WhatsApp Group Research Articles

Support Group WhatsApp Chat Method on Knowledge of Heart Failure Patients at RSUD dr. R. Koesma Tuban

Heart failure patients need to gain knowledge of heart failure, one of which is by providing education related to the process of heart failure, its causes and treatment, ways of self-care, how to take medicine, consumption of drinking water and salt intake in food to achieve actual health status. This study aims to determine the effect of group support with the WhatsApp chat method on heart failure patients. This type of research is quasi-experimental, with pretest and posttest control group designs, and it is conducted with a population of 50 patients with heart failure. We had 25 people in the treatment group and 25 people in the control group. Then, the normality test and data analysis were carried out using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test < 0.05. The results showed that the average respondent was female 33 (66%), farmer occupation 22 (44%), and Killip I functional status was 41 (82%), and the result was p = 0.000 at the level of knowledge of the respondents. From the results of this study, it was concluded that the support group using the WhatsApp chat method can affect knowledge. Still, WhatsApp chat is more appropriate for heart failure patients with higher activities.

Pemetaan visitor and resident dalam keterlibatan individu dengan lingkungan informasi digital

Purpose. The digital ecosystem consists of interactions between customers and partners through various channels, both online and offline, as well as the relationships that exist between digital customers and partners. The ideal interaction between humans, technology, values and activities will be created by ideal ecological information. Thus, system places consumers in an important position connecting customer contacts and contact moments with each other. Including the use of products and virtual visits, such as transactions, emails, educational media, etc. In-depth discussion of individual involvement as information organs (inforgs). Employing the activity-based mapping method, which is intended to determine each person's level of engagement with the digital environment.Methodology. The method used in this research was a pre-post test on respondents who were at Gadjah Mada University Postgraduate School postgraduate students. Questionnaires were distributed concurrently over the WhatsApp group to conduct the survey. The responses provided by respondents are entered into a Google form.Results and discussion. This study examines the use of technology and information resources by graduate students at the Graduate School of Gadjah Mada University, also known as "Emergent" education members. There are signs that the way pupils look for knowledge has changed as information and technology have advanced.Conclusions. The conclusion of this research is that there is a shift in information patterns. Previously, respondents' information patterns were mostly carried out directly by teachers or professors, now they have shifted through scientific websites and become residents through applications on social media.

Strategi Komunikasi Kesehatan Untuk Mendukung Program Imunisasi Bayi dan Balita di Kabupaten Aceh Barat

Immunization is an important factor that is useful in increasing the immunity of children from the age of 0 months. However, immunization campaigns are often rejected by the public due to misinformation and misconceptions about immunization. Therefore, an effective communication strategy is an important factor in planning communication programs to succeed immunization achievements and encourage behavior change in the community. This study aims to analyze the health communication strategy conducted in Peunaga Baro Preparatory Village, West Aceh District. We used a qualitative method by collecting data through interviews with 8 parents who participated in the immunization program as well as health workers as the person in charge of the immunization program. The analysis was developed using the KAP - based communication planning model. The results found that there are still misperceptions of immunization in the community so that they do not allow their children to be immunized. By combining communication patterns, the communication patterns of health workers are linear-secondary communication patterns in the form of oral communication with direct counseling, linear-secondary communication patterns in the form of posters, circular-secondary communication patterns in the form of oral communication with direct counseling and the last is circular-secondary communication patterns in the form of WhatsApp Groups. The health communication strategy has not been implemented optimally, where health workers do not make structured message planning and do not consider the selection of media for delivering immunization messages.

Manual and ventilator hyperinflation parameters used by intensive care physiotherapists in Sri Lanka: An online survey.

Hyperinflation is a common procedure to clear secretion, increase lung compliance and enhance oxygenation in mechanically ventilated patients. Hyperinflation can be provided as manual hyperinflation (MHI) or ventilator hyperinflation (VHI), where outcomes depend upon the methods of application. Hence it is crucial to assess the application of techniques employed in Sri Lanka due to observed variations from recommended practices. This study is aimed to evaluate the application and parameters used for MHI and VHI by physiotherapists in intensive care units (ICUs) in Sri Lanka. An online survey was conducted among physiotherapists who are working in ICUs in Sri Lanka using WhatsApp groups and other social media platforms. A total of 96 physiotherapists responded. The survey comprised of three sections to obtain information about socio-demographic data, MHI practices and VHI practices. Most of the respondents (47%) worked in general hospitals and 74% of participants had a bachelor's degree in physiotherapy; 31.3% had 3-6 years of experience; 93.8% used hyperinflation, and 78.9% used MHI. MHI was performed routinely and as needed to treat low oxygen levels, abnormal breath sounds, and per physician orders while avoiding contraindications. Self-inflation bags are frequently used for MHI (40.6%). Only a few participants (26%) used a manometer or tracked PIP. In addition to the supine position, some participants (37.5%) used the side-lying position. Most physiotherapists followed the recommended MHI technique: slow squeeze (57.3%), inspiratory pause (45.8%), and quick release (70.8%). VHI was practised by 19.8%, with medical approval and it was frequently performed by medical staff compared to physiotherapists. Treatment time, number of breaths, and patient positioning varied, and parameters were not well-defined. The study found that MHI was not applied with the recommended PIP, and VHI parameters were not identified. The study indicates a need to educate physiotherapists about current VHI and MHI practice guidelines.

Interactive Malaysian Childhood Healthy Lifestyle (i-MaCHeL) programme: a single-arm pilot study

BackgroundThe growing obesity epidemic in Malaysia presents a public health challenge that requires innovative intervention strategies. In an effort to address this problem, an Interactive Malaysian Childhood Healthy Lifestyle (i-MaCHeL) programme, which is a web-based initiative designed for preschool child–parent dyads offers a novel approach. Nevertheless, the success of such a web-based intervention depends on several interrelated factors. This research aims to examine the feasibility of i-MaCHeL in the Malaysian context, its usability for preschool child–parent dyads, and the acceptability of the programme among these user groups.MethodsThis was a single-arm pilot study involving 46 child–parent dyads recruited from six government preschools in Terengganu, Malaysia. The preschools were selected using a cluster random sampling technique at the preschool level. The intervention feasibility was determined based on the retention rate of participants in the pilot study. The System Usability Scale (SUS) and intervention process evaluation were used to assess the usability and acceptability of the web-based i-MaCHeL programme.ResultsThe retention data demonstrated that 42 out of 46 participants completed the 13-week intervention programme, which showed that the overall retention rate was 91.3%. A mean (SD) SUS score of 84.70 (13.82) was obtained from parents, indicating that the web-based i-MaCHeL had an acceptable usability level. The mean scores of the process evaluation items ranged from 4.52 (0.63) to 4.83 (0.38), demonstrating that the web-based i-MaCHeL was highly accepted by the parents. The acceptability data also indicated that at least 92.9% (39/42) of the parents agreed/strongly agreed that the web content, programme duration, intervention dose, WhatsApp group, and delivery mode were appropriate.ConclusionsAccording to these findings, the i-MaCHeL intervention using a web-based approach was feasible, usable, and acceptable as part of a weight-related behaviour change intervention for preschool child–parent dyads. This pilot study demonstrated that the web-based i-MaCHeL was feasible and promising for delivering weight-related behavioural intervention to child–parent dyads.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04711525. Registered on January 15, 2021.

Effectiveness of two educational interventions based on the theory of planned behavior on oral cancer self-examination in adults: a randomized controlled trial.

The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is recognized as an effective theory for behavior change. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of two TPB-based educational interventions on oral self-examination (OSE) behavior and the related TPB constructs among adults in Tehran, Iran, in 2022. This randomized controlled trial involved 400 healthy individuals recruited from 20 urban comprehensive health centers in the southern part of Tehran, Iran. The health centers were randomly assigned to two control (PowerPoint) and intervention (WhatsApp) groups (200 individuals in each group). In the control group (the recipient of the routine care), participants received a 20-minute lecture through a PowerPoint presentation and a pamphlet. In the intervention group (the recipient of an additional intervention alongside the routine care), participants were educated through messages and images on WhatsApp along with having monthly group discussions. Data was collected at baseline, as well as at 1- and 3-month follow-ups using a structured questionnaire. The outcomes assessed included OSE behavior and the related TPB constructs: intention, attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. Linear and logistic generalized estimating equations (GEE) regression models were used to evaluate the impact of the interventions with STATA version 17. Of the total participants, 151 (37.75%) were men. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) of ages in the PowerPoint and WhatsApp groups were 39.89 ± 13.72 and 39.45 ± 13.90, respectively. OSE and the related TPB constructs showed significant differences between the groups at the 1-month post-intervention assessment. The effect of PowerPoint was more significant in the short-term (one month), while both methods showed similar effectiveness after three months, specifically in relation to OSE and the TPB constructs. At the 3-month post-intervention assessment, there were significant increases in OSE (OR = 28.63), intention (β = 1.47), attitude (β = 0.66), subjective norm (β = 2.82), and perceived behavioral control (β = 1.19) in both groups (p < 0.001). The present study provides evidence of the effectiveness of both educational interventions in improving OSE and the TPB constructs after three months. Therefore, both TPB-based educational methods can be recommended for designing and implementing interventions aimed at preventing oral cancer. The trial protocol was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) on 04/03/2022 (registration number: IRCT20220221054086N1).

Developing a Community of Practice through Social Media to Facilitate Continuing Education of Medical Practitioners in Medical Research

The emergence of COVID-19 has highlighted the significance of research in medical practice, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like Indonesia, where healthcare challenges are prominent. Therefore, this study introduces Arcandcoresearch, a non-institutional-based virtual Community of Practice (vCoP), aiming to address the research capacity gaps among medical practitioners. This study aimed to understand the possibility of using several social media platforms (Instagram, YouTube, and WhatsApp) in the vCoP for continuing medical education of general practitioners regarding medical research. Through Instagram, the project has gained substantial follower growth (1003 followers within 19 months); most were 25-34 years old (69%). Within six months, 124 medical practitioners participated in five sharing sessions via Zoom meetings. All participants who completed the feedback form were satisfied with the content delivery of the sessions. The recorded sharing sessions were then uploaded to the YouTube channel. It already had 150 subscribers until September 2023, with 397 viewers for the videos uploaded in 2022. We facilitated participants to discuss any concerns related to medical research in the WhatsApp group, which already had 24 participants. These preliminary results highlight the potential of Arcandcoresearch to impact medical research culture positively in LMICs. The next steps should be conducting thorough program evaluations and developing strategies for sustaining virtual engagement.

Fake News Detection using Machine Learning

Fake News Detection using Machine Learning

STUDI LITERATUR : PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN PHET SIMULATION MENING-KATKAN KETERAMPILAN BERPIKIR KRITIS SISWA DALAM ERA SOCIETY 5.0

Since the birth of industry 4.0, almost all aspects of life have been projected onto the virtual world or the internet. Then followed again with society 5.0 which was initiated by the Japanese government. One of the SDGs goals that must be realized is the existence of quality education. Not a few teachers have difficulty in teaching during online learning. This is proven by learning at a school in West Sumatra which often only uses WhatsApp groups. The main point of the problem is that teachers or students do not master technology and learning that requires experiments in the laboratory cannot be done, especially physics. One of the effective efforts made by teachers to overcome these problems is to use appropriate learning models with the help of PhET simulation to improve students' critical thinking skills in the era of society 5.0. The analysis was carried out by collecting five national articles. The selected article category is based on the use of PhET Simulation in physics learning to improve critical thinking skills of high school/vocational high school students. The use of gallery walk, generative, inquiry, and quantum learning models assisted by PhET Simulation in physics learning has an effect on increasing students' critical thinking skills.

Developing a Community of Practice through Social Media to Facilitate Continuing Education of Medical Practitioners in Medical Research

The emergence of COVID-19 has highlighted the significance of research in medical practice, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like Indonesia, where healthcare challenges are prominent. Therefore, this study introduces Arcandcoresearch, a non-institutional-based virtual Community of Practice (vCoP), aiming to address the research capacity gaps among medical practitioners. This study aimed to understand the possibility of using several social media platforms (Instagram, YouTube, and WhatsApp) in the vCoP for continuing medical education of general practitioners regarding medical research. Through Instagram, the project has gained substantial follower growth (1003 followers within 19 months); most were 25-34 years old (69%). Within six months, 124 medical practitioners participated in five sharing sessions via Zoom meetings. All participants who completed the feedback form were satisfied with the content delivery of the sessions. The recorded sharing sessions were then uploaded to the YouTube channel. It already had 150 subscribers until September 2023, with 397 viewers for the videos uploaded in 2022. We facilitated participants to discuss any concerns related to medical research in the WhatsApp group, which already had 24 participants. These preliminary results highlight the potential of Arcandcoresearch to impact medical research culture positively in LMICs. The next steps should be conducting thorough program evaluations and developing strategies for sustaining virtual engagement.

The Effectiveness of Corner Online Learning During a Pandemic

This study aims to describe the effectiveness of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in PJOK subjects. This study uses a quantitative descriptive research design with a one-shot case study approach using survey methods. Data analysis techniques using quantitative descriptive analysis with percentage data. The results showed that during the COVID-19 pandemic 100% of teachers continued to provide PJOK learning, 66.7% of teachers used online learning methods 22.2% of PJOK learning was by the lesson plan, and 66.7% according to the lesson plans but not coherently 66.7% used WhatsApp group learning media, 66.7 % of students enthusiastic and participating well in learning 77.8% of teachers working with parents of students so that the PJOK learning process continues 44.4% of teachers say learning is by lesson plans 77.8% assessment based on a collection of assignments and exams 88.9% of teachers say assessment on online learning is not effective and 88.9% of obstacles in PJOK learning are difficulty accessing the internet.

Meso News-Spaces and Beyond: News-Related Communication Occurring Between the Public and Private Domains

The concept of meso news-spaces refers to online spaces located between the private and public realms, where everyday users, more professional media actors, or both, can produce and share news-related content among each other, yet not to a wide audience. Such spaces are afforded by digital media platforms, including, but not limited to, Facebook groups, X spaces, and group chats on WeChat, WhatsApp, or Telegram. This special issue is devoted to further understanding news-related communication that occurs neither in fully public nor fully private realms, but between or across the two. In the introduction to the special issue, we demonstrate the significance of meso news-spaces by considering the example of the use of WhatsApp groups in the mobilization of the pro-democracy movement in Israel in 2023. We then consider the challenges that meso news-spaces pose for researchers, in terms of conceptualization, research ethics, and context. We conclude with a review of the articles of the special issue, and with directions for future research around this phenomenon, that is proving to be a significant one in the digital news environment.

Impact of climate services on the operational decision and economic outcome of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rice (Oryza sativa) cultivation in Haryana

The management of weather and climate risks in agriculture has become an important issue. Application of weather forecast and related advisories offer a great potential to make better-informed decisions and help farmers in adapting climate change. In the present study, weekly forecast-based crop advisories were prepared and disseminated among the farmers of Jind, Rothak and Hisar districts of Haryana. From each block, three experimental villages i.e., one each village receiving weather based advisory services through either of Whatsapp, Text SMS and Mobile Application and one control village (not receiving weekly advisory services) were chosen and thus resulting in 18 experimental villages and 6 control villages. Difference in Difference (DiD) research design was used to study the impact of advisories on farm operational decision making as well as economic outcome of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and paddy A(Oryza sativa L.) cultivation. Average treatment effect of advisories in both crops was found to be significant in all the farm operational decisions except weed management. Reduced seed rate of 3.47, 3.99 and 3.84 kg/acre, reduction in 14.93, 16.92 and 20.23 kg/acre of fertilizer application and saving 0.25, 0.31, 0.34 number of sprays in wheat crop and similarly reduced seed rate of 1.05, 1.15 and 1.27 kg/acre, reduction in fertilizer usage by 18.52, 20.00 and 20.91 kg/acre, and also saving 0.96, 1.02 and 1.15 number of sprays in paddy crop was observed from Text SMS, WhatsApp and Mobile App treatment groups, respectively. The study has also indicated reduced input cost of ₹943.45, 1026.05 and 1168.33/acre in wheat and similarly ₹1439.98, 1566.86 and 1670.22/acre in paddy from Text SMS, WhatsApp and Mobile App treatment groups, respectively. The provision of seamless weather-based advisories for agriculture need to become a national adaptation priority in adapting to changing climate of today and of the future.

Prevalence of burnout among healthcare professionals: a survey at fort portal regional referral hospital

The work environment in most hospitals is characterised by activities that are strenuous both physically and mentally. These can result in physical and mental exhaustion, which can lead to burnout if not adequately addressed. Burnout among healthcare professionals can negatively affect their clinical decision-making, quality of communication with patients and colleagues as well as their ability to cope with work-related pressure, and ultimately affect the quality of care and patient outcomes. The inclusion of burnout in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) as an occupational phenomenon indicates that it is an issue of concern in the workplace for which people may need professional attention. This descriptive cross-sectional survey aimed to determine the point prevalence of burnout among healthcare professionals at Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital and the factors contributing to burnout. The study also evaluated the linear relationship between the age of workers, their work duration at the hospital, and their burnout score, in addition to the possible impact on patient care. Participants were selected from the hospital WhatsApp group and invitations to participate were sent to their individual accounts. Burnout was assessed using the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory. Generally, burnout scores ranged from 16% to 86%, with an overall mean burnout score of 57.4%. The notable factors contributing to burnout included imbalances in duty allocation, physically strenuous work, and resource constraints. Burnout of varying levels was found to be prevalent across all carders in the hospital, although the results indicate that most healthcare professionals experience moderate burnout. Most of the factors contributing to burnout are within the scope of hospital leadership to address. The possible impact on staff performance and patients’ clinical outcomes is speculative, and additional studies are required.

Implementation of Education Program Marketing in Strengthening Superior School Branding (Multi-Site Study in SMPN 1 Magetan and SMPN 4 Magetan)

Schools compete for students every new school year. Through typical school branding, they offer the advantages of the programs they have. Marketing of school programs can make the community will know about school branding, The method in this study uses a qualitative research approach. Researchers chose SMPN 1 Magetan and SMPN 4 Magetan because these two schools are favorid schools and are superior schools with various educational programs run such as the large number of extra-curriculars that can be followed by students for the development of talents and interests. Marketing of the bilingual program at SMPN 1 Magetan uses several methods, namely Word of Mouth Marketing (WoMM) by maximizing the student guardian association and Digital marketing by utilizing resources through mass media such as Facebook, WhatsApp group association. SMPN 4 Magetan conducts marketing with WoMM or word of mouth utilizing the class committee, which every PPDB is collected for the socialization of tahfidz class. SMPN 4 Magetan has SPATMA TV so that it can be used for socialization with the outside community. In addition, it also holds promotions through PAI performances.

Learning Style Preferences Among Undergraduate Medical Students of Lahore, Pakistan and Factors Related to it

Objectives: The objectives of the study were to assess the learning styles of medical students using the VARK Questionnaire and to study factors related to their learning style preferences. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study, using the validated 16-point VARK Questionnaire Version 8.01, was conducted among medical students in Lahore, Pakistan, from May to October 2023. Through non-probability virtual snowball sampling, 360 students from various medical colleges responded to online Google forms distributed via emails and WhatsApp groups. Data were entered, cleaned, and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 26. The Chi-square test determined associations between variables, with a significance level set at p &lt; 0.05. Results: The respondents had a mean age of 21.56±1.608. The study revealed that 68.9% preferred a unimodal learning style, with Visual (25%) being the most favored, followed by Read/Write (15.2%), Aural (14%), and Kinesthetic (13.5%).About 65% of respondents were unaware of their learning styles. No statistically significant relationships were found between learning style and gender, clinical year, schooling background, or institute type. However, significant relationships were found with age, academic performance, and preferred teaching methodology (p=0.05, p=0.04, and p=0.007, respectively). Conclusion: The present study highlighted the independence of learning styles from demographics. The identified relationship between learning styles, preferred teaching methodologies, and academic performance emphasizes the significance of this knowledge for medical educators and students in fostering lifelong learning. It's noteworthy that majority of students demonstrated unimodal sensory preferences, reinforcing the importance of tailored teaching strategies to maximize learning potential. Keywords: Learning, style, VARK, Medical Education, Teaching Methods, Medical Students

Performing parenthood through digital communication technologies at school: the case of WhatsApp parents’ groups in Chile

Literature on parenthood has highlighted that parenting has become more intensive over the years. Using data from interviews with 36 parents and teachers of Chilean schoolchildren, we explore how parenting is performed in parents’ WhatsApp groups. This research is conducted from the approach of science and technology studies, as it allows us to focus on how everything/everyone has the potential to have the agency to affect and be affected by others. In our results we show that parenting within WhatsApp is performed by monitoring their children’s school agenda, comparing and competing with the performances of others, and portraying themselves as attentive parents. Through these comparisons, families engage in a form of lateral surveillance, contributing to the intensification of parenting. We discuss how this digital platform operates in an ambivalent manner, enabling caregiving to be exhibited as a manifestation of presence and availability, and as restlessness, intensity and demand.

Residents’ Perspective of the WhatsApp and Videoconference-based Educational Programme: A Cross-sectional Study

Background and Aims: Training novices in anaesthesia include critical care, pain management and operating room procedures. Due to the vast curriculum and limited classroom teaching slots, an asynchronistic teaching programme for postoperative pain management was started. We aimed to understand the residents’ perspective of the WhatsApp and videoconference-based educational programme. Methods: All 30 1st-year residents admitted to the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain in the batch 2020 were included in the study. Five consultants introduced each topic and posted questions in the dedicated WhatsApp group, encouraging active participation. Residents were supposed to post their responses within 2-week intervals, fostering a sense of responsibility. The doubt sessions were taken through videoconferencing, providing a platform for interactive learning. At the end of the program, all 30 residents were given a copy of the questionnaire, including quantitative questions (Likert-based) and open-ended questions, to gather their valuable feedback. Two non-faculty members captured the answers to the open-ended questions on blank sheets, ensuring their opinions were heard. Results: Almost 97% of the residents agreed that this online teaching programme was helpful during their bedside pain rounds. Fifty per cent felt optimally involved in the programme, whereas 76% of the residents realised that this mode of online teaching on WhatsApp is good for learning anytime and anywhere. However, 84% of the residents still believed that traditional education is superior to online. Conclusion: Most of the postgraduate residents realised that WhatsApp-based training helps improve knowledge and bedside patient management; the knowledge source was handy, available at any time they required and without any screen addiction. However, the residents preferred classroom teaching over WhatsApp-based learning as they were more attentive and grasped better.

Rancang Bangun Sistem Informasi Kas pada Ikatan Remaja Pesantren Akmaliah Berbasis Web

Ikatan Remaja Pondok Pesantren Akmaliah (IKRA) is a management organization within the Akmaliah Islamic Boarding School. Akmaliah Islamic Boarding School is a place for teaching or studying Islamic teachings. Based on information from one of the administrators of the IKRA organization, there are problems with the management system and cash contributions at this organization called IKRA. In the previous cash system, recording of outgoing and incoming funds was still done manually and information about the recording was still done manually, namely through the WhatsApp Group social media application. This research aims to develop a Web-based cash information system for the Akmaliah Islamic Boarding School Youth Association Organization. The development of this system was carried out using the PHP programming language with the database management used being MySQL. The results of developing this system produce a cash management website that can be managed by every IKRA member online via the website which includes managing and recording outgoing and incoming funds, thereby increasing efficiency and transparency in managing the organization's cash.

Linguistics incivility in student: Lecturer communication on WhatsApp

This research aims to identify (1) strategies of linguistic incivility used in student-lecturer communication, and (2) the aspects of speech acts used that represent linguistic incivility. The research analyzed data from six WhatsApp groups that include students and lecturers. The distributional method was used to analyze linguistic incivility representations and the identity method to analyze linguistic incivility strategies. The results demonstrated that the incivility strategies used include (1) respecting other people's time (34%), (2) asserting oneself (19%), (3) refraining from idle complaints (16%), (4) speaking kindly (9%), (5) listening (6%), (6) respecting even a subtle "no" (6%), (7) respecting others' opinions (6%), and (8) not shifting responsibility and blame (3%). Furthermore, students violated the rules of linguistic civility by these actions: initiating conversations without greetings, using excessive words, expressing personal complaints, conveying opinions impolitely, and shifting blame. Recognizing the importance of linguistic civility in student-lecturer communication is crucial for fostering respectful and productive interactions.