Verbal Elements Research Articles

Multimodal Discourse Analysis of Religious Tourism on Madura Island, Indonesia

The objective of study is to explore the relationship between visual and verbal elements within the frame of multimodal discourse analysis in Madura tourism promotion. Promotion in the form of moving images with verbal language makes it easier for readers and potential tourists to see tourist attractions more closely and realistically. This study is descriptive qualitative using 3 videos of Madura tourism promotion, in particular tourism promotions of Bangkalan, Pamekasan, and Sampang regencies on Madura Island, Indonesia. Only scene representing religious tourism as the data of this study in which there are 8 data of religious tourism images. There are two parts of data analysis: visual and verbal analyses. Visual semiotic mode of scenes and images were analyzed using visual grammar by Kress and van Leeuwen (2006). In addition, verbal data are all of utterances generated during the scenes and the still images were analyzed based on appraisal framework by Martin and White (2005) especially on the attitude system. Results show that tourism promotional videos use more than one mode of communication or semiotic system elements to create meaning through representational and interactive structures, compositional meanings, and verbal language. All of the compositions can come together to create messages to the public, in this case information about tourist attractions and their locations that represent the religiosity of Madura.

The Verbal-Visual Architecture and Symbols of Sacred History in Russian Émigré Newspapers of Bulgaria

In this article, the author tests a novel analytical approach, confining himself to the necessary historical contextualisation of this approach and its objects. By applying it to the celebratory aesthetic activity of a non-clerical community in late modernity, it is possible to discern a sincere and sophisticated commitment to the sacred and a cultivation of mysticism that vivifies deeply traditional forms of the sacred. Referring to Hans Belting’s theory of cult image, Dimitŭr Georgiev’s methods of analysis of the “architecture of the newspaper”, Otto Demus’ theory of Byzantine mosaic decoration, and the theories of festivity of Roger Caillois, Mirchea Eliade, and Joseph Pieper, the author defines his core object as celebratory visual-verbal newspaper compositions and his approach as an architectural literary analysis of newspapers. In effect, a newspaper issue is viewed as a typographic projection of a festive chronotope and a potential visualverbal religious ensemble on the verge between a cult image and a work of art. The expressive forms within a newspaper, including literary works, are understood against the framework of such distinctions as those between appeal/expression and representation, aniconism and iconism, and tautegory and allegory. Referring to these distinctions and an analysis of the 1925 Easter composition in Rus’, the author introduces the concept of “grades/levels/degrees of illustrativity”, or “degree of mediation of the presence of the sacred”. The concept and its workability are exemplified by analysing elements of Easter compositions from 1924–1925 (Rus’ edited by Kallinikov), 1933–1935 (Golos Truda), and (again) 1934 (Rus’ edited by Butov): these examples were chosen after an examination of a wider range of sources from the period between 1922 and 1936. The author demonstrates that current historical events were perceived through a specific mental prism so that they were integrated into Christian sacred history. Visual and verbal elements of newspaper design were combined and artistic and non-artistic texts were concatenated in ways actively reminiscent of the liturgical function of the word and its connection to the architectural-liturgical ensemble, varying from a loose and conditional attachment to actual embeddedness. This article presents poetological preliminaries (while the author views the sociological approach as equally desirable) to an investigation of newspaper as the Gesamtkunstwerk form within the interwar Russian émigré community of Bulgaria.

Prosodic modulation as a mark to express pragmatic values: The case of mitigation in Spanish

One of the functions of prosody in discourse is to convey pragmatic values that add up to the core semantic meaning of spoken units or segments. Regarding mitigation, Caffi (1999: 890) specifically discusses “the very important prosodic and kinesic means of mitigation, such as changes in pitch prominence, rhythm, speech rate, as well as eye-contact, gaze, gaze aversion, smile, particular postures, etc.”In this paper, I focus on some prosodic factors such as pitch, intensity, duration and speech rate that can be used in European Spanish, in combination with pragmatic meanings. The first aim is to establish a theoretical deliberation on prosody as a clear marker to convey pragmatic meaning. The second is to clarify a very complex casuistic, with mitigation being considered as an initial clue to that realizing aim. As I problematize in this paper, the lowering of prosodic expression is not the only phonic mechanism that expresses mitigated meanings; there are additional possible situations, such as mitigated segments expressed by means of phonic emphasis instead. Moreover, discourse segments can be mitigated using only phonic means (i.e. without the concurrence of verbal elements). In conclusion, this paper attempts to outline this complex panorama in which prosody, associated with non-linguistic factors such as face, can be used as a trigger to express (and later, identify) meanings that depend heavily on contextual interpretation.

The series of trademarks: theory, legislation, law enforcement

Key words: trademark, series of signs, dominant element, originality, resolution
 The article, based on the analysis of the doctrine of intellectual property law,legislation of Ukraine, law enforcement practice, examines the state and prospects ofproviding legal protection of a series of trademarks. To overcome the existing gap inthe legislation of Ukraine, the need to amend the Law of Ukraine «On Protection ofRights to Marks for Goods and Services» is justified. It is proposed to define «a seriesof marks as a set of trademarks belonging to one owner of interdependent rights, interconnected by the presence of the same dominant verbal, figurative or combined element,having phonetic and semantic similarity, and may also bear minor graphic differencesthat do not change the essence of the trademarks. The lack of definition ofthe term «dominant element» in the legislation is emphasized. Based on the provisionsof the philosophy and doctrine of intellectual property law, the dominant elementmeans the smallest indivisible component of the trademark, which is originaland not descriptive. Based on this, its main features are distinguished: originalityand indivisibility.It is proved that the same position of the dominant element in the structure of allsigns is necessary to create a stable image of consumers in relation to a particularproduct and its manufacturer. Examples of court decisions on recognition or refusal toprovide legal protection to trademarks are given.In the context of reforming the legislation of Ukraine in terms of its approximation toEU legislation and the development of relevant case law, which must meet Europeanstandards, the expediency of using the legal positions of such a leading democratic courtas the European Court of Justice is justified. Attention is drawn to the fact that the decisionof the ECJ is not a source of law for resolving disputes of this category by the courtsof Ukraine. At the same time, they are a source of harmonious interpretation of the nationallegislation of Ukraine in accordance with the established standards of the legalsystem of the European Union. It is proved that this conclusion is consistent with thepurpose and objectives to be solved in the country in the process of implementing the provisionsof the Association Agreement in the legislation of Ukraine. Proposals are formulatedto improve the quality of legislation in the field of IP law.

Tourism language properties determining successful marketing process

The persuasive influence of tourism promotional materials is very much experienced nowadays. In order to attract the attention of viewers, marketers choose various techniques in their digital texts delivered through different verbal and non-verbal elements. These solutions for web designers help convey the notion of brand and also boost conversions. There exist different verbal techniques in tourism marketing to engage and convince potential tourists to buy a tourism product. The verbal content selection is crucial: it provides useful information, creates different feelings in viewers and helps them finalize their decisions. The present article detects the language properties of two health tourism websites used to allure potential tourists. The paper reviews the manner of presenting the services delivered through verbal messages, examining their persuasive perspective. The article highlights how particular linguistic components as the persuasive strategies of tourism promotional materials can influence the decisions of health tourism websites’ users. The result section provides the real examples of the deployment of verbal elements realized by the websites of “Karpaty” and “Solva” resorts (Ukraine) to convince their audiences. These solutions are worth attention as they play an important role in the promotion of tourism services. The data collection of this study will provide updated information in relation to the rhetoric of tourism.
 Keywords: tourism discourse; tourism promotion; persuasive discourse; persuasive verbal components; influential language in marketing; properties of tourism language.

Potential of Transformations in Polycode Internet Meme Within the Event-Related Context of 2020

The article deals with a specific polycode text that functions in the field of virtual communication – Internet meme. The focus is on its regular transformations. Considering possible methodological approaches to the analysis of this phenomenon, the author comes to the conclusion about the efficiency of using the methodology of intertext linguistic theory. The essential characteristic of a meme is its transformational potential, which allows to create new meanings and use this communication unit in a wide range of relevant contexts. The polycode structure of a meme determines the spectrum of its potential transformations by changing the verbal and visual elements. The material of observations was one of the most popular memes of 2020 – "Get up, Natasha, we dropped everything". The author identifies 8 meme transformations, which can be considered as regular: development of the visuals with the addition of a verbal element; contraction of the visuals with the same verbal element / transformation of the verbal element; the reframing of the context; pragmatic transformation; intertextual transformation, including the effect of meta-communication; reduction of the image with the same visual markers; reframing with the change of verbal and visual elements; adaptation of the meme in the media texts. The latter transformation indicates the successful inclusion of the Internet meme as a communication element of network coverse in modern discursive practices.

The Symbolist Conception of Illustration and Tyra Kleen’s Nevermore

The Symbolist Conception of Illustration and Tyra Kleen’s <i>Nevermore</i>

Olga Tokarczuk’s “Écriture féminine”: Art, Visual Influences, and Literary Narration

Abstract This article discusses Olga Tokarczuk as a novelist who has developed a unique literary style, an inimitable blend of visual and verbal elements. Referencing her novels (and bearing in mind the order of their development in relation to the development of the authorial techniques), the author discusses how Tokarczuk challenges the traditional communication model as well as traditional ways of looking at the process of creation. Utilizing observations on the roles of visual art in the literary works of George Eliot, the author reveals the feminist fabric of Tokarczuk’s views of the world while simultaneously presenting the unprecedented strategies, hitherto unseen elsewhere, by which she challenges her readers with unconventional angles from which to make sense of reality.

Emblematic gestures learning in Spanish as L2/FL: Interactions between types of gestures and tasks

The acquisition of communicative competence in second and foreign languages requires the incorporation of verbal and non-verbal elements. Notwithstanding, few studies have performed empirical research into the acquisition of non-verbal signs. This research studies the learning of emblematic gestures for students of Spanish in the USA using an evolutionary analysis after instruction. Interactions between types of gestures ( common, different, and unique) based on the similarities with the first language and learning mechanisms in free and guided comprehension and production tasks are taken into account. The results indicate that although the detection and production of emblems improve with instruction, the progress is unequal: the categories different and unique obtain a higher rate of improvement than common emblems in specific tasks. In conclusion, it is essential for the teaching of gestures and non-verbal communication to consider, along with the non-verbal target language code, the non-verbal mother tongue code.

End Meeting for All: The Performative Meta-Collages of Forced Entertainment

Abstract Collage – the insertion of ready-made materials into artworks or texts – is a technique that has been used in all art forms since the experiments of the early twentieth-century avant-gardes and has, in its different shapes, often been used in theatre performances as well. The British theatre group Forced Entertainment provides a contemporary example of a (post-)avant-garde vocabulary that actively borrows from and transforms the practices of their precursors. They employ a palimpsest-like layering of visual and verbal elements, which I will here define as performative meta-collages. In this article, I will discuss their practice and take a look at the ways in which Forced Entertainment’s performative meta-collages verbalize and produce “future” in one of their recent performances, End Meeting for All, which imagines a scenario that takes place “a year and a day” after the beginning of the COVID-19-triggered lockdown in the spring of 2020.

The Effect of Verbal Anchoring on the Processing of Advertising Pictorial Metaphors

AbstractAlthough investigating metaphors in advertising is gaining in popularity, there are still certain unresolved arguments, such as the interaction between elements of different modalities. This study, composed of three behavioral experiments, aims to identify how verbal anchoring (literal anchoring, metaphor anchoring and unrelated anchoring) influences the processing of pictorial metaphors in advertising, by observing the cognitive and affective indicators, advertising comprehension and advertising likeability. The results showed 1) that metaphors in pictorial modality were recognized more quickly than those in verbal modality, 2) that verbal anchoring facilitated participants ’ comprehending and appreciating of pictorial metaphors and 3) that literally-anchored metaphors with a moderate level of novelty yielded the most favorable cognitive responses. The study not only enriches the existing theoretical framework of multimodal metaphors in advertising, but also proposes an optimal match between pictorial metaphors and verbal elements, for advertisers and manufacturers to design effective multimodal advertisements.

Использование креолизованных текстов для повышения уровня лингвистической вежливости высказывания в виртуальной коммуникативной среде

Relying on the linguistic politeness theory, the author reveals interrelation of iconic and verbal elements in creolized texts. Scientific originality of the study is conditioned by the fact that creolized texts in virtual communication are still poorly investigated and also by the fact that creolized texts are for the first time considered as face-threatening speech acts. Moreover, iconic elements of creolized texts are for the first time considered as elements of face-threatening speech acts. The research findings are as follows: the author analyses creolized texts containing iconic and verbal elements and functioning in virtual communicative spaces such as Telegram Messenger; describes pragmatic functions of language game in these texts; proposes a hypothesis on the role of iconic elements in face-threatening speech acts.

‘Fact’ as a Lexico-Syntactic Marker of the Character’s Linguistic Personality

The role of the attitude in the formation of the lexical-syntactic marker of the character’s linguistic personality is considered. An attempt is made to show how, due to the attitude, the same word (namely, the word ‘fact’) in different syntactic uses serves to create a lexical-syntactic marker used by word artists in order to identify and characterize different characters as linguistic personalities. The relevance of the study is to demonstrate that considering the pragmatic level of a linguistic personality makes it possible to differentiate different characters in whose speech the same lexical-syntactic marker prevails. The novelty of the research lies in the explanation of how the lexical-syntactic marking of the linguistic personality of different characters is carried out on the basis of the same verbal element. Based on the play by M. Gorky “Summer Residents” (Basov’s linguistic personality) and M. A. Sholokhov’s novel “Virgin Soil Upturned” (Davydov’s linguistic personality), it is shown that the speech individualization of different characters through the word ‘fact’ is due to the inclusion of this word in different dominant varieties of lexicon the syntactic marker is a ‘fact’, correlation with different attitudes both “from the author” and “from the character”, unequal participation in character speech cooperation.

Interaction of Verbal and Non-Verbal Elements in Educational Comics

The article describes the mechanisms of interaction between two sign systems – the verbal and non-verbal ones, exemplified by a German-language historical comics which we regard as a type of creolized text. It is revealed that the non-verbal components of the comics that are interacting with the verbal contents are aimed at the transfer of knowledge, thus stimulating the interest of the recipient and permanently fix in his mind the visual image of the events depicted in the comics. The purpose of the research is to study the mutual influence of verbal and non-verbal components which creates the circumstances for visual quickcomprehension by the recipient of the information transmitted. The peculiarities of interconnection between verbal and non-verbal components of a creolized text are considered at semantic, semantic-and-linguistic, and semantic-and-compositional levels. Factual information is noted to be expressed by means of verbal components, while time and place reference is communicated non-verbally. It is established that paragraphemic elements of different types (syngraphemic, supragraphemic, topographemic) perform an essential role in transmitting information. The author analyzes compositional-and-spatial elements of historical comics, such as layout and number of pictures, and identifies their functions of attracting attention to significant events, retarding the tempo of depicted actions. The colour coding in comics is shown to be semantically significant, as it introduces different time periods without additional verbal comments.

Design &amp; cinema: A timeline of graphic design in film

Graphic design elements have always been part of cinema’s hybrid language, as a material of expression manifested through the visual channel, together with the filmed image. The graphic language is present throughout an entire filmic narrative, from the choice of verbal, pictorial and schematic elements in titles and animations, to the creation (and curation) of printed or handmade graphic props, signage and logos filmed by the camera. Together, they form a movie’s graphic identity, which aids in conveying meaning to the narrative as well as bringing a dynamic and authentic storytelling. This paper intends to present a timeline of graphic design in film by pointing out the technological milestones that shaped cinema’s development, directly influencing the emergence and disappearance of graphic configurations – which became more complex with time and affected the roles designers acquired in the film industry. By focusing mainly on examples from Hollywood’s contemporary cinema, the paper aims to show how the graphic language in films developed as an impact of technology reflected in society, which also leads to the identification of the three main functions acquired by the graphic language in narrative films nowadays.

The Mechanism of Noun Incorporation in Ancient Greek

Based on inner- as well as on cross-linguistic evidence, a copious group of compound verbs of the form [N+V]V such as στεφανη-πλοκέω and νομο-θετέω can be described as instances of noun incorporation in Ancient Greek. These verbs – diachronically, denominal verbs derived from verbal governing compounds – synchronically display characteristics of compounding of a nominal element to a verbal element. This compositional quality, amply attested textually, as well as other unique semantic, pragmatic, and morpho-syntactical properties of the process we term ‘noun incorporation’, set this group of verbs apart from mere denominalization and mark their derivation as a distinct morphological mechanism in Ancient Greek. This is most clearly discernible in the effect this process has on the valency and argument structure of the verbs in question, mostly yielding an intransitive verb, or, under very specific conditions, a transitive verb governing a direct object in a close morphological and semantic relationship to the incorporated noun. Viewing these verbs as cases of noun incorporation not only aligns Ancient Greek with other noun-incorporating languages but also elucidates the internal structure, derivational scheme, and morpho-syntactic behavior of these verbal compounds, as attested in Ancient Greek texts, ranging from Homeric Greek through Hellenistic and Imperial Greek.

Visual Metafunction In Cigarette A Mild Advertisements: A Multimodal Analysis

Departing from multimodal approach, this study attempted to analyze the different semiotic resources used by A Mild, a giant Indonesian cigarette brand from Sampoerna, and to realize how these resources convey interpretations and messages in their billboard ads. The data of the study are three A Mild billboard advertisement images that analyzed using the visual grammar framework proposed by Kress and Leeuwen (2006) that consist of representational function, interactive function, and compositional function. The findings revealed that A Mild designed their billboard advertisements to create movements as to affect the viewer’s emotion through the implicit use of representational features that utilized processes like narrative and conceptual, interactive features. They are realized in the gaze, power, social distance, and modality. In terms of the compositional features, they employed the important and less important elements on the image. It can be concluded that the involvement of the verbal elements on the image affect the interpretation of the image.

Unspeakable references — On infective states of words and images in the "SHUT DOWN 2020" project

The authors discuss a collective art project, initiated by them during the time of the first COVID-19 shutdown in Europe in late spring 2020. With 58 participants contributing short texts in combination with an image, the collection reflects the specific responses to the new situation. This article investigates the state of the project after its publication by a German online cultural magazine (CulturMag). A fusion of the authors’ expertise, ranging from psychoanalytic theory to literary and performative experimentation, undertakes a tentative deciphering of what lies unrecognised and virulent amidst and in between verbal and visual elements. Reflections on the uncanny, "das Unheimliche" (Sigmund Freud) – as well as "l’extimité" (Jacques Lacan) – connect paradoxical psychic (non-, mis-, over- etc.) representation of the COVID-19 danger with all too well un/known experiences of ongoing states of emergency – touching on their ecological, economical, ideological aspects, tiptoeing perhaps on the windblown tracks of childhood fears? In this way the authors asked the participants, most of them artists and writers, to submit to us something of their lives in the NOW – “no analysis, no commentaries. We've got enough of those. We want to know what is going on inside your rabbit holes" (Helbling/Reiche, 2020) – in order to find 'unspeakable references’ with precision and in abundance.

Product packaging communication in the global market – the analysis of consumer behaviour

Research background: Business activities of international companies primarily focus on the use of marketing instruments to shape global markets. The basic tactic tools employed are those related to the product and its brand. The changes in lifestyle observed in global society have led to an increase in the importance of packaging and labelling as a means of conveying information from the manufacturer to the consumer. Purpose of the article: The aim of the study was to analyze consumer behavior related to the selection of canned carbonated drinks offered by various producers, operating on the global and local market. The research material comprised 10 packages of canned carbonated drinks. In terms of the variety of flavors, the products belonged to two different groups: orange-flavored and lemon-flavored. Methods: Eye tracking was the method used in the study. Eye tracking is a research tool consisting in tracking the visual activity of the examined person. Carbonated drinks evaluations were performed using Tobii X2-30 Eye-tracker. Sixty subjects participated in the test. Findings &amp; Value added: The conducted research shows that consumers are more likely to choose the products of global brands than the local ones. In the first part of the study, the respondents focused on graphical elements representing fruit. In the second part, the subjects more often focused on the verbal elements that had been removed from the first part of the test. These findings suggest that verbal elements are very important in the purchasing behavior of consumers.

Narrative videogame: types of verbal communication

The present investigation is dedicated to studying different types of communication represented in videogames. The topicality of this research follows from the urgency of all lingual papers in the field of digital studies, on the one hand, and is stressed by the necessity to determine the role of verbal elements in computer games. The work is based on The Talos Principle, one of the most popular videogames of all times (as claimed by a wide number of ratings). The main objective of the paper is to single out the peculiarities of different communication types in the game studied. Thus, it presupposes setting the following tasks: considering the specific features of videogames as a type of human activity, contrasting them with films and literature, analysing the type and the idea of The Talos Principle game, distinguishing its genre and revealing the types of communication presented in it, together with their frequency and their importance for game-playing and its ludonarrative. The script of the game analysed counts over 14 thousand words, the game lasts about 5 hours. Having worked out a new taxonomy of videogames, the author argues that The Talos Principle belongs to narrative games, i.e. those telling a story, and classifies it as a game of mixed type from the point of view of its interactivity. The game story depends on the protagonist’s physical movements and activities, though they only help realise the goal of the game and solve puzzles. As any other game, The Talos Principle offers a gamer a new existence in a world built up by both verbal and non-verbal elements. A conclusion is made as to the equal shares by them and following from the nature of narrative videogames in general. Verbal elements in the game are represented by mono- and dialogical speech excerpts, letters and QR-codes. Non-verbal elements fall into sounds (soundtracks and sound imitation) and images; within the latter dynamic and static elements are singled out. The carried out investigation allows making a conclusion about information significance as a factor influencing the frequency of a certain type of message. Hence, as it is from the archives letters that the gamer gets the most important information for the game progress, this type of ranks first (23%) amongst other types of verbal communication.