WhatsApp Group Research Articles

The Use of ToC & LFA vs Considerations for a Unified Logic Model Approach (ULMA) in Humanitarian and Development Interventions

Humanitarian and development workers often various challenges in developing and applying logic models in their interventions. Faced with a wide array of logic models that are often confusing, time and resource constraints further compound the decision to use a particular logic model or models, especially in emergencies. The decision of whether or not to use a single logic model such as the LFA or the ToC is not an easy one. Factors prevalent in the sector do not make this task an easy one. The question of whether the use of a single logic model independently should suffice to deliver the desired outcomes of the intervention remains paramount. Some humanitarian professionals and scholars argue that the use of a single logic model cannot sufficiently deliver the results of the intervention while others hold an opposing view. We sought to understand how time and resource constraints affect the choice of logic modes, the possibilities of using each logic model (ToC or LFA) independently to achieve projects/programme objectives as well as to make recommendations on the possibilities of uniting the key features of the ToC and the LFA into the Unified Logic Model Approach (ULMA) for better planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of humanitarian and development interventions. Primary data was collected as the main method of study between June and July 2024 with humanitarian and development professionals focused on the development of these tools and their use. Some of the categories of professionals interviewed included humanitarian and organisational CEOs, directors, coordinators, business development professionals, grant management professionals, programme and project managers, project officers, monitoring and evaluation specialists and assistants, sector leads and officers. These professionals from around the world were reached both online in their professional WhatsApp Groups and offline in their respective organisations (both local and international organisations). The survey questionnaire was structured to contain closed and open-ended questions and was informed by the core problems and the research hypothesis. The sample size included 284 participants and the data was analysed using the Chi-square (X 2 ) test of independence and descriptive statistics to determine the level of association and significance of the findings. The open-ended questions were analysed thematically to find relevant themes to further support the statistical analysis.

PENGELOLAAN E- LAYANAN KONSELING DALAM PENINGKATAN DISIPLIN PESERTA DIDIK BERBASIS WHATSAPP

Counseling services are less effective in conveying relevant and useful information to students, as well as the use of media is not optimal and there is a lack of time in providing counseling services to improve student discipline. Electronic counseling is an alternative that is relevant to technological developments and the needs of today's modern students. However, it is necessary to manage WhatsApp-based e-counseling services to improve student discipline at SMAN 4 Banda Aceh. The aim of this research is to determine the planning, implementation and obstacles to WhatsApp-based e-counseling services in improving student discipline. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The research subjects were guidance and counseling teachers, homeroom teachers, and students. Data collection techniques use observation, interviews and documentation, then the data is analyzed through triangulation techniques. The results of this research show that planning WhatsApp-based e-counseling services was carried out through stages: 1) survey of student needs and interests; 2) communication with parents and homeroom teachers 3) formation of several Whatsapp groups; 4) distribution of tasks to guidance and counseling teachers; 5) and long term planning. The implementation of WhatsApp-based e-counseling services is carried out in stages: 1) Analysis of student needs via the assessment questionnaire link; 2) introduction of WhatsApp-based counseling materials to parents and students; 3) individual counseling and group counseling via WhatsApp; 4) follow-up to students who have not changed; 5) collaboration with parents and homeroom teachers to resolve cases. Obstacles in managing WhatsApp-based e-counseling services include: 1) students are late in filling out assessment questionnaires via the website; 2) misuse of WhatsApp; 3) technological limitations; 4) lack of non-verbal communication between counselors and students

PREVALENCE OF SELF MEDICATION AMONG MBBS STUDENTS OF SHEIKH ZAYED MEDICAL COLLEGE, RAHIM YAR KHAN

Background: The prevalence of self-medication among medical students due to the virtue of their studying medicine is a significant issue. It can lead to various challenges including inappropriate symptom management and developing resistance to certain pharmaceutical drugs. Objective: The objective of this research was to determine the frequency of selfmedication among MBBS students of Sheikh Zayed Medical College Rahim Yar Khan. Methodology: The study design for this research was Cross-sectional study. The study was conducted at Sheikh Zayed Medical College, Rahim Yar Khan. Study subjects were five batches of MBBS within the age group of 19-25 and the duration was between August 15, 2023 to September 15, 2023. A sample size of 130 students were included in the study. Before the study, consent was taken from all subjects. The questionnaire was shared via WhatsApp groups to collect information with complete anonymity. The variables included age, gender, locality and questions were: involvement in self medication practice, frequency in the past one year, reasons, source of advice, illness, complaints for medication, adverse effects, and if they had stopped it and consulted a doctor. This data was entered on SPSS and results were obtained in textural, graphical and tabular form. Results: The study showed that among 130 medical students, 107 (82.3%) had self-medicated. 65.4% did it because it was convenient. The mean age was 21.29. The most common reason was headache (63.6%) and second most prevalent reason was sore throat (59.8%). Most students (69.2%) selected the medicine based on their own experience and 58.9% did on the basis of a previous prescription. Over half of the subjects (57%) stopped using the medication once the symptoms were alleviated. Most students (72%) never had any adverse effects from self-medication. Conclusion: The prevalence of self-medication in students at Sheikh Zayed Medical College, Rahim Yar Khan is high as 82.3% of students have self-medicated. The common reasons for self-medication are headache and sore throat. Almost one-half of students stopped using the medication with alleviation of symptoms. Most students never had any adverse effects from self-medication

2300 A survey on the underlying knowledge of doctors’ in conducting polypharmacy review and medication optimisation in older adults.

Abstract Introduction Polypharmacy is common among older adults and could result in adverse outcomes if not reviewed and optimised regularly (Davies et al, 2020). The aim of this survey is to assess and report on the variation in doctors’ understanding of medication reviews at Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells hospitals (MTW). Method A short, anonymised, online questionnaire was circulated to all current doctors at MTW via email and WhatsApp groups. Results 38 doctors of different grades (Foundation Year One-Consultant) from a variety of medical and surgical specialties responded. Of these, 41% could correctly define appropriate polypharmacy, but only 6% could define problematic polypharmacy. Most respondents (59.5%) had not received any training on structured medication reviews (SMR). 51.4% were not aware of any tools used in medication optimisation. 43% said they ‘always carry out’ medication reviews in clinical practice and 8.3% said that they never do. Less than half (38%) felt confident in completing SMR. The main barriers to routine implementation of SMR identified by the respondents were: lack of confidence (27%), time pressures (26%), senior clinicians not giving importance to SMR (16%), 3% felt it was not the doctor’s responsibility. Most respondents (91.7%) said that they would benefit from further training in SMR. Conclusions The results show that there is a wide variation in the respondents’ understanding and practice of medication reviews. Also, that there is a clear and well- founded demand for training. Once training has been formulated and delivered a follow up survey of those attending should be used to help gauge its effectiveness. The small sample size is a limitation of this study affecting its generalisability as is the fact that it was a self-selected group completing the survey.

2253 Establishing a national network of trainee representatives in geriatric medicine higher specialty training

Abstract Introduction This study demonstrates how a network of geriatric medicine trainee representatives was established across the UK. The intention of the network was threefold: accurately represent the interests of trainees by gathering national feedback, develop a job description of deanery trainee representatives and create a community of practice between representatives. Method Deanery trainee representatives were identified through TPDs then contacted to participate in an online questionnaire which also consented for whatsapp group invitation. Results: Deanery representatives were identified for 12 out of 13 deaneries, the final post was vacant. The survey response rate was 83% and all respondents gave permission to be added to the whatsapp group. We gathered information regarding eligibility, appointment and the role of deanery trainee representatives. Results Most deaneries (73%) do not require representatives to be a minimum grade whereas 27% required representatives to be ST4 or above. Over half (55%) were appointed following an expression of interest without an election, 27% required an election and 9% were approach and appointed directly either by the TPD or current representative. Once appointed 82% had no fixed term whilst 18% would have a term limited to two years. Once appointed the role entails an invitation to the local higher specialty training committee for 73% of respondents and 73% also reported a role in organising regional training. Conclusions The aim of this project to create a network between deanery representatives has been achieved and produced an engaged network of representatives facilitating accurate representation of trainees at a national level. Further applications include collaboration between trainees to share training practices. In a period of training recovery following the Covid-19 pandemic and a new geriatric medicine curriculum a community of practice between trainee representatives has enormous potential to improve training quality and experiences for geriatric medicine trainees in the UK.

Problem Encountered by the Students in Speaking English at English Students of Baturaja University

This research analyzes the problems faced by students of the English language education study program at Baturaja University, in speaking English. This type of research is descriptive qualitative using a survey approach. The sample in this study consisted of 48 students including the second semester with 26 respondents and the fourth semester with 22 students as respondents. Data was collected through a questionnaire using Google Form which was then distributed online via WhatsApp groups for each respondent class. It consist 20 statement with 2 indicator, namely: linguistic problems and psychology problems. The researcher used four point of likert scale for analyzing the data recapitulation, The researchers found two problems faced by students when speaking English, including linguistic problems and psychological problems. The results research show that 28,13% strongly agree, 46,2% agree, 20,01% disagree, 5,64% strongly disagree of students have linguistic problems in speaking English with the highest cause being lack of vocabulary. Meanwhile, regarding psychological problems, based on research resultsresearch show that 19,4% strongly agree, 46,2% agree, 20,01% disagree, 5,64% strongly of students have psychology problems in speaking English with the highest cause being lack of self-confidence. Thus, it can be seen that the most dominant causing problems in speaking English among students is linguistic problems.

Prevalence of Varicose Veins Among Surgeons: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Extended periods of standing, obesity, female sex, and older age are risk factors associated with a higher probability of developing varicose veins (VV). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of VV among surgeons in public hospitals inMakkah, Saudi Arabia, and to identify the risk factors associated with this condition. Methodology This is a descriptive cross-sectional study based on a validated online questionnaire distributed via hospital WhatsApp(Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA) groups conducted between January and June 2024. The inclusion criteria of this study were surgeons of both sexes and any age group working in the selected hospitals in Makkah City, who agreed to participate in the study. The exclusion criteria were any other healthcare workers from outside the surgical field. We included 192 participants, and Epi Info software (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA) was used to calculate the sample size. The data were collected, reviewed, and then fed into IBM SPSS Statistics software for Windows version 21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Every participant filled out a consent form. The university ethics committee of Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, granted ethical permission. Result This study comprised 192 surgeons in Makkah hospitals. Twenty-eight surgeons were either diagnosed with VV or had signs of VV. Varicose veins were detected among 50% of thoracic surgeons, 42.9% of pediatric surgeons, and 26.3% of orthopedic surgeons. The most reported risk factors were a family history of VV (17%), hypertension (16%), and diabetes mellitus (14%). Surgeons aged 40 years or older had a higher prevalence of VV than younger ones. Also, 55.6% of obese surgeons had VV compared to 7.8% of others with average weight. Conclusion We found that VV is a common problem, particularly among individuals with predisposing factors, such as long standing hours, smoking, pregnancy, and obesity. We found that surgeons specializing in thoracic and pediatric specialties and female surgeons were more likely to be affected by VV. Preventive measures, such as avoiding prolonged standing, wearing compression stockings, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle, are recommended.

The effects of profession-related films on the professional pride of nursing students: A randomised controlled trial.

This study aimed to determine the effects of profession-related films on the professional pride of nursing students. The study was conducted with a randomised controlled experimental design. The sample of the study consisted of 102 students enrolled in the first year of the School of Nursing, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University in Türkiye in the 2022-2023 academic year. These students were randomly assigned to the experimental (n = 57) and control (n = 45) groups. The experimental group watched two documentaries and a film on YouTube with a one-week break. Self-administered online questionnaires were distributed via WhatsApp groups for pretests and posttests. Data were collected with a "Sociodemographic Data Form" and the "Nursing Professional Pride Scale (NPPS)" included in the questionnaire forms prepared on the Google Forms platform. Data were analysed using Spearman's rho, the Mann-Whitney U Test, and the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. The mean age of the participants was 18.80 ± 0.99 years, 80% of the participants were female, the place where 79.4% had lived for the longest duration in their lives was the city, 85.3% had information about the profession of nursing before they started university (36.8% from the internet, 34.6% from people around them). The experimental group had significantly higher NPPS scores than the control group after the intervention (p = 0.017). There was also a significant increase in the dimensions of professional feeling (p = 0.012) and desire to continue the profession in the experimental group (p = 0.002). Patients and public were not involved in this research.

IMPROVING WRITING SKILLS IN BUSINESS ENGLISH STUDENTS – THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BASED TECHNOLOGY

Today, more than ever, effective communication, regardless of the shape it takes, is important for every company’s success. Having as a target the idea of going global, employers search for employees who know exactly how to express themselves in order to be understood efficiently and correctly, constantly ranking writing ability among the most popular skills for business graduates to possess. Nowadays, the global business image needs professionals who possess communications skills, especially writing skills since businesses want to convey their idea, a message, a concept to employees, customers, partners, contractors all over the world. We can think of a lot of reasons why writing skills are important in the business world. As communication technologies and information are having a great impact on all the aspects of the language use, written communication changes, too. The more diffused computer-mediated communications are, the more we witness a modification in the purpose of writing, the genres of written communication and the nature of the audience. For both teachers and students, writing has always been a problematic issue, due to several aspects, among which the most significant ones are: it is more time-consuming, it is not very dynamic, it is not very interactive and therefore, it is more difficult to be integrated in the structure of the course of Business English. The whole picture has changed. One of the most used platforms among students is WhatsApp, being a popular instructional learning medium. The present article is based on research using semistructured interviews, in the qualitative phase, as an instrument for data collection, aimed to find out the students’ perspective towards the use of WhatsApp group in improving their writing ability in English. The sample of the study consists of 45 students at the Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Oradea, first and second year of study. The author wants to research how today’s technology influences the development of writing skills in Business English students, more exactly the impact of the WhatsApp groups, in the case of the abovementioned students. The elements discussed are the following: tone, simplicity, clarity and concision. The results show that the students feel that their writing skills have improved after a period of using WhatsApp group and benefit during the teaching and learning process. It also shows that it can develop the writing ability of the students. This result is supported by the opinions of the students who gave more good responses than bad ones. Thus, the result shows that the WhatsApp group is one of the most appreciated and appropriate learning platforms for today’s Generation Z.

Knowledge, awareness, and approaches of dentistry students about separated instruments in root canals: A cross-sectional study.

This survey aims to assess the understanding, viewpoints, and methods employed by undergraduate dental students in the fourth and fifth grades regarding broken endodontic instruments in root canal procedures. A survey comprising 27 questions across three sections-demographic information, practical application, and knowledge-approach-awareness inquiries-was developed. It was distributed to 282 students either in person or via a link shared through WhatsApp groups using Google Forms. Out of the total 219 respondents (77.6%), 10.6% experienced instrument breakage once during their clinical internship, while 2.8% encountered it more than once. The majority (86.7%) did not face instrument fracture incidents. Among these occurrences, it was observed that endodontic instruments were most commonly separated in molars, accounting for 51.9%. Nearly half (48.1%) of the students noted instrument breakage during the initial attempt to reach the apical part of the canal, while 55.6% reported breakage during root canal cleaning and shaping. Most dental students opted to leave the separated instrument in the root canal and proceed with filling it. Enhancing students' understanding and awareness of this matter will help prevent potential complications and enable them to handle such situations appropriately when they arise.

MS. Power Point as a LMS Platform in Arabic Learning in Islamic Boarding School

This research is motivated by the condition of the COVID-19 pandemic, which requires learning to be carried out online or online. Thus forcing teachers to be creative in preparing learning tools that can be used online. From several commonly used learning media or devices such as the Whatsapp Group, there are still obstacles to be faced. The research entitled "Development of MS-Based Arabic Learning Management System (LMS). PowerPoint 365 at Islamic Boarding Schools" was implemented. This study aimed to produce a Microsoft PowerPoint 365-based Arabic Learning Management System (LMS) product on al mihnah (profession) material at Islamic boarding school-based MTs Salafiyah Syafi'iyah Proto. The resulting LMS is a good and effective product and improves students' Arabic language learning. This Learning Management System (LMS) develops using the Borg & Gall model. The procedure for creating this LKS goes through the following stages: (1) the research and data collection stage, (2) the planning stage, (3) the initial product draft planning stage, (4) the expert validity testing stage, (5) the product revision stage, (6) dissemination, and implementation stages. Based on the results of the LMS validation, overall, it was declared valid with a total percentage of 78.66%. Based on the results of the student response questionnaire as a practicality test, a portion of 88.22 was obtained. At the same time, the results of the students' post-test got an average value of the control class of 64.38, while the average of the experimental course was 86.89. This shows that the LMS is effectively used. The results of the t-test on the post-test results manually yielded a t-value of 5.2. Using db = 73 and with a significance level of 5%, a t-table value of 1.992997 is obtained. This shows that there are differences between the classes being compared. While the test results using SPSS 16.0 obtained a significance level of 0.000, there are differences between the types being compared. From the two tests above, it can be concluded that there is an effect of using LMS on al mihnah (profession) material for class VIII MTs Salafiyah Syafi'iyah Proto which is based on Islamic boarding schools.

Enhancing Knowledge and Compliance in Anemia Treatment Through a WhatsApp Group at SMPN 1 Karangrejo, Magetan, Indonesia

Enhancing Knowledge and Compliance in Anemia Treatment Through a WhatsApp Group at SMPN 1 Karangrejo, Magetan, Indonesia

INNOVATIVE STRATEGY OF THE HEAD OF SASANA JAYA MONASTERY IN CRISIS MANAGEMENT

The head of The Sasana Jaya Buddhist Monastery manages all threats, makes quick decisions, and monitors the development of the crisis. This study aims to describe the innovative strategies of the monastery's head in facing health, social, economic, spiritual, and educational challenges as a form of crisis management in response to COVID-19. This research is qualitative and employs a case study method. Data collection uses observation, interview, and documentation techniques. The validity of the data is ensured through credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability tests. Data analysis involves data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Strategies in the social sector include the distribution of basic necessities, masks, and vitamins. Innovative strategies in the economic field include fundraising through kathina, pattidana, and puja pelita activities to maintain the operation and existence of the monastery. Educational innovation is achieved through online learning media via WhatsApp groups. The aspect of faith is reinforced through the recitation of the Ratana Sutta during every puja

The effect of aggressive group norms on young adults’ conformity behavior in WhatsApp chats: a vignette-based experiment

Social networking and messaging applications, such as WhatsApp, have become an essential social environment for adolescents and young adults (AYA). While facilitating connectivity, they also bear hazards, including cyber-aggression. This study investigates the impact of (aggressive) group norms on AYA's propensity to expect cyberaggressive behaviors within different group chats. Based on a vignette scenario, realistically simulated WhatsApp group chats enabled scrutinizing, if and how exemplary reactions (funny, aggressive, friendly) of group members influence AYA's conformity to cyber-aggression (N = 500, aged 16 to 29). Additionally, we examined the effect of chat group type—close friends versus fellow students—on the anticipation of aggressive reactions. Sociodemographic, social, and developmental-psychological factors were evaluated for potential effects. Multilevel logistic regression analyses indicated that aggressive group norms significantly predict cyber-aggression anticipation, while no effect of chat group type was observed. Controlling for the size and vivacity of participant’s friend group, gender, age, and educational status were significant predictors: males, younger participants, and non-university students expected higher levels of cyber-aggression conformity. This study underlines the importance of group dynamics on perceptions of cyber-aggression and hints at individual risk factors for AYA's digital communication behavior.

KOLABORASI DALAM PELATIHAN PENULISAN KARYA ILMIAH MAHASISWA MENGGUNAKAN MEDIA DARING

This training activity aims to optimize students' ability to write and publish scientific papers through coordinated online training. The training, which was held on Saturday, May 25, 2024, involved 150 students from various universities in Indonesia, including Indo Global Mandiri University, STIA Bala Putra Dewa, Universitas Terbuka, Sriwijaya University, UIN Walisongo University Semarang, Jakarta State University, Palembang Ministry of Health Polytechnic, and STIE Aprin Palembang. The method of the activity is planned by identifying problems, carried out online through WhatsApp Groups and Zoom Meetings, including three sessions of delivering interesting material about scientific publications and writing. Each session began with an opening by the MC, prayer reading, and singing the Indonesia Raya song, followed by material presentations by three speakers. This training is designed to overcome students' limited knowledge in scientific writing and utilize digital technologies, including Artificial Intelligence, to improve the quality and effectiveness of their scientific work. Through this program, it is hoped that students can better understand the process of scientific writing and publication, so that they can produce works that are of higher quality and ready to be published.

Hate Speech Propagation and Regulation in WhatsApp Groups: Evidence from Nigeria

ABSTRACT This study examines the prevalence and effects of hate speech propagation on WhatsApp groups in Nigeria. It also explores the role of WhatsApp group administrators (WGAs) in regulating it. Online passive participant observation method was used to collect data from sixteen purposively selected WhatsApp groups in Nigeria. Results indicate a high prevalence of gender, religious, political and ethnic hate speech in majority of the sampled WhatsApp groups. It also shows that hate speech generates tension and conflict among WhatsApp group participants. Moreover, the study reveals that most WGAs applied punitive measures against hate speech propagators. The findings advance the emerging area of online hate speech and brings to fore the conflict resolution, peacebuilding and third-party policing potentials of WhatsApp group administrators.

Introduction and content analysis of "Nurse's voice" WhatsApp group during COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study

BackgroundAt the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran, the School of Nursing and Midwifery of Tehran University of Medical Sciences created several joint virtual groups to connect with people and answer their questions. One of these groups was called "Nurse's Voice,” in which nursing professors answered people's questions. The purpose of the current study was to analyze the content of questions in this WhatsApp group during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodThis retrospective media content analysis qualitatively analyzed the text of questions and answers extracted from the above-named WhatsApp group.ResultsOut of 629 questions asked, 364 questions (58.0%) were related to COVID-19 and 265 questions (42.0%) were not. Those related to COVID-19 concerned COVID-19 symptoms and diagnosis, prevention and care, fear and worry, and interpretation of laboratory tests. The questions related to prevention and care fell into four subcategories: basic health principles, prevention of COVID-19 infection, care during COVID-19 infection, and care during COVID-19 recovery.ConclusionsNursing and midwifery schools can take advantage of the scientific capacity of professors and students for virtual communication and social accountability by integrating telehealth into their curricula. Cyberspace provides an opportunity for people to ask questions anonymously. With the results of the current study, the educational needs of the people during possible future epidemics can be predicted and answered faster. Furthermore, the large number of questions unrelated to COVID-19 indicates the need for counseling and training of the general public by nurses in all situations.

Persepsi Auditor Eksternal Atas Pengaruh Kemudahan dan Kegunaan Artificial Intelligence Terhadap Kualitas Audit

This study aims to investigate external auditors' perception of the impact of artificial intelligence's ease of use and usefulness on audit quality, while also examining the potential scepticism among external auditors towards the integration of artificial intelligence in the audit process. A quantitative approach is utilized to analyze the relationship between the variables. The research was conducted through questionnaires distributed via telegram and WhatsApp groups, email, and collaboration with IAPI. One hundred and eight valid responses were gathered from external auditors of Big Four KAP, internationally affiliated KAP - non big four, and national KAP. Findings reveal that external auditors do not exhibit a sceptical attitude towards the usage of artificial intelligence in the audit process. The test results demonstrate that external auditors' perceptions of the ease of using artificial intelligence aids in enhancing audit quality. Similarly, gauging external auditors' perceived usefulness or benefits of artificial intelligence can also lead to improved audit quality. This study's sample is limited to external auditors of financial statements at public accounting firms, and therefore the findings should not be extended to other types of auditors such as government or internal auditors. This study offers external auditors a thorough comprehension of how artificial intelligence contributes to the audit process to improve audit quality. The necessity for external auditors to improve their technical skills arises due to the increased utilization of big data by businesses. Hence, universities must provide graduates with competence in not only accounting and auditing but also the latest technology.

Perancangan Sistem Informasi Penetapan Bonus Karyawan Berbasis Web Menggunakan Metode Personal Extreme Programming

Babycos.id a home-based business in the distribution of baby and children's supplies, was founded in 2018 in South Tangerang with a focus on sales through online platforms such as Shopee, Lazada, and Tiktok Shop. In facing increasingly fierce business competition, employee management becomes a crucial aspect, especially in the transparent and objective determination of bonuses. The determination of bonuses is considered a form of reward that can boost employee motivation. This outlines the rapid development of Babycos.id's e-commerce in 2022. To motivate employees, the owner of Babycos.id aims to provide significant rewards. Despite the increase in revenue, the management of employee bonus data is still conducted manually through WhatsApp groups, resulting in errors and lengthy calculation times. To address these issues, the author has designed a web-based employee bonus information system, applying the Personal Extreme Programming method. The use of a website-based method with PHP programming language and MySQL database is expected to provide an effective and efficient solution for employee bonus management at Babycos.id. The anticipated outcome is a system capable of addressing existing issues and making a positive contribution to enhancing employee motivation and performance.

Platform kinship and the reshaping of political order in the Somali territories

Abstract Numerous studies show that digital technologies facilitate diaspora engagement in homeland affairs. However, communities in home countries also adapt digital platforms to harness diasporic support and drive socio-political change. Despite a rich literature on ‘digital kinship’, there remains a limited understanding of kinship's broader political and developmental impact, especially in (post)conflict regions. This article draws on fieldwork in the Somali territories to argue that a distinctive model of governance, platform kinship, is emerging as an alternative to existing state and international development programmes. Focusing on WhatsApp, it highlights how the platform's specific features are adapted to Somali segmentary clan structures, enabling kinship groups to bridge digital divides, preserve oral traditions and uphold egalitarian principles. Platform kinship has state-like effects. Through an ecosystem of WhatsApp groups, geographically dispersed kin mediate disputes, coordinate development projects, fund political campaigns, and respond to conflicts and crises. However, it also empowers new actors, including youth, politicians and business elites, while marginalizing elders. Furthermore, because platform kinship strengthens the clan as the central political unit, it can deepen divisions between kinship groups and undermine state-building projects and conceptions of national identity. This has important implications for policy-makers and academics working on digital governance, development and peacebuilding.