Winter Triticale Research Articles

ВПЛИВ СИСТЕМИ УДОБРЕННЯ НА ПРОДУКТИВНІСТЬ ТРИТИКАЛЕ ОЗИМОГО (TRITICOSECALE WITT.) В УМОВАХ ОСУШУВАНОГО ДЕРНОВО-ПІДЗОЛИСТОГО ҐРУНТУ ПОЛІССЯ

Topicality. Currently, the search for ways to improve the efficiency of triticale production on drained soils under conditions of climate change is a necessary and urgent task, since there is no scientific research to improve the technology of growing this agricultural crop under such conditions. Issues. In the Polissia of Ukraine, triticale can solve the problem of increasing grain production, considering the high adaptive properties to growing conditions and the genetic potential of yield and product quality. Aim. To study the formation peculiarities of winter triticale grain yield and quality at different levels of organomineral fertilization, and determine the most economically justified fertilizer system on drained sod-podzolic soil in conditions of moisture deficit. Methods. Stationary experiment was established; the grain quality was determined with laboratory research method, and experimental data were processed using the Microsoft Office Excel computer program. Results. Research conducted in 2016–2020 found that during the triticale grain formation and filling, the productive moisture reserves of drained sod-podzolic soil in the 0–100 cm layer decreased to a critical level of 60–80 mm (130–200 mm was accounted for by the period of growth resumption). Under conditions of low soil moisture, when using biological fertilizer system (pea-oat mix by-product), grain yield was 2.62 t/ha, and the increase compared to the absolute control was to 14.9 %. On the background of predecessor by-products, when mineral fertilizers were applied in the recommended rate for the zone (N60P60K60), grain yield increased to 3.65 t/ha. The high yield of triticale grain (4.14 t/ha) was established when using increased (intensive) rate of mineral fertilizer N90P90K90 with separate nitrogen application in three stages (N30 – at sowing, N30 – stem elongation, N30 – grain formation) combined with by-products. It was noted that indicators of winter triticale grain quality depended on the fertilizer system. Thousand grain weight was 46.5–50.2 g, the maximum val-ues were in the high agronomic background. Grain volume weight was within 674–682 g/l, the difference between the variants was insignificant. Grain protein content on fertilized backgrounds was 11.8–12.7 %, when the rate was increased to N90P90K90 – 13.1 %, which is 1.2 % more than on the control variant. Conclusions. It was determined that the highest level of profitability of winter triticale cultivation was 144 % when by-products were used in the biological fertilization system. The N90P90K90 fertilizer system combined with by-products produced the highest grain yield (4.14 t/ha) and protein content (13.1 %), but profitability of triticale cultivation decreased to 77 %. Studies have shown that mineral fertilizers increase the yield and improve the grain quality while reducing the profitability of growing the crop. Keywords: triticale, fertilizer system, improved land, moisture supply, productivity, grain quality, cost-effectiveness.

RISKS IN AGRICULTURE: ASSESSMENT OF INFLUENCE OF WEATHER CONDITIONS ON THE GRAIN CROPS YIELD IN BELARUSIAN POLESYE

Based on the mathematical model of the crop, an algorithm for quantitative assessment of the agricultural risk for crops cultivated in specific soil and climatic conditions has been developed. Classification of agricultural risks according to crop losses is proposed, similar to the gradation adopted in the assessment of insurance payments, but more detailed. It has been established that quantitative indicators of agricultural risk do not depend on the level of crop nutrition, and for each year are determined only by precipitation and air temperatures during the active growing season. Calculations of agricultural risk for grain crops cultivated in Belarusian Polesye are made. Of the five years of barley cultivation, one year (2007) can be characterized as critical in terms of heat and moisture supply during the growing season. Crop yield losses due to adverse weather conditions exceeded 50 %. In 2005, the minimum risk for the cultivation of barley, related to sustainable farming, was obtained. Cultivation under weather conditions in 2006 and 2008 characterized as low-risk farming, and 2009 conditions should be attributed to high-risk barley cultivation. According to the average indicator of the risk rate of barley cultivation for five years of research, which amounted to 28.6 %, the region, in terms of its weather and climate conditions, corresponds to agriculture with an average risk. For winter triticale, out of four years of cultivation, one year (2007) can be characterized as critical in terms of heat and moisture supply during the growing season. Crop yield losses exceeded 50 %. In 2008, crop losses were in line with sustainable farming. Cultivation in 2006 for winter triticale was of a high risk, and in 2009 – low risk. On average for 4 years, the indicator of risk rate of cultivation of crops amounted to 28.1%. Consequently, for winter triticale, the region of Belarusian Polesye, in terms of its weather and climatic conditions, as well as for barley, corresponds to agriculture with an average risk.

Phytopathological assessment of winter triticale

The article presents the results of studies of the field resistance of winter triticale varieties to a number of diseases that have a significant impact on the formation of grain yield. It was established that varieties Talva 100, Kornet, Student had no signs of damage by ergot, powdery mildew. Talva 100 and Cornet were weakly affected by septoria, fusarium snow mold, and ear fusarium. Talva 100 and Student were moderately affected by leaf rust. Student variety in relation to the studied varieties was more affected by septoria and fusariosis of the ear.

Major aspects of interregional transfer of breeding/seed innovations with export potential

Purpose. To study and rationalize the main aspects of interregional transfer of breeding/plant innovations with export potential, of synergistic interaction between science, education and commodity production for more rapid innovative development of the country's regions.
 Material and methods. The study methods were dialectical, abstract-logical, monographic, computational/constructional, economic-statistical, graphic modeling and others. The study was based on the Laws of Ukraine, regulations and guidelines on market relations in the agrarian sector and seed production; statistical data and reports of basic farms of the institute.
 Results and discussion. For timely transfer of more adapted varieties, hybrids and parental components to production, we analyzed the numbers of accessions bred at the PPI nd.a. V.Ya. Yuriev NAAS in the State Register of Plant Varieties Suitable for Dissemination in Ukraine in 2021. As a result, we found that in 2021 the number of the major crop accessions bred at the Institute decreased by 15 compared to 2017, while during these years most breeding innovations were in demand from grain producers.
 That is, there is no urgent need to create as many new varieties as possible, and the implementation of breeding innovations into production is gradual, with due account for producers’ wishes and the market changes. In particular, the most competitive winter wheat varieties were Rozkishna, Shulyndinka, Harmonika, Zapashna, Doskonala, and Zdobna; variety Stoir and hybrids Saturn and Yupiter were the most competitive rye accessions; Ad 256, Amos, Nikanor and Buket were the most competitive winter triticale varieties.
 Analysis of the average sales of winter crop seeds of first generations in 2017–2021 indicated their gradual overproduction, as only 60–85% of these seeds were sold.
 Regarding the production and sales of spring cereals, legumes and groats crops, we learnt that pea, millet and spring barley varieties were in the greatest demand from users of grain products (the sale percentage was 74%, 69%, and 60%, respectively). The most competitive pea varieties were Oplot and Haiduk; Modern, Avhur, and Ahrarii were the most competitive spring barley varieties; Spadshchyna and Uliublena were the most competitive spring wheat varieties; Konstantynivske, Vitrylo, and Kozatske were the most competitive millet varieties.
 Conclusions. Thus, the results of the study for the period of 2017–2021 proved the feasibility of timely transfer of breeding/plant innovations with export potential (varieties, hybrids and parental components), which is important for scientific justification of seed production volumes for each generation and is a reference point for creating more profitable varieties and hybrids.

Результаты испытания сортов озимого тритикале за 2019–2021 годы в условиях северо-восточной части Беларуси

The total sown area of winter triticale in 2020 in Belarus amounted to 456 thousand hectares. New varieties carry new qualities that need to be studied and compared in specific soil and climatic conditions, to evaluate them in order to make a decision on the possibility of their zoning or culling. The evaluation of varieties was carried out at the SAI "Goretskaya Variety Testing Station" of the Mogilev Region of the Republic of Belarus. The studies were carried out according to generally accepted methods of laying and conducting experiments. Agricultural technology of winter triticale recommended by modern technological regulations for the north-eastern part of Belarus. In total, in 2018–2020, 16 varieties of winter triticale were in variety testing. Average for 2019–2021 Compared to the control variety Dynamo, the variety IZS-3 showed itself better in terms of grain yield (+7.2 c/ha). On average, over the two years above, the yield was higher in the varieties Tadeus (+5.2 c/ha), IZS-5 (+7.0 c/ha), Tribonus (+6.0 c/ha) and Tikhon (+17.2 q/ha). According to the results of one year of testing, the yield of the control variety was higher in varieties IZS-6, IZS-7, Belkanto, Riparo and Rivolt. On the basis of competitive variety testing and assessment of ecological adaptability, it is possible to recommend the IZS-3 variety (Belarus) for inclusion in the State Register of varieties of the Republic of Belarus for cultivation in the conditions of the north-eastern part of Belarus. The varieties Tadeus (Germany), IZS-5 (Belarus), Tikhon (Russia) and Tribonus (Austria) should be recognized as promising. For further variety testing, varieties IZS-6 and IZS-7 (Belarus), Belcanto (Poland), Riparo (France) and Rivolt (France) should be recommended. Keywords: WINTER TRITICALE, VARIETY, COMPETITIVE VARIETY TESTING, YIELD STRUCTURE, PRODUCTIVITY, ECOLOGICAL ADAPTABILITY

Результаты испытания сортов озимого тритикале за 2019–2021 годы в условиях северо-восточной части Беларуси

The total sown area of winter triticale in 2020 in Belarus amounted to 456 thousand hectares. New varieties carry new qualities that need to be studied and compared in specific soil and climatic conditions, to evaluate them in order to make a decision on the possibility of their zoning or culling. The evaluation of varieties was carried out at the SAI "Goretskaya Variety Testing Station" of the Mogilev Region of the Republic of Belarus. The studies were carried out according to generally accepted methods of laying and conducting experiments. Agricultural technology of winter triticale recommended by modern technological regulations for the north-eastern part of Belarus. In total, in 2018–2020, 16 varieties of winter triticale were in variety testing. Average for 2019–2021 Compared to the control variety Dynamo, the variety IZS-3 showed itself better in terms of grain yield (+7.2 c/ha). On average, over the two years above, the yield was higher in the varieties Tadeus (+5.2 c/ha), IZS-5 (+7.0 c/ha), Tribonus (+6.0 c/ha) and Tikhon (+17.2 q/ha). According to the results of one year of testing, the yield of the control variety was higher in varieties IZS-6, IZS-7, Belkanto, Riparo and Rivolt. On the basis of competitive variety testing and assessment of ecological adaptability, it is possible to recommend the IZS-3 variety (Belarus) for inclusion in the State Register of varieties of the Republic of Belarus for cultivation in the conditions of the north-eastern part of Belarus. The varieties Tadeus (Germany), IZS-5 (Belarus), Tikhon (Russia) and Tribonus (Austria) should be recognized as promising. For further variety testing, varieties IZS-6 and IZS-7 (Belarus), Belcanto (Poland), Riparo (France) and Rivolt (France) should be recommended. Keywords: WINTER TRITICALE, VARIETY, COMPETITIVE VARIETY TESTING, YIELD STRUCTURE, PRODUCTIVITY, ECOLOGICAL ADAPTABILITY

Quantitative-Genetic Evaluation of Resistances to Five Fungal Diseases in A Large Triticale Diversity Panel (×Triticosecale)

The man-made cereal triticale was fully resistant to the biotrophic diseases powdery mildew, leaf rust, yellow rust, and stem rust from its introduction in Europe in the mid-1970s until about 1990. In the following years, new races that were able to infect at least some triticale genotypes developed in all four pathogen populations, and resistance breeding came into focus. Here, we analyzed 656 winter triticale cultivars from 12 countries for resistance to these biotrophic diseases and Fusarium head blight (FHB) at up to 8 location-year combinations (environments). FHB ratings were corrected for plant height and heading stage by comparing three statistical methods. Significant (p < 0.001) genetic variances were found for all resistances with moderate to high entry-mean heritabilities. All traits showed a normal distribution, with the exception of stem rust, where the ratings were skewed towards resistance. There were no substantial correlations among the five disease resistances (r = −0.04 to 0.26). However, several genotypes were detected with multi-disease resistance with a disease rating below average for all five diseases simultaneously. In future, such genotypes must be selected primarily to cope with future challenges of less pesticide use and global climate change.

New variety of winter triticale Zubr

The purpose of the work is to create a drought-resistant, highly productive variety of winter triticale for the arid conditions of the Volga region. The article presents the main methods of creating and studying a new variety of winter hexaploid triticale Zubr. Breeding work on the creation of variety Zubr was carried out at the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Organization “Federal Center of Agriculture Research of South-East Region”. The variety was selected by the method of intervarietal hybridization within the genus Triticale, followed by a single individual selection from hybrid population F7 Strelez /Student. The characteristics of the variety according to the most important economically valuable traits are given in comparison with the varieties Student and Valentin 90, approved for the use in the 8th region of the Russian Federation of the state register of breeding achievements. Grain can be used for animal feed in the form of fodder. The increase in grain yield to the standard variety Student on average over the years of study was 9.6 c/ha and to the Valentin 90 – 2.0 c/ha. The high yield of the variety is formed due to the high mass of 1000 grains, the number and weight of grain per spike as main characteristics in the breeding for drought resistance. The laboratory study also confirmed the high drought resistance of the Zubr variety. Cell membrane permeability, as an indirect indicator of drought resistance, had the lowest value in the new cultivar among 70 samples of the world collection. The new variety forms the completed grain (actual weight is 722g/l). The new cultivar and standards did not differ in the crude protein content in the grain (13.3-13.4%). In terms of the fall number, as an indirect indicator of resistance to pre-harvest grain germination, the new variety is inferior to standard varieties.

Effectiveness of and Perspectives for the Sedimentation Analysis Method in Grain Quality Evaluation in Various Cereal Crops for Breeding Purposes.

The existing standardized methods for assessing the quality of marketable grain do not always meet the requirements of the breeding, such as the method’s rapidity, sufficiency of the minimum amount of experimental material, the minimal modifying influence of the external environment on the degree of expression of a criterion, and genetic determination and heritability of the latter. One of the methods that meets these requirements is the sediment volume test. The present study offers an analysis and examples of methodological developments in relation to the assessment of winter bread wheat grain in arid regions of cultivation, as well as of winter triticale. The fluorescent probing method was used as an example for demonstrating the prospects for assessing the swelling of ground grain products of both bread and durum wheat, and for such crops with a less-strong complex of storage polymers as triticale, rye, and millet. A two-stage sedimentation procedure that allows a successful differentiation of samples has been developed for sorghum and maize grain. It is presented here alongside with methodological works on wheat from different countries of the world. Examples of the proven high reproducibility of the sediment volume test in the offspring, and its genetic determination are provided. In general, the data obtained and the material accumulated by various researchers indicate that a modification of the sedimentation method, correctly chosen for specific goals and objectives, solves the problem of assessing grain quality in breeding samples starting from early progenies. All these circumstances make the sedimentation testing the leading or most promising method for assessing grain quality when breeding of a broad range of grain crops is carried out.

Suppressing Alopecurus myosuroides in winter cereals by delayed sowing and pre-emergence herbicides

Delayed sowing of winter cereals in Western Europe is a preventive method to reduce Alopecurus myosuroides infestations. Two series of on-farm studies including 36 experiments were conducted in South-Western Germany to analyse the combined effects of delayed sowing and pre-emergence herbicide application on A. myosuroides density, weed control efficacy and cereal grain yield. From 2006 until 2009, pendimethalin + flufenacet was applied one week after sowing winter barley and winter wheat. From 2018 until 2020, cinmethylin was used in winter wheat and winter triticale. Densities of A. myosuroides in the untreated early sown control plots amounted up to 1 233 plants/m2. Delayed sowing on average reduced densities by 43%. The mixture of pendimethalin + flufenacet in combination with delayed sowing controlled 87% of the A. myosuroides plants and increased cereal grain yields from 6.4 t/ha in the early sown untreated control to 7.9 t/ha. Cinmethylin in combination with delayed sowing resulted in 91% weed control efficacy and increased grain yields from 5.3 t/ha to 8.8 t/ha. Average grain yields of all delayed sowing treatments were 0.7 t/ha higher than in the early sown treatments. Therefore, delayed sowing combined with pre-emergence herbicide application is a cost-effective strategy of integrated weed management (IWM) in winter cereals reducing dependency on post-emergence herbicide use and mitigating the risk of herbicide resistance development.

AGROECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF SUITABILITY OF SOILS MSTISLAVSKY DISTRICT OF ARABLE LAND FOR GRAIN CROPS

Based on the improved general agro-production grouping of soils, the assessment of soil fertility in the Mstislavsky district and their erosion, the degree of suitability of soils of arable land in the region for the cultivation of grain crops (winter rye, winter and spring wheat, winter triticale, spring barley and oats) was established: the most suitable, suitable, unsuitable, unsuitable. The areas of suitable soils for the cultivation of grain crops, as well as the possible areas for their sowing, taking into account the alternation in crop rotations, have been identified, and a reserve of sown areas of grain crops in the region has been established. The results of the research can be used in the development of measures for the rational use of land resources and for improving the structure of sown areas of grain crops, taking into account the current state of the soil cover.

DIAGNOSTIC OF THE WINTER TRITICALE FOR SULFUR AND MAGNESIUM NUTRITION ON PODZOLUVISOL LOAMY SOIL

The results of field experiments on specially prepared 4 levels of exchangeable magnesium content in the podzoluvisol loamy soil in a wide range of (Mg 45–240 mg/kg) are presented. The parameters of soil and plant diagnostic for sulfur and magnesium supply of winter triticale had been developed. The range of the optimal exchangeable magnesium content Mg 140–155 mg/kg of soil and the equivalent ratio of cations (Ca2+: Mg2+ = 4–5 and K+ : Mg2+ = 0,6–0,7) had been found. The obtained results could be used for the choice of the appropriate fields for triticale grain yield of 70 t/ha and more, as well as to identify the need for foliar spray of plants with solution of MgSO4 ∙ 7H2O according to the analysis of soils and plants in the early stages of their development.

Evaluation of New Fall Rye Cultivar ‘Bono’ in Single and Double Cropping Systems

A new fall rye (FR, Secale cereale L.) cv. Bono was investigated as a novel cropping option in Saskatchewan, Canada. In this study, the performance of Bono was compared to Hazlet FR, and both cultivars were compared to winter triticale (WT, Triticosecale Wittm.) cv. Pika in single cropping (SC) or in double cropping (DC) systems with spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was evaluated in the Dark Brown soil zone, 2019–2021. Five replicated (n = 4) treatments were: (i) BonoFR; (ii) HazletFR; (iii) PikaWT; (iv) Barley–BonoFR; and (v) Barley–HazletFR. The first crop of barley was harvested at soft dough stage, followed by the second crop of FR seeded in the same year and harvested between flag leaf to heading emergence the following summer for greenfeed hay. Bono did not differ (p > 0.05) in DMY (1.2 Mg ha−1) or nutritive value from Hazlet, however, both FRs differed (p = 0.01) from WT by higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE, 41.0 vs. 33.7) and NDF (541.8 vs. 479.3 g kg–1), but lower CP (155.3 vs. 187.1 g kg–1). Double cropping barley with fall ryes increased total DMY, nutrients yield per ha, and minerals uptake by up to 83% and NUE by 35.3%. In conclusion, Bono fall rye could be an equal quality alternative to Hazlet, although the current higher seed price may delay its adoption.

Agroecological and technological assessment of new varieties of cereals depending on biotic and abiotic growing conditions

Field experiments and laboratory studies were carried out during 2018-2021 on the basis of the experimental field and the research laboratory of the Smolensk State Agricultural Academy. The following varieties of winter wheat were the object of research: Measure, Nemchinovskaya 85, Skipetr (domestic selection) STRG - 872317 (foreign selection); varieties of winter triticale: Consul, Nina (domestic selection), Nord-1173303 MS, Mikhas (foreign selection). In our studies, the studied varieties of winter wheat and winter triticale of domestic and foreign breeding were ecologically plastic and formed a yield of 5.5-6.5 t/ha. We found that the winter wheat variety Nemchinovskaya 85 at a yield level of 5.77 t/ha exceeded the varieties Mera by 0.13 t/ha, Skipetr by 0.77 t/ha STRG - 88237 by 0.17 t/ha. According to the yield level of winter triticale, the domestic variety Konsul stood out - 5.86 t/ha and the variety of foreign selection Nord 1173303 MS - 5.28 t/ha. The duration of the growing season for varieties of winter crops, depending on the conditions of years, was 282-339 days and corresponded to the morphobiological characteristics of these varieties. In terms of precocity, winter wheat varieties were inferior to winter triticale varieties up to 5 or more days. When overwintering plants (68-77%) varieties of domestic breeding for winter wheat Nemchinovskaya 85 and Mera; for winter triticale, Consul and Nina were more winter-hardy (by 3-8%) than varieties of foreign selection. The article presents qualitative indicators of grain evaluation, where winter wheat varieties Nemchinovskaya 85 and Mera were distinguished by their physicochemical properties; in varieties of winter triticale - Consul. So the weight of 1000 grains in these varieties was respectively: 48.2; 47.9, and 45.5 g; vitreousness: 73;72;58%, nature: 799;765;750 g/l; falling number: 313;303;261 s. The protein content in the grain of winter wheat varieties ranged from 13.0 to 13.8% and in winter triticale varieties - from 12.3 to 13.1%. The studied varieties of domestic and foreign breeding retained their genotypicity in terms of morphobiological characteristics, physicochemical, biochemical and technological properties. Thus, in terms of gluten content and its quality, both in grain and in flour, winter wheat varieties corresponded to the indicators - 3 classes, winter wheat varieties triticale - 4 classes. We found that the rheological and baking properties of flour in winter wheat varieties were significantly higher than in winter triticale varieties. The best indicators of these properties in terms of flour strength were in winter wheat varieties Nemchinovskaya 85-279 J and Mera - 269 J and in the winter triticale variety Consul - 156 J. The bakery assessment of the loaves showed that the Nemchinovskaya 85 variety stood out in terms of bread volume, surface, crust color, crumb structure, aroma with a volume of 993 mm3 and a bread score of 4.8 points. In a comprehensive assessment of bread from winter triticale grain, the best indicators were in the Consul variety and amounted to 655 mm3 and 3.6 points, respectively. At the same time, when using grain varieties of winter triticale in baking production, it is necessary to use wheat flour as an improver, from 30 to 50%.

Productivity of varieties of winter triticale with the use of nitrogen fertilizers in the flat irrigated zone of Dagestan

The purpose of the research is to study the responsiveness of winter triticale varieties to the use of nitrogen fertilizers, which makes it possible to identify the potential productivity of various varieties in the conditions of the flat irrigated zone of Dagestan. Some elements of the technology for growing new varieties of winter triticale have been studied on meadow-chestnut soil under irrigated conditions in the flat zone of Dagestan. A comprehensive assessment of the effect of nitrogen fertilizers on the stages of organogenesis, the formation of the main structural indicators and the yield of winter triticale varieties is given. The article presents the results of the effects of nitrogen fertilizers on the development and formation of the crop of new varieties of winter triticale. The reaction of varieties of winter triticale to fractional and single application of nitrogen nutrition was determined.

Immunological assessment of varieties of cereal crops relative to the North Caucasian and Belarusian populations of the pathogen of pink snow mold

The article presents the results of an immunological assessment of the North Caucasian (NC) and Belarusian (BL) populations of pink snow mold (pathogen Microdochium nivale (Fr.) Samuels & I.C. Hallett) of 2 triticale varieties, 3 rye varieties, 2 winter barley varieties of Belarusian selection and 11 varieties barley, 20 varieties of winter wheat of Russian selection in the seedling phase. Infectious material was selected from two geographically distant zones - the population of the fungus of the North Caucasus region of the Russian Federation (NC) and the population selected on the crops of the Republic of Belarus (BL). It was revealed that resistance to NC was shown by one variety of winter triticale Grenado with a degree of damage of 3.2 points. Winter rye varieties showed different degrees of susceptibility to both populations: Zazerskaya 3 (NC - 5.0 points, BL 8.2 - points), Forzetti (NC5.2 - points, BL 6.4 - points), Golubka (NC - 5.4 points, BL 7.2 points). High resistance to both pathogen populations was found in the winter barley variety Vivat (NC - 2.8 points, BL - 2.6 points). High resistance relative to both populations was found in winter wheat varieties: Helios (NC - 2.0 points, BL - 2.4 points), Iliad (NC - 2.0 points, BL - 2.8 points) and Soberbash (NC 2, 8 - points, BL 2.8 - points). The degree of plant damage by the Belarusian population of the pathogen of pink snow mold was higher than the North Caucasian population (Ft4.0<Ff4.5) with a moderate degree of correlation of damage by different populations (rxy=0.33), which indicates a higher aggressiveness of the pathogen common on crops grain crops of Belarus.

Influence of subterraneous plant organs on yields and winter hardness of winter triticale (× Triticosecale Wittm.)

Purpose of this work was to identify the influence of the underground part of the plant on winter hardness and crop yields of collection of winter hexaploid triticale with different eco-geographical origin in the terms of Nonchernozem zone in Russia. The set of 43 hybrids of triticale with different eco-geographical origin was divided into 5 groups according to its origin: Dagestan, North Caucasus, Central Black Earth zone and Ukraine, Nonchernozem zone of Russia, Belarus and Eastern Europe. For every hybrid in a group, the number of plants with lower tillering node, availability and degree of epicotyl development and secondary root system calculated and the correlation analysis of these traits with grain yields performed. The grain yields considered as an integral indicator of the genotype adaptability for specific environment conditions. As a result, the triticale genotypes with stable development of a large number of plants with lower tillering node selected Mikola, Antey, Valentin, AD4, Timbo, AD 44 and Flamingo. The influence of environment conditions where the triticale hybrid created on selection of high yields genotype and increased number of plants with lower tillering node revealed. Greatest conjugacy between crop yields and availability of double tillering nodes is typical for hybrids from Central part of country and Belarus. It turned out that hybrids from southern regions have a positive relation of crop yields and the length of epicotyl. The hybrids from Central part of Russia, Belarus and Europe do not have this correlation. A weak positive relation in triticale hybrids found between development of secondary root system and grain yield.

Economic and technological assessment of triticale breeding lines

The article presents the results of the study of breeding lines of winter hexaploid triticale in the West Kazakhstan Agrarian Technical University. Zhangir Khan. Selected and recommended for inclusion in the competitive variety testing variety samples - carriers of traits important for breeding: high productivity, quality indicators of grain. In terms of yield, they exceeded the performance of grain of the standard triticale variety TI 17. High grain yields were found in the breeding lines (Patriot x Vanguard) (35 c/ha), [(Patriot x Vanguard) x (Niklap x Matyrskoe)] (29.1 c/ha). ha), 9457-4/14 (26.2 centners/ha), 9523-1/14 (23.8 centners/ha), varieties Run (23.7 centners/ha). An assessment of the physical, biochemical qualities of the grain of triticale breeding lines was carried out. The analysis of baking qualities made it possible to identify lines with good baking properties: (Niklap x Victor) x Antey, KS88T, Antey x Mara. The assessment of the technological and flour-grinding and baking qualities of winter triticale grain made it possible to identify samples that, along with technological advantages, have a whole range of economically valuable properties that can become a variety of triticale for baking purposes.

Efecto y evaluación agrícola de digestato anaeróbico de la FORSU como fertilizante en tritical invernal

Anaerobic Digestion (AD) has proven to be an economically viable technology to treat the organic fraction of the municipal solid wastes (OFMSW). Research regarding the management and application of AD byproducts in Mexico, is required to encourage the private sector and local administrations to invest in this technology. In this study, fodder winter triticale (x triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus var. Rio Nazas) was grown to demonstrate the fertilizer effect and to evaluate the raw digestate generated from the AD under thermophilic conditions of locally sampled OFMSW, using a batch scale digester. The digestate produced was incorporated into a 6 m2 plot according to the recommender fertilization for this crop. At the same time, a crop treated with inorganic fertilizer (IF) and a control were grown, each on a plot of same dimensions, for comparison purposes. The fertilizer effect was measured in crop yield (Mg ha−1), seed efficiency (kgTriticale kgSeed−1) and bromatological value. Overall, the digestate treatment had better results in crop yield (12.54 Mg ha−1) and seed efficiency (83.61 kgTriticale kgSeed−1) than those achieved with the IF (11.16 Mg ha−1 and 74.43 kgTriticale kgSeed−1 , respectively) and the control. Whereas the bromatological value, a statistical analysis revealed that, regardless of the treatment, the mineral uptake, protein, sugar and fiber content were not significantly different (p &gt; 0.05). Raw digestate generated from AD of the OFMSW under thermophilic conditions, is a valuable by product, rich enough to fully substitute IF for growing triticale Río Nazas.

Mid-summer annual forage performance in organic, grass-fed production

Grass-fed ruminant production does not have the convenience of feeding easily-storable grains during periods of low forage availability. This study examined the forage yield, quality, and utilization of warm- and cool-season annual forages grown under organic management during the mid-summer “feed gap” period. Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. cv. Tetra Brand), winter triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack cv. common), oat (Avena sativa L. cv. Souris), millet (Panicum miliaceum L. cv. Crown Proso), corn (Zea mays L. cv. BMR84 and CM440 Canamaize), and sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench × Sorghum sudanense [Piper] Stapf cv. common) were grown in Carman, Manitoba, over 3 site-years in 2018 and 2019. Combined forage and weed dry matter (DM) yield was 7159 kg·ha−1 for sorghum-sudangrass (29% weeds), 5506 kg·ha−1 for corn (36% weeds), 4687 kg·ha−1 for oat (45% weeds), 4617 kg·ha−1 for annual ryegrass (95% weeds), 4542 kg·ha−1 for millet (28% weeds), and 2945 kg·ha−1 for winter triticale (51% weeds); significant differences in crop and weed biomass were observed. All forage systems were palatable to sheep with utilization rates from 47% to 65%. When all quality parameters were considered, corn, winter triticale, millet, and oat displayed adequate quality for mid-summer grazing, while sorghum-sudangrass had suboptimal crude protein concentrations. Direct measurements of forage quality on weeds showed that weeds did not compromise forage quality. This Canadian first study demonstrated the potential of forage production for mid-summer grazing in an organic, grass-fed regime with oat, millet, and corn resulting in the best combination of yield and quality.