 i Krupnozernaya 2) with the lowest WSP and WEV values and a high protein content in the grain. They can serve as source material to develop fodder crops in conditions of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The rye WEV was found to increase significantly in dry years, and decrease in wet years. The comparative evaluation of grain crops showed that the WEV of winter rye exceeded that of winter wheat by 3.5 times, spring wheat by 3.7 times, and winter triticale by 3.1 times. It was found that the samples with lower WSP and WEV indicators had small grains, low grain unit and higher protein content.

Dryland cropping system impact on forage accumulation, nutritive value, and rainfall use efficiency

AbstractForage cropping systems have greater precipitation use efficiency compared with cereal grains and oilseed cropping systems. However, information is limited to which forage species and forage rotation system increases productivity the most in the central Great Plains. The objective of this research was to identify the productivity and nutritive value of forage sorghum [FS, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], winter triticale [WT, ×Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus (Secale × Triticum)], and spring triticale (ST) crop rotations in the central Great Plains. The study was conducted from 2008 through 2011 at Garden City, Jetmore, and Tribune, KS. The experimental design was a randomized completed block with four crop rotation treatments: continuous FS–FS, continuous WT–WT, annual double‐crop WT/FS, and 2‐yr, double‐crop WT/FS–ST rotations. The annualized forage accumulation from WT/FS–ST rotation at Garden City, Jetmore, and Tribune were 30, 53, and 62% greater than annualized yields from the WT–WT rotation, respectively. The annualized forage accumulation from double crop WT/FS rotation were 55 and 148% greater than annualized forage accumulation from WT–WT rotation at Garden City and Jetmore. Overall productivity of a rotation was in the order WT/FS &gt; WT/FS–ST or FS–FS &gt; WT–WT. Despite its greater productivity, it was difficult to implement field operations (planting and harvesting) in the WT/FS rotation due to insufficient time in the growing season and because, often, there was little to no soil water available at planting. We concluded the WT/FS–ST rotation was less intense and more easily adoptable than the WT/FS rotation and has sufficient diversity to utilize resources better than continuous FS–FS or WT–WT rotations.

Triticale breeding improvement by the intraspecific and remote hybridization

The purpose of our research was to expand the genetic diversity and to create the new winter Triticale materials with high grain quality by use of intraspecific and remote hybridization, involving them in the breeding of high-yield cultivars. Samples of winter Triticale were created by intraspecific and remote hybridization methods using multiple individual selections at Uman National University of Horticulture (Ukraine). We created the collection of winter Triticale, which includes more than 300 samples. It consists of unique recombinant forms that differ in morphobiological and economically valuable indicators. The obtained samples were divided according to the plant height into medium-stemmed (over 100 cm), low-stemmed (80–99 cm), short-stemmed (60–79 cm) and dwarf (??60 cm). The sample 68 combined high yield (6.95 t/ha) and grain quality (protein content — 12.8%, gluten — 27.8%, 1000-grain weight — 50.5 g, grain unit — 690 g/l). Sample 83 was characterized by high protein content (14.2%) and gluten (30.2%) of group I, and was up to the standard yield (6.35 t/ha). We created the cultivars of winter Triticale ‘Navarra’ and ‘Strateg’ that listed in the State Register of Plant Cultivars Suitable for Distribution in Ukraine in 2018.

Assessment of the Suitability of 10 Winter Triticale Cultivars (x Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus) for Organic Agriculture: Polish Case Study

The aim of the study was to compare 10 winter triticale varieties according to their traits useful for cultivation in organic farming. The study was carried out in the years 2014–2017 in the experimental organic farm of the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation–State Research Institute in Pulawy (Poland). The highest-yielding varieties under organic conditions were Pizarro and Subito. Borowik cultivar showed the highest competitive ability against weeds. The highest number of weeds was found in the Leontyno cultivar, which was connected to the lowest plant density, the lowest weight of the above-ground parts of the canopy and smaller value of tillering coefficient. The most affected by the fungal pathogens Drechslera tritici-repentis (Died.) Shoem. and Puccinia striiformis Schwein. were Fredro and Algoso. Cluster analyses indicated that the most useful cultivars for cultivation in the organic system were: Borowik, Subito, and Tomko, which all showed higher yielding potential, bigger competitiveness against weeds, and average resistance against fungal pathogens. Pizarro, Tulus, and Twingo, which showed high resistance to fungal pathogens with lower competitiveness to weeds, were classified to the second group of usefulness. The least useful for the organic system were: Algoso, Fredro, Grenado, and Leontyno.

Features of formation and demonstration of signs of grain productivity in winter triticale

Features of formation and demonstration of signs of grain productivity in winter triticale

Assessment of winter triticale genotypes in the selection of grain-feed varieties for the foothill zone of the Central Caucasus

The article presents the results of evaluation of winter triticale initial material for economically valuable traits for grain and forage areas breeding varieties. The object of research were winter triticale cultivars of different ecological and geographical origin: Hortenso, Moderato (Poland), Prader (Switzerland), TGI 22/1, GR-16/2 (Russia), 88 T 142 KS (USA). Grade Valentin 90The was taken as standard. Statistical methods for evaluating grades plasticity and stability as well as plant productivity index (PPI) were used to assess the genotypes adaptability. It is specified that yields above 1 t/ha on average over the three years showed the following cultivars: Moderato (1,05 t/ha), GR 16/2 (1,14 t/ha) and Hortenso (1.19 t/ha). The following cultivars: Valentin 90 (13,2), Hortenso (12,7), GR 16/2 (13,5), Moderato (11,6) were highly productive according to PPI. In terms of ecological plasticity varieties were divided into groups: the value of bi close to one – varieties well adapted to the conditions of the region (Prader, Hortenso, GR 16/2), extensive varieties – bi less than unity (KS 88 T 142), intensive varieties – bi is greater than unity (Valentin 90, TGI 22/1, Moderato). In terms of homeostasis and breeding values the cultivars were distributed in the following order: Hortenso, GR-16/2, Valentin 90, Prader, TGI 22/1, Moderato, KS 88 T 142. Additional data obtained by the provocative sloping sites to determine the potential productivity and aftergrowth capacity. The best regeneration ability showed the following cultivars: Hortenso, GR 16/2, Moderato, Prader.

Efficiency of weed control in feed crops cultivation by organic technology

As a result of studies of field tests in 2019, it was found that corn crops lead to the stable formation of a large vegetative mass of both biennial and perennial weeds, and the cultivation of perennial grasses of the second year of use leads to a decrease in the weediness of crops by both groups of weeds. Despite the absence of pesticides and mineral fertilizers with organic technology, the number and weight of weeds was at the level of intensive technologies, which suggests the possibility of effective weed control with it method of management. Organic and extensive technology without the use of agrochemicals that contributed to a more vivid tendency to reduce the number of weeds by the end of the growing season and the smallest dynamics of their dry mass accumulation. The use of organic technology that ensures the production of crops without the use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers has contributed to the yield of annual and perennial grasses for first year of use at the level of intensive, and winter triticale, barley and corn are significantly higher than extensive, which can serve as the basis for the application of organic technology of cultivation of these crops.