Vegetable Oil Extraction Research Articles

Characterization of β-Sitosterol for Potential Selective GR Modulation.

Although glucocorticoids (GCs) are characterized as powerful agents to treat inflammatory afflictions, they are accompanied by metabolic side effects which limit their usage. β-Sitosterol, as a minor component found in extraction of vegetable oil, was reported to have anti-inflammatory effects in RAW 264.7 cells. To test whether β-sitosterol has an effect to dissociate transrepression from transactivation as a selective novel GR binder, this work evaluated the dissociated characteristics of β-sitosterol. The probable binding interaction between β-sitosterol and GR was explored by molecular docking. The GR transcriptional activity of β-sitosterol was assessed in the reporter gene assay. The ability of β-sitosterol to modulate the transactivation and transrepression of GR was evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR analysis. In the present study, β-sitosterol treatment cannot induce GR-mediated transactivation. β-Sitosterol exerted a potential to inhibited the expression of GR target transrepressed gene without activating the expression of GR transactivation dependent gene. Molecular docking demonstrated that β-Sitosterol was able to bind the ligand binding domain of GR but unable to induce GR activation. This work offers evidence that β-sitosterol may serve as a selective GR modulator.

Comparison of expander and Instant Controlled Pressure-Drop DIC technologies as thermomechanical pretreatments in enhancing solvent extraction of vegetal soybean oil

As an intensification process of the unit operation of vegetable oil extraction, the cooking pre-treatment systematically results in damaging thermal degradations. However, recently, two thermomechanical expansion processes have been suggested and applied at industrial scales to pre-treat oilseeds: expansion and instant controlled pressure drop DIC. In both cases, it is a flash transformation from high-temperature/high-pressure to 100 °C/atmospheric pressure and 33 °C/vacuum phases, respectively. The use of DIC resulted in cumulative impact yields of 247 mgoil/gdb, compared to 210, 230, and 224 for cracking, cracking/blocking, and expanding, respectively. To achieve the same yields obtained in 160 min for cracked or cracked/flaked soybean, the expander took 120 min against 35 min for DIC. Besides, thanks to the short heat treatment and the induced instant cooling, DIC allowed the highest preservation of soybean oil quality, with fatty acid concentrations almost identical to that of untreated seeds. Practical impactsIn the sector of the vegetal oil industry, researchers and engineers mostly look for increasing the extraction yields while preserving or improving the sensorial and biochemical quality of the oil. Henceforth, the modification of the oleaginous seed texture may usually be the major factor affecting and normally enhancing the capacity of extraction. Based on the improvement of material structure through adequate expansion, the higher the volume of vapor issued from the autovaporization throughout the instant controlled pressure-drop (DIC) technology, the higher the oil yields. Moreover, using the instantaneous thermodynamic theory, the feasibility of integrating DIC technology as an HTST treatment in the industrial-scale soybean extraction process could be performed and optimized without any biochemical degradation.

Effect of codon optimization and promoter choice on recombinant endo-polygalacturonase production in Pichia pastoris

Pectinase is one of the most widely used enzymes in different fields of food industry for different purposes, such as clarification of fruit juice, extraction of vegetable oil and saccharification of agricultural substrates. The aim of this study is to produce recombinant pectinase and evaluate the effect of codon optimization and promoter selection on production.In this study, the gene encoding pectinase in Aspergillus niger was optimized according to the codon usage of Pichia pastoris. Within the scope of the study, codon-optimized and native (non-codon-optimized) pectinase genes were transferred to P. pastoris X33 strain and expressed under the regulation of methanol-inducible AOX1 and ethanol-inducible ADH2 promoter.As a result of the study, the promoter and codon combination which exhibited the highest production level was determined as the ADH2 and codon-optimized pectinase yielding an enzyme activity of 42.33 U/mL. The best producer clone was cultured in 400 mL media in 2 L shake-flask and the enzyme was purified by His-tag method. The optimum working conditions of the purified enzyme was 50 °C and pH 5.0, and after incubation at 60 °C for 1 -h, enzyme activity was maintained at 60% level. The Michelis–Menten constant (Km) and maximal velocity (Vmax) of the purified recombinant pectinase were 6.9 mg/mL and 67.57 μmol/mg/min, respectively.

Characterization of tetraethylene glycol-based deep eutectic solvents and their potential application for dissolving unsaturated fatty acids

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are credible alternatives for ionic liquids. Most DESs have favourable properties such as lower production cost, biodegradability and are environmental friendly. In this work, tetraethylene glycol (TTEG)-based DESs were successfully prepared by mixing TTEG and choline chloride at different molar ratios. The physicochemical properties such as conductivity, freezing point, density, surface tension and viscosity were measured at temperatures between 298.15 K and 353.15 K. It was found that the molar ratio of both compounds affected the physicochemical properties. As the solubility of unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid and linoleic acid, in these DESs are industrially significant, this property became an important consideration. Computer simulations using the COSMO-RS program which is based on the interpretation of the σ-profiles, as well as the evaluation of Gibbs energy change of mixing were in excellent agreement with the experimental results. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on TTEG-based DESs which were used to dissolve unsaturated fatty acids. This work could introduce a new perspective in lipids chemistry, biofuel production, food processing and vegetable oil extraction.

Review: A Comparison of Conditions for The Extraction of Vegetable and Essential Oils Via Microwave-Assisted Extraction

Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) has been utilized in extracting a myriad of phytochemicals, lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. This extraction method essentially takes advantage of water present inside cells by exciting the molecules hence increasing the internal temperature and pressure till the cells bursts. MAE is studied extensively due to its advantages over other typical extraction methods; especially in essential oil extraction. However, there is not many researches on using MAE to extract vegetable oil. Essential and vegetable oils are both derived from plants, but the characteristics of both oils differs. Therefore, the proper conditions for MAE extraction of the oils are different. This paper reviews the MAE conditions such as extraction time, power of microwave, solvent to feed ratio, and the set-up of microwave equipment. This paper attempts to show the differences between the MAE conditions between vegetable and essential oil extraction. The challenges faced by MAE is also discussed briefly with suggestions to overcome them. The Internet of Things is also discussed for its implementation in a scaled up MAE reactor.

Extracting methyl-ester from waste cooking oil for fueling a light duty diesel engine – a dual fuel approach

ABSTRACT The intention of this test is to efficiently use waste cooking oils (WCOs) that are used globally for cooking and frying purposes. In most cases, these used cooking oils (UCOs)/WCOs are disposed in an unstandardized manner that can cause soil contamination and may affect the groundwater if disposed in large quantities. Recent studies are exploring new vegetable oils that are surplus available all over the country and are especially non-edible. Most of these oils can be extracted from seeds through transesterification and can be attempted to be used for fueling engines, some of the oils are mahua oil, jatropha, lemongrass oil, mango seed oil, and so on. Alike extraction of vegetable oils from seeds, we can extract useful forms of WCOs in the same technique to make sure WCO can be used in a CI engine. Interesting outputs were witnessed when the WCO and neat diesel (ND) blends were fueled in a dual-fuel (DF) diesel engine. In a DF engine, a volatile liquid or gaseous fuel bearing higher octane value is inducted along with air through the intake manifold and compressed to a temperature less than its self-ignition point. In addition, a pilot fuel (with a higher cetane value) is injected through the conventional injection technique which initiates the combustion in the primary fuel-air mixture. Hydrogen looks very attractive for DF operation as “primary fuel”. As well the pilot fuel is WCO and neat diesel (ND) blends. WCOB was mixed with mineral diesel fuel by a volume fraction of 50% (WCOB50). In addition to this pure hydrogen was inducted into the intake along with air at the volume flow rate of 4, 6 and 8 lpm (liter per minute). Tests were conducted in a single-cylinder farming based direct injection light-duty diesel engine at several load conditions. At first, test results were correlated with ND fuel and WCOB50 fuel at all loads. WCOB50 fuel indicates a negligible reduction in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) when compared to ND fuel. Further, in this test, the influence of hydrogen induction on tailpipe exhaust emissions of a CI engine fueled with WCOB is examined.

Optimization Methods for the Extraction of Vegetable Oils: A Review

Most seed oils are edible while some are used generally as raw material for soap production, chocolate, margarine, and recently in biodiesel formulations as potential candidates capable of replacing fossil fuels which are costly and destructive to the environment. Oilseeds are a green and major reservoir which when properly exploited can be used sustainably for the production of chemicals at both the laboratory and industrial scales. Oil extraction is one of the most critical steps in seed oil processing because it determines the quality and quantity of oil extracted. Optimization of the extraction conditions for each extraction method enhances yield and quality meanwhile a carefully chosen optimization process equally has the potential of saving time and heat requirements with an associated consequence on cost reduction of the entire process. In this review, the techniques used to optimize oil extraction from plant materials which can be consulted by stakeholders in the field are brought to focus and the merits and demerits of these methods highlighted. Additionally, different types of optimization techniques used for various processes including modeling and the software employed in the optimization processes are discussed. Finally, the quality of the oil as affected by the methods of extraction and the optimization process used are also presented.

A Hybrid Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution Supplier Evaluation and Selection in the Food Processing Industry

Selecting suppliers plays an important role in improving efficiency of supply chains. In the field of extraction of vegetable oil, one of the main submaterials is hexane solvent. Choosing a supplier of hexane solvent is a multicriteria decision-making task that decision-makers must have an understanding of the quantitative and qualitative elements for assessing the symmetrical impact of the criteria to reach the most accurate result. In this paper, the authors suggest a multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) model for N-hexane solvent (C6H14) supplier evaluation and selection for vegetable oil production. All criteria affecting to the hexane solvent supplier evaluation and selection process are defined by experts. Then, a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) multicriteria comparative analysis method has been applied for determining the weight of all criteria. Finally, the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) was applied to select the optimal hexane solvent supplier. As a result, decision making unit 003 (DMU3) is the optimal supplier. The contribution of this research is to propose an MCDM model for hexane solvent supplier selection in the food industry. The work also proposed a useful guideline for supplier evaluation and selection processes in other industries.

Walnut oil deacidification by liquid–liquid extraction with ethanol in a single- and multistage crossflow process

Liquid–liquid extraction of vegetable oil with ethanol predominantly removes the components having the greatest affinity for ethanol, such as free fatty acids responsible for the acidity of oil, but also some contaminants such as phthalates. The aim of this work is to study the effect of several operating parameters on the deacidification process: the initial free fatty acid content in oil (3.1, 5.8, 7.6 and 11.7% OA eq.), the ethanol-water content in solvent (70.0/30.0, 80.0/20.0, 87.8/12.2 and 95.6/4.4 g/g), and the oil/solvent ratio (0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 g/g). The economic assessment of the deacidification based on the costs of distilling solvent and neutral oil loss showed that the use of solvents containing 82 to 90 wt.% of ethanol enables to achieve a trade-off between efficiency of the extraction of free fatty acid and the neutral oil losses. A three-stage crosscurrent extraction using a solvent at 88.6 wt.% of ethanol (global solvent/oil ratio: 8.0 g/g) reduced the free fatty acid content from 5.8% OA eq. (in crude walnut oil) to 0.3–0.4% OA eq. with a loss of 4.0% of neutral oil mass. Regarding the extraction of phthalates, our results showed that the lower the water content in the hydroethanolic solvent, the more efficient the extraction of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP). Moreover, extraction with ethanol has successfully reduced the BBP content below the current regulatory limit.

Canola Oil with High Antioxidant Content Obtained by Combining Emerging Technologies: Microwave, Ultrasound, and a Green Solvent

AbstractIn this work, the ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) of canola oil from canola seeds pretreated with microwaves using ethanol 99% as solvent is studied. Different process parameters are evaluated, such as extraction time, temperature, solid:solvent ratio, and ultrasound amplitude, optimizing the process using response surface methodology. Under optimum conditions, the extraction time is decreased by up to 75% with respect to conventional extractions, obtaining an oil with a higher content of total tocopherols and canolol, and with oxidation indexes within the established standard limits. The addition of a microwave pretreatment to the UAE with ethanol 99% shows a synergic effect between both processes, improving the oil yield. The results obtained in this study show the potential of the use of UAE for the extraction of canola oil using a green solvent, reducing processing times, environmental pollution, and achieving an oil of high quality and antioxidant concentration.Practical Application: The industrial use of petroleum‐derived solvents such as hexane has problems concerning sustainability, environment, and safety. In recent years, the use of “green” solvents for the extraction of vegetable oils began to be studied; however, it is necessary to develop stages that allow improving the extraction process by increasing the yield, reducing the processing times, and optimizing the oil quality. In this sense, ultrasound allows to shorten the extraction times while microwave pretreatments applied to canola seeds generate an increase in the concentration of antioxidants in the oil, facilitating the implementation of a “green” process in the industrial production.

Extended Surfactants Including an Alkoxylated Central Part Intermediate Producing a Gradual Polarity Transition—A Review of the Properties Used in Applications Such as Enhanced Oil Recovery and Polar Oil Solubilization in Microemulsions

AbstractThe research published in the past half century indicates that surfactant interfacial performance in producing low tension or high solubilization with polar oils is not generally attained with pure conventional species exhibiting well‐defined polar and nonpolar parts. The improvement trends reached with surfactant mixtures as well as the introduction of additives like cosurfactants and linkers lead to the introduction of the so‐called extended surfactants, whose structure includes an intermediate polarity spacer between the hydrophilic head and the lipophilic tail. Recent investigations on different kinds of surfactants in a variety of applications—such as detergency, cosmetics, enhanced oil recovery or crude demulsifying, and vegetable oil extraction—indicate that these extended surfactants are likely to be particularly performing with oils containing polar groups, such as triacylglycerols and asphaltenic crudes. Possible applications of extended surfactants in enhanced oil recovery, crude emulsion breaking, detergency and cleaning, medicine and cosmetics vehicles, and natural oil extraction as well as some other cases are quickly reviewed.

Extraction of vegetable oil from avocado seeds for production of biodiesel

The avocado seed was used as a raw material for the production of biodiesel as an alternative to petrodiesel. The oil was extracted using a soxhlet extractor with n-hexane as the solvent and transesterified with methanol (5:1 oil to methanol ratio) using potassium hydroxide as catalyst in 15 minutes reaction time. The percentage yield of the purified biodiesel was 78%. The physical and chemical properties of the biodiesel on comparison to standard biodiesel and petroleum diesel indicated that it was of good quality. It had a relative density of 0.86, cetane number of 62.2, kinematic viscosity of 3.94cst. The economies of this extraction turns avocado seed from bio-waste to wealth. Keywords: Avocado Seed, Soxhlet extractor, Biodiesel, Oil Characterization, Yield

Extraction of Vegetable Oil from Avocado Seed for the Production of Biodiesel (Alkyl Ester)

The avocado seed was used as a raw material for the production of biodiesel as an alternative to petro-diesel. The oil was extracted using a soxhlet extractor with n-hexane as the solvent and transesterified with methanol (5:1 oil to methanol ratio) using potassium hydroxide as catalyst in 15 minutes reaction time. The percentage yield of the purified biodiesel was 78%. The physical and chemical properties of the biodiesel on comparison to standard biodiesel and petroleum diesel indicated that it is of good quality. It had a relative density of 0.86, cetane number of 62.2, kinematic viscosity of 3.94cst. The economies of this extraction turns avocado seed from bio-waste to wealth. Keywords: Avocado Seed, Soxhlet extractor, Biodiesel, Oil Characterization, Yield. DOI : 10.7176/JNSR/9-3-01

English

Of African origin and with an estimated world production of 6.85 million tons, palm kernel oil contributes about 3% of the total world production of oils and fats. With such production, the world waste generation was about 10,026 × 103 tons in 2017, which represents an important environment issue. The present work aimed to review the literature on the main methods of extraction, applications, and future perspectives of Elaeis guineensis Jacq., with emphasis on its seed: palm kernel. Regarding its main applications, biodiesel production was highlighted, since the biomass generated can be used as a substitute for fossil fuels in energy production.   Key words: Elaeis guineensis Jacq., palm kernel, extraction of vegetable oils, biodiesel.

Аналитическое решение задачи двумерного слоистого напорного течения в прямоугольном канале

Следуя тенденциям и факторам инновационного развития зеленых технологий в пищевой промышленности для эффективной модернизации технологических процессов необходимо более широко использовать теоретический анализ процессов пищевой промышленности. Эксплуатация шнековых экструдеров показывает, что для эффективного отжима растительного масла необходимо, чтобы трение материала по внутренней поверхности корпуса было больше трения его по шнеку. В противном случае материал будет вращаться вместе со шнеком, не продвигаясь в осевом направлении. Нагнетаемый материал оказывается заключенным между движущимися поверхностями (основание и боковые стенки шнекового канала) и неподвижной внутренней поверхностью корпуса. Для адекватного описания процесса экструдирования необходимо перейти к заданию градиента скорости сдвига на трех границах одновременно. Рассмотрено аналитическое решение течения Пуазейля − Куэтта для заданного градиента скорости сдвига на одной из границ прямоугольной области слоистого течения вязкой жидкости. Установлено, что геометрия профиля канала шнека оказывает существенное влияние на расходно-напорные характеристики двумерного потока преодолевающего гидравлическое сопротивление. Построены новые точные решения уравнений движения Навье − Стокса, описывающие двумерные слоистые течения Пуазейля − Куэтта. Рассмотрены граничные условия двух типов: задание градиента скорости сдвига на одной из границ и на трех границах одновременно. Установлено, что при задании градиента скорости сдвига задача является существенно двумерной: не существует линейного преобразования, позволяющего преобразовать исследуемые течения к одномерным. Полученное аналитическое решение задачи позволяет моделировать как безнапорное слоистое течение Куэтта, так и напорное течение Пуазейля с использованием общей математической зависимости для расчета расходно-напорных характеристик экструдеров с прямоугольным в сечении канала шнека в широком диапазоне геометрии витков, как в их поперечном сечении, так и по длине канала.

Biberiye ve Kekik Yağı İlavesinin Marine Edilen Gökkuşağı Alabalıklarının (Oncorhynchus Mykiss Walbaum 1972) Buzdolabında Depolanması üzerine Etkisi

Bu çalışmada, biberiye ve kekik yağı ekstraktları kullanılarak elde edilen alabalık (Oncorhynchus mykiss) marinatlarının depolanması sırasında meydana gelen kimyasal değişimler araştırılmış ve kullanılan bitkisel yağ ekstraktlarının ürünün yağ asidi kompozisyonu üzerine etkisi belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Fileto haline getirilmiş balıklar üç farklı formülasyon kullanılarak (M grubu: %4 asetik asit-%10 NaCl, B grubu: %4 asetik asit-%10 NaCl-%0,1 biberiye yağı ekstraktı, K grubu: %4 asetik asit-%10 NaCl- %0,1 kekik yağı ekstraktı) marine edilmiş, olgunlaşma aşamasından sonra vakum paketlenerek +4°C‘ deki buzdolabı koşullarında depolanmışlardır. Numunelerin 0. gün, 1., 2., 3., 4. ve 5. ayın sonunda kimyasal analizleri (pH, TBA, Peroksit Sayısı, TVB-N, Serbest yağ asitleri, yağ asitleri kompozisyonu) yapılmıştır. Deneysel örnekler TVB-N açısından değerlendirildiğinde depolamanın 3. ayında K grubu örneklerinde 14,12 mg/100 g, B grubu örneklerinde 19,2 mg/100 g ve M grubu örneklerinde ise 28,9 mg/100 g olarak tespit edilmiştir. M grubu örnekleri TBA sayısı bakımından değerlendirildiğinde muhafazanın 3. ayında 5,84 mg MDA/ kg olup, diğer gruplar ile istatistiki fark önemli bulunmuştur. Kontrol grubu (M grubu) örneklerinin 4 ve 5. aylarda duyusal olarak bozulduğu için analizleri yapılamamıştır. Kontrol grubu ve K grubu örneklerinde marinasyon işlemi sonrasında, muhafaza periyodu boyunca EPA ve DHA değerlerinde düşüş şekillenmiş olup, istatistikî açıdan fark önemli bulunmuştur. Biberiye ilave edilen gruba ait örneklerin yağ asidi değerleri incelendiğinde, kaproik, miristik ve palmitik asit miktarları marinasyon işleminden sonra artmıştır ve fark istatistiki açıdan önemli bulunmuştur.

Organic solvent nanofiltration of binary vegetable oil/terpene mixtures: Experiments and modelling

Bio-derived solvents such as ρ-cymene, d-limonene and α-pinene represent feasible alternatives to n-hexane for the extraction of vegetable oils. However, the large-scale utilization of these solvents is still limited mainly owing to their high boiling points and latent heats of vaporization. In this work, the performance of composite polydimethylsiloxane/polyacrylonitrile (PDMS/PAN) organic solvent nanofiltration membranes in the recovery of these solvents from their binary mixtures with canola oil is investigated. The sorption isotherms of the mixtures were first studied using free-standing PDMS films and the multicomponent Flory–Huggins model used to determine the resulting interaction parameters. The partial solvent uptake decreased with increasing oil concentration in the mixture. On the other hand, the partial oil uptake in the solvent mixture was higher than that of the pure oil which was attributed to the swelling effects induced by solvents. The effects of feed concentration (10–30 wt% oil), feed temperature (25–40 °C), transmembrane pressure (5–30 bar), and cross-flow velocity (18–52 cm s−1) on the membrane performance were then studied in a cross-flow membrane setup. Maxwell–Stefan formulations were combined with the ternary Flory–Huggins solubility model to successfully describe these flux data.

A short extraction time of vegetable oil from Carica papaya L. seeds using continuous ultrasound acoustic cavitation: Analysis of fatty acid profile and thermal behavior

AbstractThe objective of the present study is to extract the vegetable oil from papaya seeds (Carica papaya L) using Continuous Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (CUAE) method. A face centered–central composite response surface design was applied to explore and optimize the process variables on the oil recovery (%) from papaya seeds. The maximum oil recovery (27.87%) was obtained when CUAE was carried out at 1:13(g/ml) solid–liquid ratio, 80% amplitude level, 48°C temperature and short extraction time of 7 min. Analysis of fatty acid composition revealed that the predominant fatty acid in papaya seed oil was oleic acid (18:1) (74.8%). The cavitation effect on the sample surface for oil extraction was identified using SEM analysis. Thermal stability of oil was analyzed using TGA and results showed that 71% (weight basis) of oil have been stable up to 319°C. FTIR analysis was confirmed that fatty acid functional groups were present in the oil.Practical applicationsThe continuous ultrasound acoustic cavitation technique improves the oil recovery (%) with a shorter extraction time and low solvent consumption. Moreover, the high intensity sonicator did not affect the fatty acid composition of the papaya seed oil. The oil sample contains 75% oleic acid (18:1) out of the total fatty acid composition, similar to the oleic acid composition of commercial vegetable oils such as Canola (75%), safflower (77%), olive (>75%), and sunflower (>80%). It can be used for frying purposes in food industry as it has high thermal stability, 71% by weight of oil stable till 319°C. Thus, the results show that this technique is a promising extraction technique for vegetable oil extraction from waste papaya seeds with high quality of fatty acid composition.

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed oil extraction with pressurized n-propane and supercritical carbon dioxide

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seeds are composed of a high oil content rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants such as tocopherols and carotenes, resulting in an interesting nutritional aspect. Oil from hemp seeds extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as the solvent preserves the qualities described above. However, the high operating pressures and the low solubility of the oil in scCO2 significantly increase operating costs. Generally, the use of pressurized n-propane as a solvent for extraction of vegetable oils is an alternative to overcome these challenges without changing their nutritional qualities. The main objective of this work was to study the extraction of the oil from dehulled hemp seeds using scCO2, pressurized n-propane and organic solvents at atmosphere conditions, to compare some physicochemical properties of the extracts. The extraction conditions using scCO2 as the solvent were 40 and 60 °C and 30 and 40 MPa. These operating conditions of extraction are similar to those available in the literature. For pressurized n-propane used as a solvent, temperatures of 40, 50 and 60 °C and pressures of 6, 8 and 10 MPa were used. The values of the extraction pressures with n-propane were defined from the knowledge of the phase behavior measured for the system n-propane (1) / hemp seed oil (2). The values of the mass percentage yields were similar for both pressurized solvents. However, the solubility of the oil in n-propane was higher than in scCO2. The kinetics of the extractions were satisfactorily using the Sovová modeling.

Hexane‐Free Green Solvent Extraction of Canola Oil From Microwave‐Pretreated Seeds and of Antioxidant‐Rich Byproducts

The ethanol extraction from microwave‐pretreated and untreated canola seeds is studied. Two process are used to obtain the oil: in a control process (P1), the solvent‐free total extract (E) is washed with hexane, obtaining an oil fraction (OF). The second process (P2) consists of the partial evaporation of the solvent of the total extract (E), cooling, centrifugation, and separation by decantation of the generated phases: oil‐rich phase (OF + Ethanol), solvent‐rich phase (EthF + Ethanol), and solid phase (SF); and then evaporating the solvent to obtain OF and an extract of soluble in the phase rich in ethanol (EthF). No significant differences due to microwaves are detected in the yields. P2 gave mean yields of 32.8%db of OF, lower than obtained with P1 (42.1%db), 4.2%db of precipitated solids, and 7.7%db of EthF, which present a mean content of hexane‐solubles of 5.1%db. However, the quality analysis shows a smaller oxidative damage and an increase in canolol content due to the microwaves. P2 also generates an antioxidant‐rich byproduct, allowing to recover the canolol prior to a refining stage of the oil.Practical Applications: The use of organic solvents for the extraction of vegetable oils have some disadvantages, such as health and safety problems. At the same time, ethanol has begun to be studied as an alternative solvent due to its lower production costs than other alternative solvents, and to the fact that it is recognized as a “bio‐renewable” solvent. Numerous studies have shown the extraction of oil and impurities obtained with ethanol. However, no method have been developed for obtaining an insoluble‐free canola oil from the extract obtained with ethanol without using hexane. In addition, a favorable effect of the canolol content pretreated with microwaves in the canola oil is reported, nevertheless, the canolol is eliminated during the refining stage of the crude oil. The hexane‐free development process allows to obtain canola oil and an antioxidant‐rich byproduct, allowing to recover the canolol prior to a refining stage of the oil.Green solvent (ethanol) extraction from microwave‐pretreated canola seeds and a hexane‐free separation process is developed. The results show a high yield of canola oil and the production of an antioxidant‐rich byproduct.