Vegetable Oil Extraction Research Articles

An Overview on Food Applications of the Instant Controlled Pressure-Drop Technology, an Innovative High Pressure-Short Time Process.

Food processing systematically aims at meeting the needs of consumers who are looking for total high quality and perfect food safety. As the various thermal and non-thermal food preservation technologies often affect the natural properties in terms of sensation, flavor, texture, etc., instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) has been conceived as a relevant, innovative process in this field. DIC uses high saturated steam pressure and short duration to provide a new way to expand biological matrices, improve drying, decontaminate, and extract biologically active compounds, among other attributes. Therefore, this review focuses on describing the applications of DIC technology on a wide range of products such as foods and by-products that have been processed both in the laboratory and on an industrial scale. The application of DIC has shown the possibility of a significant leap in quality improvement and cost reduction in the food industry. DIC reduces the drying time of fruits and vegetables, and improves the extraction of essential oils, vegetable oils, and antioxidant components. It also provides strong decontamination, eliminates vegetative microorganisms and spores, and reduces non-nutritional and allergenic components. Over the past 33 years, this technology has continued to expand its food applications and improve its characteristics on an industrial scale. But there are still many food unit operations that can be taken to the next level with DIC.

Soybean oil extraction with ethanol from multiple-batch assays to reproduce a continuous, countercurrent, and multistage equipment

The replacement of toxic organic solvents from fossil sources by nontoxic ones from biorenewable origin in large-scale processes has been a frequent search. Although ethanol has been currently investigated as a hexane-substitute for vegetable oils extraction, most studies are conducted on laboratorial scale and in batch assays. Initial parameters of a continuous and countercurrent extractor that indicates the technical possibility of a large-scale operation are still scarce. Here, a continuous extractor composed of fixed bed columns connected in series (resembling the so-called simulated moving bed extractor) for soybean oil extraction with anhydrous ethanol was experimentally reproduced by a multiple-batch solid-liquid extraction system. After a 5-stage extraction, the residual oil in the solid phase was 0.17% with 99.2% extraction yield, confirming that ethanol was capable to exhaust the solid matrix with a reasonable extraction yield. Although the minimum solvent-to-feed ratio (S/F) for ethanol (S/F = 2.62/1) was higher than that for hexane (S/F = 0.36/1), benefits in relation to food safety, reduction in handling danger, and less environmental impact reinforce ethanol as a safe and promising solvent for the extraction of vegetable oils in a continuous equipment.

Numerical modeling of a domestic press for vegetable oil extraction using finite element analysis

One of the methods used for the extraction of vegetable oils is the mechanical worm screw pressing, which consists of the compression of the seeds by advancing the material inside the screw barrel. Although the extraction of vegetable oils has been developed mainly at an industrial level, domestic oil extraction presses are devices that allow the user to obtain natural products. Scaling industrial production processes to low-level proportions such as domestic requires iterative models during design development, which include the permutation of values that influence the performance and size of the machine. In the present study, the design and modeling of a vegetable oil extractor press were developed, this equipment processes seeds with an equivalent size of up to 25 mm, and with a processing capacity of up to 10 Kg/hour. The influence of the geometric variables of the pressing mechanism on the operation of the machine was studied through an iterative process. The results were verified by obtaining the requirements established for a domestic press.

Разработка технологии и рецептур комбинированного рыбного фарша с пищевыми добавками

The purpose of scientific research is to develop technologies and recipes for minced fish products with dietary supplements. The objects of research, when obtaining the recipe and technology of model minced fish, were: pollock, cod, wheat bread made from premium flour, and the dietary supplements introduced were oil extract of dried mushrooms, juniper oil extract, coriander oil extract and a complex additive "Moby Lux Universal". Vegetable oil extracts were used as a plasticizing component and additional raw materials containing flavoring substances. The use of additives of plant origin allows you to stabilize the functional and technological properties of raw materials, increase the biological value, emphasize the organoleptic characteristics of the finished product. Oil extracts of vegetable raw materials and "Moby-lux Universal" are rich in minerals and vitamins, dietary fibers, proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Contribution to a Circular Economy Model: From Lignocellulosic Wastes from the Extraction of Vegetable Oils to the Development of a New Composite.

The present works focuses on the development of a novel fully bio-based composite using a bio-based high-density polyethylene (Bio-HDPE) obtained from sugar cane as matrix and a by-product of extraction of chia seed oil (CO) as filler, with the objective of achieving a circular economy model. The research aims to revalorize an ever-increasing waste stream produced by the growing interest in vegetable oils. From the technical point of view, the chia seed flour (CSF) was chemically modified using a silane treatment. This treatment provides a better interfacial adhesion as was evidenced by the mechanical and thermal properties as well as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The effect of silane treatment on water uptake and disintegration rate was also studied. On the other hand, in a second stage, an optimization of the percentage of treated CSF used as filler was carried out by a complete series of mechanical, thermal, morphological, colour, water absorption and disintegration tests with the aim to evaluate the new composite developed using chia by-products. It is noteworthy as the disintegration rate increased with the addition of CSF filler, which leads to obtain a partially biodegradable wood plastic composite (WPC) and therefore, becoming more environmentally friendly.

Comparative evaluation of the composition of vegetable essential and fixed oils obtained by supercritical extraction and conventional techniques: a chemometric approach

SummaryWe compared by a chemometric approach the composition of essential (EO) and fixed (FO) oils previously obtained from several vegetable matrices by supercritical CO2 extraction (CO2‐SFE) and conventional techniques (n‐hexane in a Soxhlet apparatus and hydrodistillation). A multivariate approach, by determining the principal components analysis (PCA) applied to data of FO fatty acids and EO volatile compounds, generally indicated that the vegetable oils extracted with CO2‐SFE tightly clustered with those obtained by conventional methods. The graphical distances calculated in the PCA plots between the score of each SFE oil and the corresponding conventional oil revealed that the CO2‐SFE FO and EO profiles were quite similar to conventional oils, with the additional benefit of not having unwanted traces of solvent. SFE FO were more similar to conventional oils than SFE EO (mean values of calculated graphical distances were 0.83 and 1.46 for FO and EO, respectively). Our results strongly corroborate the role of CO2‐SFE as a suitable, environmentally safe and efficient method alternative to the traditional ones for the extraction of natural vegetable oils for food and pharmaceutical applications.

Rhodamine B Dye Adsorption onto Biochar from Olive Biomass Waste

Olive biomass waste (Olea europaea L.) is a by-product of vegetable oil extraction processing produced in ever-increasing quantities, becoming an environmental liability when not destination or treated correctly. Thus, the work aimed to study the application of olive biomass waste to preparation of adsorbent material (biochar) to rhodamine B (RhB) dye removal. For the preparation of the biochar, activation/carbonization process was used, where for chemical activation, the ZnCl2 was used as activating reagent, in the proportion of 1:2 w/w, and for the carbonization, used a heating rate of 10 °C min−1 to 600 °C for 240 min. Materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), zeta potential (ZP), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and its adsorption potential to remove RhB dye from aqueous media was verified, through kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic study. About kinetic adsorption, the pseudo-first-order model showed satisfactorily represented. Moreover, Freundlich model was suitable to represent the adsorption equilibrium of the RhB dye. The maximum value for adsorption capacity was 263.71 mg g–1, and the adsorption process was thermodynamically spontaneous, favorable, and endothermic. Therefore, the olive biomass waste can be considered a potential adsorbent for the wastewater treatment with dyes, mainly.

Mathematical modelling and analysis of vegetable oil extraction processes in ‘Crown Model’ plant

This study developed a new coupled mathematical model of the extraction processes that occur in a ‘Crown Model’ type industrial extractor. The model incorporates the counter-current crossed flows of the porous medium and miscella, along with the mass transfer between them; the diffusion in the entire extraction field; the miscella transport between the percolation sections; the recirculating flows in the extraction sections; the influence of the loading and drainage zones; and the slug flow regime, which was discovered during experiments on a specially designed laboratory installation. The operating mode of a real extractor was investigated. A comparison between the predicted and experimental data showed satisfactory agreement. The coefficients for controlling oil losses were determined. The effect of varying the number of stages in the extractor with and without changing the total extractor length, as well as the effect of varying the layer height, on the oil yield and oil losses were investigated.

Studying the kinetics mechanism of emulsified petroleum products recovery from waste waters in dynamic conditions

Petroleum products belong to the most common man-made pollutants of surface watercourses, and sometimes even underground drinking water sources. They get to the environment at the extraction and transportation of oil and oil products, as well as at industrial disasters. The oil-contaminated sewage waters produce the general-toxic, embryotoxic and carcinogenic effect, and weaken the immune system. To purify wastewaters from petroleum products the most efficient and environmentally friendly is the sorption method. This paper considers using a carbon-containing material, obtained by thermal modification at 450°C of waste kieselguhr sludge from vegetable oil extraction industry, as petroleum sorbent. The designed sorbent is characterized with mesoporous structure, high hydrophobic properties and the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups – carboxyl, hydroxyl and lactone – on the carbon layer surface. Research has been carried out in purification of test water media from emulsified petroleum products in dynamic conditions with the use of the designed sorbent. The number of passed sorption volumes to the «breakthrough» and the full saturation of the sorbent with oil products were determined. The calculated dynamic exchange capacity of the sorbent for petroleum products is 2.9 mg/g, the total exchange capacity – 8.4 mg/g. The limiting stage of petroleum products sorption process kinetics with the carbon-containing sorption material in the studied conditions is diffusion inside the sorbent grains.

Mathematical model of the extraction of vegetable oil by an organic solvent

A mathematical model of the process of extraction of vegetable oil by an organic solvent for a separate section of the extractor with irrigation has been developed. The model is intended for the synthesis of an automatic control system. A description of the change in the oil concentration in the oilcake along the length of the extraction section and in the miscella for a steady-state operation is obtained. And a system of independent differential equations with a delayed argument is obtained that connects deviations from the nominal oil concentrations in the oilcake and miscella at the outlet of the section with flow deviations and oil concentrations at the inlet of the section. The transition from partial differential equations to equations with a delayed argument will reduce the time spent on calculating the adjustable parameters of the control system during its synthesis.

Pressurized mixture of CO2 and propane for enhanced extraction of non-edible vegetable oil

Vegetable oils in neglected matrices (monguba seeds and immature green coffee beans) were extracted using a mixture of pressurized carbon dioxide (CO2) and propane. The yields, fatty acid profiles, and active compounds in the extracted oils were evaluated employing a Box-Behnken experimental design, considering the effects of temperature (20–60 °C), solvent flow rate (1.5–2.5 mL min−1), and propane amount (10–50%). The maximum yields were 42.83% for monguba oil and 10.83% for immature green coffee oil. Lower temperature (40–60 °C) and a higher propane fraction (50%) led to higher oil yields. Empirical models satisfactorily described the extraction kinetics. Treatment of the data using principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the conditions that favored extraction of saturated fatty acids impaired the extraction of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Extraction with a mixture of pressurized CO2 and propane resulted in attractive fatty acid profiles and high oil yields, while preserving the active compounds.

Solvent recovery from systems containing crude sesame seed oil and short-chain alcohols at different temperatures and local pressure

Apart from advantages regarding safety, short-chain alcohols used as substitutes for hexane in vegetable oil extraction can be partially recovered from the extract only by cooling due to their partial miscibility with oil. Therefore, the circumstances under which this separation is possible were studied from the determination of liquid-liquid equilibrium data of systems containing crude sesame seed oil and short-chain alcohols (crude sesame seed oil + ethanol + water, and crude sesame seed oil + isopropanol + water) with different hydration levels, in temperatures from (283.2 ± 0.1) to (333.2 ± 0.1) K. Adjusted NRTL model temperature-dependent parameters adequately described the phase compositions, with low global deviation values (0.24–0.63%). Results of the predicted alcohol amount that could be separated from extracts revealed that azeotropic ethanol is the most advantageous since approximately 100% of recovering was reached for temperatures between 283.2 and 288.2 K and for extracts with oil contents of up to 0.20 in mass. In addition to high recoveries, systems containing azeotropic ethanol showed the lowest amounts of residual alcohol to be evaporated from the oil-rich phases (approximately 8%). Finally, partition coefficients for free fatty acids close to or higher than 1 indicating greater migration of these components to the alcohol-rich phase, which corresponds to the possibility that the partial desolventization and deacidification processes are performed simultaneously.

Study on a one-dimensional defective photonic crystal suitable for organic compound sensing applications.

Organic-compound-based sensors have important applications, such as applications in geothermal power stations, the shoe industry, the extraction of vegetable oil, azeotropic calibration and medical science. Herein, a 1D photonic crystal (PC) with a defect has been used to develop a photonic-technology-based organic compound sensor with optimum performance. The structure of the proposed organic compound sensor consists of a water cavity sandwiched between two symmetric sub-PCs, which are composed of alternate layers of SiO2 and ZnO. The proposed air/(SiO2/ZnO)5/cavity/(SiO2/ZnO)5/glass structure with the optimized structural parameters achieves a quality factor that varies between a minimum value of 4968.2 and a maximum value of 6418.5. The FOM and sensitivity values of the proposed sensing design are on the order of 102 and 103, respectively. The LOD value of the proposed sensor is on the order of 10−5, which is very low, as is always expected for chemical sensing designs. Thus, the simple design and excellent performance make our design highly efficient and suitable for sensing applications in the industrial and biomedical fields.

Extended surfactants and their tailored applications for vegetable oils extraction: An overview

The vegetable oil extraction process from seeds and nuts depends on mechanical and solvent (usually n-hexane) extractions. Despite the efficiency of n-hexane, its use is nowadays questioned due to health, environmental, and technological issues. As an alternative to hexane extraction, several greener solvents and extraction techniques have been developed and tested during the last decades. Among these alternatives, the Surfactant-Aqueous Extraction Process (SAEP) appears as a promising method. Initially developed for the petroleum sector, this method was then tested and optimized for vegetable oil extraction. Successful implementations at the laboratory scale led to slightly more than 90% oil yield, mainly by using so-called “extended surfactants”. Compare to conventional surfactants, these surfactants can efficiently solubilize a large amount of vegetable oil in water, despite the structural diversity and the bulkiness of vegetable oil molecules. The present review is devoted to extended surfactant applications to SAEP. This review summarizes and discusses the main findings related to the extended surfactant structures and properties, as well as the main experimental results on the SAEP, and the advantages and the current limitations towards a scaling-up of this promising process.

Simulation of an Extractor for the Extraction of Vegetable Oil from Palm Kernel

Industrial production of vegetable oil from palm kernel seed operational process was analysed in this research study with the extractor unit as the main focus of the study. The extractor unit consist of nine operational stages, which was modeled by applying the principle of the law of conservation of mass and energy respectively. The developed models were a set of ordinary differential equations, which were solved by using MatLab ODE 45 solver by applying industrial extractor plant data of Vegetable Oil Production Company. The developed models’ results were compared with the industrial extractor plant data in terms of mass fraction of oil and temperature of the raffinate and mass fraction of oil and temperature of the extract and these yielded an absolute percentage error (deviation) of 7.0, 9.52, 3.29 and 2.29 respectively. Thus, the deviations are within the acceptable limits, which shows that the developed models predicts adequately the extraction process of vegetable oil production. In addition, the effects of mass flow rates of raffinate and extraction solvent were studied with increase in mass flow rate of raffinate reduces contact time between extraction solvent and the cake thereby reducing the efficiency of the extraction process with maximum amount of oil been extracted at the minimum flow rate of 300Kg/hr.

Practical aspects of the new approach to creating feed products based on a multicomponent mixture of sunflower fuzz-sludge and zeolite subjected to cavitation treatment

The problem of waste management in Russia is one of the fundamental. Moreover, in addition to European standard, according to which our society tends to consider the fact that an effective economy can only exist on the basis of non-waste production. The level of social development for a variety of symptoms can largely be characterized by the effective use of agricultural waste. Waste oil industry are characterized by a high content of protein and fat, which makes them indispensable in balancing rations. In this context shows how to obtain feed product based on waste vegetable oil extraction industry, enriched zeolite powder. The method is based on joint ultrasound treatment of fatty foods (sunflower Pusan), and mineral – zeolite. The efficiency of the product in poultry feeding.

Traditional Pathway of Oil Extraction from <i>Quassia undulate</i> Seeds and Its Chemical Characteristic

In Africa, traditional vegetable oil extraction often involves the use of plants in the manufacturing process. Quassia undulate oil is thus traditionally prepared. An expedition went to Kédougo (a region in southeastern Senegal involving women of the Bassaris community) in June 2018 to study the Q. undulate oil traditional extraction mode. Thus, the objective of this study is to follow the traditional extraction of Q. undulate oil and to perform the physico-chemical analysis of the obtained oil. Oil samples taken after the survey allowed the oil physico-chemical characterization. The traditional oil extraction made by four women from Eganga, Ethiolo, and Ebarack’s villages reveals oil clear that is solid at room temperature. The study of the established chart revealed the use of Pilliostigma thonnintigi leaves during the oil preparation. The oil shows characteristics comparable to shea butter, and the oil stability can be compared to the corn and peanut oil one. The physicochemical analysis showed oil solid at room temperature with an acid value between 1.223 ± 0.013 and 7.333 ± 0.465. The saponification value was between 190.489 ± 3.083 and 199.732 ± 3.107, and the peroxide value between 4.453 ± 0.042 and 8.644 ± 0.285. The iodine values were between 21.455 ± 2.440 and 38.068 ± 0.082, and the refractive index 1.462 - 1.463. Q. undulate oil offers several technological perspectives. However, it would be interesting to study the impact of P. thonnintigi leaves during extraction. The fatty acid profile should also be determined.

Potencial de oleaginosas nativas no desenvolvimento de cadeias produtivas da biodiversidade brasileira

Este artigo analisa e avalia os óleos da biodiversidade brasileira como potenciais indutores para o desenvolvimento de uma nova cadeia produtiva baseada nos produtos florestais não madeireiros e sua contribuição na transição para a bioeconomia. Primeiramente, o trabalho analisa dois modelos diferentes de produção, processamento e mercado de óleos vegetais, sendo um deles, o azeite de oliva na Comunidade Europeia. Este modelo indica caminhos para o aprimoramento da cadeia de valor dos óleos da biodiversidade brasileira. Em seguida, analisa-se o estado da arte do mercado brasileiro de óleos da biodiversidade e das políticas públicas de apoio à cadeia produtiva da sociobiodiversidade. Além disso, são descritas as características mercadológicas e tecnológicas das principais matérias-primas para a produção de óleos de produtos florestais não madeireiros, com destaque para os óleos da castanha-do-brasil e do babaçu. Os resultados indicam que esses óleos podem desempenhar um papel relevante para o aprimoramento da cadeia produtiva dos óleos da biodiversidade brasileira, porém identificou-se uma lacuna científica e tecnológica para o processo de extração e refino desses óleos vegetais. Esses avanços tecnológicos podem contribuir para a conservação dos biomas brasileiros, agregando valor aos produtos processados. Além dos desafios tecnológicos e de mercado para a produção de óleos da biodiversidade brasileira, a organização dessa cadeia de valor ainda exige um arcabouço institucional, legal, intersetorial e de confiança que estimule os atores a superar as atuais dificuldades da atividade extrativista. Como exemplo de quadro intersetorial, as indústrias brasileiras de higiene pessoal e farmacêutica, que conseguem uma diferenciação de mercado pela utilização de ativos vegetais como os óleos, extratos e/ou tinturas, demandam altos investimentos em PD&I e, pelas características brasileiras, ganha relevância as parcerias e alianças entre empresas, universidades e institutos de pesquisa, e pequenas empresas locais. Concluindo, o trabalho recomenda arranjos sócio produtivos que integrem cooperativas e associações de comunidades locais, universidades e institutos de pesquisa, indústrias e instituições governamentais, a fim de tornar a biodiversidade brasileira um eixo estratégico para o desenvolvimento sustentável. No nível local, esse arranjo social poderia promover unidades descentralizadas de processamento de óleos vegetais e um rótulo ecológico específico para os produtos da sociobiodiversidade brasileira.

Research of kinetics of vegetable oil extraction by supercritical carbon dioxide

Research of kinetics of vegetable oil extraction by supercritical carbon dioxide

A Comparative Cradle-to-Gate Life Cycle Study of Bio-Energy Feedstock from Camelina sativa, an Italian Case Study

Growing energy needs and medium-term weakening of fossil energy reserves are driving forces towards the exploitation of alternative and renewable energy sources, such as biofuels from energy crops. In recent years, Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz has been rediscovered and is gaining popularity worldwide. The present work reports the results of a study on the life cycle, from cradle-to-gate, of C. sativa oil as a raw material for the production of biofuels in northern Italy, considering two scenarios, namely, the production of biodiesel (BD) and the extraction of pure vegetable oil (PVO). The functional unit was 1 megajoule of biofuel. A life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) was calculated according to the ILCD2011 procedure. Focusing on the global warming potential, the PVO scenario performs better than the BD scenario, with around 30 g CO2eq MJ−1. The net energy ratio (NER) exceeds unity for BD (approximately 1.4) or PVO (approximately 2.5). The same general trend was recorded for all calculated LCIA indicators; the common evidence is a generalized worse performance of the BD scenario, with indicators always scoring higher than the PVO. In particular, the two human toxicity indicators—carcinogenic and fresh water—eutrophication represent a significant difference, attributable to the refining process. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses, respectively, underline the generalized importance of agricultural performances in the field and of allocation choices. Specifically, the importance of the grain yield and seed oil content in determining the environmental performance of the two scenarios was evident. As far as allocation is concerned, mass allocation provides the most favorable results, while on the other hand, the expansion of the system was the most penalizing alternative.