Vegetable Oil Extraction Research Articles

Разделение и определение жирорастворимых витаминов А, D<sub>2</sub>, Е и β-каротина при совместном присутствии методом ступенчатого элюирования в тонком слое сорбента

Разработана методика определения и разделения жирорастворимых витаминов методом ступенчатой тонкослойной хроматографии при совместном присутствии. Показана возможность теоретического подхода к выбору оптимальных условий хроматографического определения токоферола ацетата, ретинола ацетата, эргокальциферола и бета-каротина в тонком слое сорбента. Проведена валидация разработанной методики по показателям – предел обнаружения, специфичность, эффективность и повторяемость. Методика может быть использована в контроле качества комплексных поливитаминных препаратов, лекарственного растительного сырья, а также растительных масел, масляных экстрактов и биологически активных добавок на их основе.

Microbial pectinases: an ecofriendly tool of nature for industries.

Pectinases are the growing enzymes of biotechnological sector, showing gradual increase in their market. They hold a leading position among the commercially produced industrial enzymes. These enzymes are ecofriendly tool of nature that are being used extensively in various industries like wine industry; food industry; paper industry for bleaching of pulp and waste paper recycling; in the processing of fruit–vegetables, tea–coffee, animal feed; extraction of vegetable oil and scouring of plant fibres. Moreover, enzymatic catalysis is preferred over other chemical methods, since it is more specific, less aggressive and saves energy. This is the review which covers the information available on the applicability potential of this group of enzymes in various sectors.

Food grade microemulsion systems: Canola oil/lecithin:n-propanol/water

In this study, the capability of a natural surfactant, lecithin, and the influence of ionic strength, pH, and temperature on some properties of a food grade microemulsion system were evaluated. For this purpose, the pseudoternary phase diagrams of canola oil/lecithin:n-propanol/water microemulsions in the presence of different salts (NaCl and CaCl2), ionic strengths, pHs, and temperatures were constructed. Our findings showed that the presence of salts slightly increased the W/O areas on the phase diagrams, whereas pH variation was not effective on the microemulsion formation. The expansion of microemulsion areas with temperature indicated the greater triglycerides solubilization capacity of lecithin based microemulsions at higher temperatures. These findings revealed the efficiency of lecithin-based microemulsion system for solubilization of triglycerides which can potentially be used for extraction of edible vegetable oils particularly canola oil.

Extraction of Coriander Oil Using Twin‐Screw Extrusion: Feasibility Study and Potential Press Cake Applications

AbstractThis study presents an assessment of the vegetable oil extraction from coriander fruits through mechanical pressing, more specifically twin‐screw extrusion. This comprises an evaluation of the oil recovery obtained and its respective quality, as well as the specific mechanical energy, representing an economical point of view. With regard to the extrusion optimization, the screw configuration, the device's filling coefficient and the pressing temperature were varied. The screw configuration was shown to exhibit a key influence on the extraction efficiency and oil recoveries of at least 40 % were reached when the pressing zone was positioned immediately after the filter and consisted of 50 mm long, reverse screws with a ‐33 mm pitch. Furthermore, with a device's filling coefficient of 39.4 g/h rpm and a pressing temperature of 120 °C, an oil recovery of 47 %, the highest of this study, was reached with concurrent low energy consumption. Next to this, operating parameters of 47.1 g/h rpm and 80 °C resulted in the production of a press cake with the lowest residual oil content (15 %) in this study, although this also involved a significant increase in the filtrate's foot content. All the produced oils were of acceptable quality (<1.5 % acidity), showed high petroselinic acid content (73 %), and were pleasantly scented.

Experimental approachversusCOSMO-RS assisted solvent screening for predicting the solubility of rapeseed oil

Vegetable oils take a large part in industry for food and non-food applications. However the extraction process of oil from oilseeds includes a solvent extraction step using hexane. Despite its various advantages it presents numerous drawbacks; it is sourced from petroleum, it has a high flammability and it appears to be dangerous for health and environment (CMR2). This study presents a theoretical screening using COSMO-RS simulations of the relative solubility of vegetable oil constituents regarding several bio-based solvents as well as an experimental screening of the efficiency of these solvents. The aim is to correlate simulations and experiments and give a preliminary evaluation for the substitution of hexane by bio-based solvents for the extraction of vegetable oils. Differences between theory and practice have been noticed for several solvents such as terpenes that appeared to be good candidates in theory and that were in fact the solvents that gave the lowest extraction yield.

Extraction, quantification and characterization of oil from pumpkin seeds.

A quantification and characterization study of oil from pumpkin seeds was carried out on three pumpkin varieties, namely, Japanese type of the Curcubita maxima species, Green Kabocha and butternut squash of the Cucurbita moschanta species. Oil extraction was done using the Soxhlet method with petroleum ether as the solvent. The physicochemical properties of acid value, iodine value, specific gravity and refractive index were determined. The results were analyzed statistically using one way ANOVA at a 5% level of significance. The mean values of oil content, acid value, iodine value, specific gravity and refractive index for Japanese type pumpkin were found to be 35.67%, 2.24 mg KOH/g, 26.45 mg I2/100 g, 0.9126 and 1.47, respectively. For Green Kabocha, the mean values of the above five properties were 30.12%, 3.35 mg KOH/g, 25.3 mg I2/100 g, 0.9126 and 1.469, respectively. For the Butternut squash type the mean values of the above five properties were 34.76%, 3.74 mg KOH/g, 26.61 mg I2, 0.9131 and 1.471, respectively. It can be noted that from the low acid values of the pumpkin oil, pumpkin oil can be identified as edible. Also the low iodine value indicated that the pumpkin oil was non-drying. In addition, the low iodine value also suggested that the oil contains few unsaturated bonds and therefore has low susceptibility to oxidative rancidity. With a comparison of extraction rates from other oil sources in Uganda such as cotton (15%-20%), soybeans (19%-21%), the obtained results in this study suggested that pumpkin seeds are a viable source of vegetable oils that can be utilized for commercial vegetable oil extraction in Uganda. DOI: 10.3965/j.ijabe.20150801.013 Citation: Kukeera T, Banadda N, Tumutegyereize P, Kiggundu N, Asuman R. Extraction, quantification and characterization of oil from pumpkin seeds. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2015; 8(1): 98－102.

Purification and Characterization of a Unique Pectin Lyase from Aspergillus giganteus Able to Release Unsaturated Monogalacturonate during Pectin Degradation.

A pectin lyase, named PLIII, was purified to homogeneity from the culture filtrate of Aspergillus giganteus grown in submerged culture containing orange peel waste as carbon source. PLIII was able to digest apple pectin and citrus pectins with different degrees of methyl esterification. Interestingly, the PLIII activity was stimulated in the presence of some divalent cations including Pb2+ and was not significantly affected by Hg2+. Like other pectin lyases, PLIII is stimulated by but is not dependent on Ca2+. The main soluble product released during the degradation of pectic substances promoted by the PLIII is compatible with an unsaturated monogalacturonate. PLIII is a unique enzyme able to release unsaturated monogalacturonate as the only soluble product during the degradation of pectic substances; therefore, PLIII was classified as an exo-pectin lyase. To our knowledge, this is the first characterization of an exo-pectin lyase. The PLIII described in this work is potentially useful for ethanol production from pectin-rich biomass, besides other common applications for alkaline pectinases like preparation of textile fibers, coffee and tea fermentation, vegetable oil extraction, and the treatment of pulp in papermaking.

Investigation on the potential of halophytes as a source of edible oil (Case Study: Suaedaaegyptiaca and Halocnemumstrobilaceum)

Given the extent of saline lands in Iran, cultivation and utilization of halophytes and salt tolerant species under the condition that both water and soil are saline could be a viable option in production and extraction of vegetable oils from halophytes and salt tolerant species. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of two halophytes namely: Suaeda aegyptiaca and Halocnemum strobilaceum as a source of edible oil as well as quantitative and qualitative oil analysis. Therefore, the seeds of two halophytes were collected from saline lands of Yazd province, Iran. The extraction of fatty acids was performed by Soxhlet method using a solvent. The analysis of fatty acids was performed by GC. The oil yield obtained from S.aegyptiaca and H.strobilaceum was calculated to be 32.99 and 17.76%, respectively. According to the results of oil analysis, Lauric acid (C12), Myristicacid (C14), Palmitic acid (C16) and Stearic acid (C18) were identified as saturated fatty acids in the seed oil of both studied halophytes. Unsaturated fatty acids included Oleic acid (C18: 1), Linoleic acid (C18: 2) and Linolenic acid (C18: 3) and related isomers. Our results clearly indicate that the seeds of S.aegyptiaca could be used as a source of edible oil for human consumption. Although the oil yield obtained from H.strobilaceum was almost half that of S.aegyptiaca, however, due to the percentage of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids identified in H.strobilaceum, further investigation is required to examine the real potential of this halophyte as a source of edible oil.

PROCESS DESIGN FEATURES OF A 5 TONNES/DAY MULTI – STAGE, INTERMITTENT DRAINAGE, CONTINUOUS FULL IMMERSION, VEGETABLE OIL SOLVENT EXTRACTION PLANT

In this work, the process design features of a seven stage pilot extraction plant for use in vegetable oil extraction are presented. Three local oils were used in the study. They were Palm oil, Palm Kernel oil and Soy-bean oil. However PKO was used as a case study in the design because it is a simple oil with properties falling between those of palm oil and Soyabean oil. Material and Energy balance calculations were established for the oil as a base of mechanical design of part II. Nhexane was used as a leaching solvent. The efficiency of the plant was found to be 0.70. Process design calculations gave 23.17Kj as the energy requirement of the extractor based on a capacity of approximately 1 Kg of oil extract. The diffusivity of the oils in the solvent averaged 4.0 x 10 m/s, while the rate of mass transfer into the solvent was 6.47 x 10 Kmole/m. s, resulting in a mass transfer coefficient of 3.2 x 10Kmole/m. s. ----------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------------

DESIGN FEATURES OF A 5 TONNE/DAY MULTI – STAGE, INTERMITTENT DRAINAGE, CONTINUOUS FULL IMMERSION, VEGETABLE OIL SOLVENT EXTRACTION PLANT- MECHANICAL DESIGN

In this work, the mechanical design calculations of the vegetable oil extraction plant presented in part I were show cased. Process description and flow sheet of the plant have been given in the design features in part I, and the mechanical design calculations are here based upon the figures obtained at various stages downstream in the process design. In fact, design stress due to load on hopper, agitated vessel, launder, sumps and down-comers, as well as extractor accessories of pipes, pumps, conveyor belts and screw, and miscella drainage, were also presented. Design was based on KPO as in Part I for the obvious reason that it is a simple oil which takes into consideration the properties of soyabean and palm oil, with an over design tolerance of plus/minus 10%. It was established from the mechanical design calculations that the volume of the extractor is 2.17m . Cost estimation of the designed extractor was carried out to also establish the cost of one unit to about three and a half million Naira (N3.5M), ($20,588.64). The design may be scaled up to any capacity for big industrial out-fit, and when fully developed and constructed, will serve the rural dwellers of the globe. ----------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------

Extraction of natural compounds using supercritical CO2: Going from the laboratory to the industrial application

Despite industrial application for almost four decades, there is reluctance in some world regions to adopt supercritical (sc) CO2 extraction because of the wrong perception that it is not fully competitive. To refute this misconception, this manuscript analyzes economics of scCO2 extraction of vegetable oil from prepressed seeds. Selection of this application was due to the availability of a predictive mathematical model of the extraction process applicable for simulation purposes; inner microstructural changes of oilseeds during prepressing allow their extraction according to a shrinking core hypothesis. The predictive model has as its single parameter a particle-size and scCO2-condition-independent microstructural mass transfer factor that can be best-fitted to laboratory extractions, existing literature correlations to estimate other model parameters, such as the axial dispersion in packed beds operating with supercritical fluids, and the solubility of vegetable oils in scCO2. On the other hand, there is a need to correlate literature data for the film mass transfer coefficient to unveil the factors responsible for experimental data scattering. Because laboratory or pilot plant runs in single-extraction-vessel units cannot produce the simulated countercurrent contact in an industrial plant having ≥3 extraction vessels, mathematical simulation provides the relationship between oil yield and extraction time that can anchor precise estimations of extraction cost. Analysis of results unveiled differences in optimal extraction time (for minimal extraction cost) between production costs estimated in this work and the operational costs informed before. Because the operational cost does not include the capital cost of the industrial plant, the need appears to reduce its contribution to the total cost by increasing plant productivity. This is achieved reducing extraction time, which negatively influences oil yield.To make further progress in the optimization of industrial scCO2 extraction processes, this manuscript proposes refining the mathematical simulation approach, and studying those technical constraints whose manifestations become more prevalent on scale-up. Mathematical simulation can be adapted to alternative, sample-pretreatment dependent mass transfer mechanisms in the solid matrix. It can be refined also to account for the size distribution of the substrate, radial changes in superficial scCO2 velocity, axial changes in pressure, and radial/axial changes in temperature resulting from heterogeneous packing, pressure drop, and/or heat transfer from/to extraction vessel walls that may influence large-scale extractions. Large-scale experiments will allow studying these phenomena, as well as technical constraints to the decrease in particle size, increase in scCO2 velocity, and decrease in extraction time imposed by the agglomeration and decrease in packed bed permeability of the substrate, and thermal effects during reconditioning of extraction vessels. The latter effects should be included as restrictions in the optimization of the extraction process, which may limit the extraction rate and the size or number of extraction vessel that impact economics positively. Close collaboration with industry will facilitate tackling large-scale problems, as well as refining estimates of plant cost as a function of its size and/or configuration.

Preliminary formulation development for aqueous surfactant-based soybean oil extraction

Soybean oils are increasingly being used for a range of non-food applications, including production of biofuels and oleochemicals. While most soybean oil is produced by hexane-based extraction methods, concern about environmental and health effects from hexane extraction has led to increased interest in development of aqueous extraction methods. Among aqueous methods, surfactant-based aqueous extraction of vegetable oils has shown particular promise as an alternative to hexane-based extraction methods. The objectives of this work were to explore the use of surfactant-based methods for the extraction of soybean oils, and to test whether the use of mixed anionic–cationic and anionic–cationic–nonionic surfactant mixtures could successfully be used to reduce the salinity requirements for surfactant-based extraction. All three formulations tested were capable of producing ultra-low (<0.01mN/m) interfacial tensions with soybean oil. One of the formulations, a four-component (three surfactant, one hydrotrope) mixture, was able to reduce the salinity requirement from 5% down to 0.75%. A range of experiments was conducted to better understand the factors influencing extraction yield for surfactant-based extraction of soybean oil. Extraction experiments were conducted with a single extended surfactant system which has been used previously for extraction of other oilseeds. Extraction yields as high as 88.6% were observed for the conditions tested. Extraction yield was strongly dependent on salinity, and was found to increase with increasing shaker agitation rate, decreasing solid to liquid ratio, and decreasing particle size.

Biodiesel and electrical power production through vegetable oil extraction and byproducts gasification: Modeling of the system

Aim of this work is to introduce an alternative to the standard biodiesel production chain, presenting an innovative in situ system. It is based on the chemical conversion of vegetable oil from oleaginous crops in synergy with the gasification of the protein cake disposed by the seed press. The syngas from the gasifier is here used to produce electrical power while part of it is converted into methanol. The methanol is finally used to transform the vegetable oil into biodiesel. Through a coupled use of ASPEN PLUSTM and MATLABTM codes, a rapeseed, soy and sunflower rotation, with a duration of three year, was simulated considering 15ha of soil. This surface resulted sufficient to feed a 7kWel power plant. Simulation outputs proven the system to be self-sustainable. In addition, economical NPV of the investment is presented. Finally the environmental, economical and social advantages related to this approach are discussed.

Supercritical CO2 oilseed extraction in multi-vessel plants. 1. Minimization of operational cost

This work uses a fully predictive mass transfer model to simulate the supercritical CO2 extraction of vegetable oils from prepressed oilseeds in the 1-m3 vessel of an industrial multi-vessel plant operating at 40°C and 30MPa with the purpose of minimizing the operational cost. The work analyses the effect of particle diameter (0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4mm), superficial CO2 velocity (2.76, 5.52, or 11.0mm/s), and number of extraction vessels (2, 3, or 4) on optimal extraction time and minimal operational cost. Keeping other variables constants, cost diminishes as particle diameter decreases. Although the optimal superficial CO2 velocity increases as particle diameter decreases, in the case of small (≤1mm) particles, substrate fluidization may place an upper limit to the superficial velocity. Within the studied region, best superficial CO2 velocities are 11.0mm/s for particles smaller than 1–2mm, 2.76mm/s for particles larger than 3–4mm, and 5.52mm/s for particles in between. Keeping other variables constant, the cost of extraction of medium-to-large (≥2mm) particles decreases as the number of extraction vessels increases, at the expense of an increase in extraction time. However, because of a sharp transition wave that develops when extracting small (≤1mm) particles that separates fully extracted (downstream) from virtually unextracted (upstream) substrate within extraction vessels, two-vessel plants are best for small particles. The lowest operational cost observed in this work was USD 4.08kg−1 oil for the extraction of 2-mm particles using 3.30m3/h of CO2 (U=2.76mm/s) in a four-vessel plant.

Determination of carbamates in edible vegetable oils by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry using a new clean-up based on zirconia for QuEChERS methodology

In this study a fast, selective and sensitive multiresidue method based on QuEChERS methodology has been evaluated and validated for the determination of carbamate pesticides, in edible vegetable oils by UHPLC–MS/MS. A new clean-up sorbent, SupelTM QuE Z-Sep+, has been successfully applied in vegetable oil extracts. Z-Sep+ was compared with other sorbents (i.e. mixture of C18 and PSA) previously used for dispersive solid phase extraction of these matrices, reducing more effectively matrix effects without a significant decrease of analyte recoveries. Matrix effect was studied in different matrices (extra-virgin olive, sunflower, maize, linseed and sesame oil) being ≤│30│% for most of the studied pesticides. Under optimum conditions, recoveries ranged from 74% to 101%, with relative standard deviations lower than 10%. Limits of quantification ranged from 0.09 to 2.0µgkg−1, allowing their determination at the low concentration levels demanding by current legislation.

Optimizing separation conditions of 19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by cyclodextrin-modified capillary electrophoresis and applications to edible oils

For the first time, the separation of 19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) listed as priority pollutants in environmental and food samples by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) and the European Food Safety Authority was developed in cyclodextrin (CD)-modified capillary zone electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection (excitation wavelength: 325 nm). The use of a dual CD system, involving a mixture of one neutral CD and one anionic CD, enabled to reach unique selectivity. As solutes were separated based on their differential partitioning between the two CDs, the CD relative concentrations were investigated to optimize selectivity. Separation of 19 PAHs with enhanced resolutions as compared with previous studies on the 16 US-EPA PAHs and efficiencies superior to 1.5 × 10(5) were achieved in 15 min using 10mM sulfobutyl ether-β-CD and 20mM methyl-β-CD. The use of an internal standard (umbelliferone) with appropriate electrolyte and sample compositions, rinse sequences and sample vial material resulted in a significant improvement in method repeatability. Typical RSD variations for 6 successive experiments were between 0.8% and 1.7% for peak migration times and between 1.2% and 4.9% for normalized corrected peak areas. LOQs in the low µg/L range were obtained. For the first time in capillary electrophoresis, applications to real vegetable oil extracts were successfully carried out using the separation method developed here.

Mobilisation of reserves during germination of Jatropha seeds

Phanerogam species reserve nutrients in their seeds in order to sustain propagation. Their chemical composition and the way the metabolites are used vary, according to genotype, the environment and the interaction between these factors. As the jatropha is considered a strategic oilseed crop in biofuel production, the aim of this work was to quantify the major reserve components (starch, protein, soluble sugar and lipid) of the jatropha seed and its disposition in the cells during different periods of germination, in order to understand the process of reserve mobilisation and to determine the potentially right time for the extraction of vegetable oil for that species. The seeds were soaked in water for 0; 12; 24; 36; 42; 45 and 48 hours, following a completely randomised design and evaluated for wet and dry biomass, chemical characteristics of the reserves and the disposition of the reserve compounds. Through research, it was observed that the levels of lipids increased up to 43% at the moment of protrusion. The carbohydrate levels, in both the endosperm and the embryo are minimal during protrusion and shortly after, indicating the maximum use of carbohydrates in the germination process. Greatest protein synthesis occurs with the greatest moisture gain, with a reduction in and agglomeration of protein bodies during embryo root growth after protrusion. Despite the presence of starch in the endosperm of jatropha curcas L., starch cannot be considered a source of sugars during the period of germination studied.

Development and Scale‐up of Aqueous Surfactant‐Assisted Extraction of Canola Oil for Use as Biodiesel Feedstock

AbstractAqueous surfactant‐assisted extraction (ASE) has been proposed as an alternative to n‐hexane for extraction of vegetable oil; however, the use of inexpensive surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the effect of ASE on the quality of biodiesel from the oil are not well understood. Therefore, the effects on total oil extraction efficiency of surfactant concentration, extraction time, oilseed to liquid ratio and other parameters were evaluated using ASE with ground canola and SDS in aqueous solution. The highest total oil extraction efficiency was 80 %, and was achieved using 0.02 M SDS at 20 °C, solid–liquid ratio 1:10 (g:mL), 1,000 rpm stirring speed and 45 min contact time. Applying triple extraction with three stages reduced the amount of SDS solution needed by 50 %. The ASE method was scaled up to extract 300 g of ground canola using the best combination of extraction conditions as described above. The extracted oil from the scale‐up of the ASE method passed the recommendation for biodiesel feedstock quality with respect to water content, acid value and phosphorous content. Water content, kinematic viscosity, acid value and oxidative stability index of ASE biodiesel were within the ASTM D6751 biodiesel standards.

Study of the enthalpy-entropy mechanism from water sorption of orange seeds (C. sinensis cv. Brazilian) for the use of agro-industrial residues as a possible source of vegetable oil production

Orange seeds are a promising agroindustry-waste which can be implemented in the extraction and production of vegetable oil. The relationship between moisture content and water activity provides useful information for the processing and storage of this waste item. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism of water sorption enthalpy-entropy of orange seeds (C. sinensis cv. Brazilians) according to the moisture content. Therefore, desorption isotherms were determined at five different temperature (30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 oC) under a wide range of moisture content (0.005-0.057 kg kg-1 d.b.) and water activity (0.02-0.756). Theoretical and empirical models were used for modeling the desorption isotherms. An analytical solution of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation was proposed to compute the isosteric heat of sorption, the differential entropy, and Gibbs free energy using the Oswin model when the effect of temperature on the hygroscopic equilibrium was considered.

Extraction and Characterization of Vegetable Oil from Mango seed, Mangifera indica

A study of the proximate composition of the seed of Mango, Mangifera indica was conducted. The proximate composition of the seed is Ash 2.82%, Moisture 19.80%, Ether extract 25.57%, Crude protein 6.58%, Crude Fibre 4.69% and Carbohydrate 40.50%. The result of the proximate composition led to the extraction and characterization of the physiochemical properties of vegetable oil obtainable from the seed. Solvent extraction yielded oil with physiochemical results: Melting point (20 o C), Refractive index ( 1.449), Peroxide value (1.20), Acid value (16.68mg), Iodine value(5.58), Saponification value (71.52). The results reveals that the oil extracted can be useful economically.