Ve Bu Research Articles

A Possible Role for WNT5A Hypermethylation in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

Objective:WNT5A is one of the most studied noncanonical WNT ligands and is shown to be deregulated in different tumor types. Our aim was to clarify whether hypermethylation might be the cause of low WNT5A mRNA levels and whether we could restore this downregulation by reversing the event. Materials and Methods:The expression of WNT5A mRNA was studied in a large acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patient group (n=86) by quantitative real-time PCR. The methylation status was detected by methylation-specific PCR (MSPCR) and bisulphate sequencing. In order to determine whether methylation has a direct effect on WNT5A expression, disease-representative cell lines were treated by 5’-aza-20-deoxycytidine.Results:Here we designed a validation experiment of the WNT5A gene, which was previously examined and found to be differentially expressed by microarray study in 31 T-cell ALL patients. The expression levels were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and the expression levels were significantly lower in T-cell ALL patients than in control thymic subsets (p=0.007). MSPCR revealed that 86% of the patients were hypermethylated in the WNT5A promoter region. Jurkat and RPMI cell lines were treated with 5’-aza-20-deoxycytidine and WNT5A mRNA expression was restored after treatment. Conclusion:According to our results, WNT5A hypermethylation does occur in ALL patients and it has a direct effect on mRNA expression. Our findings show that epigenetic changes of WNT signaling can play a role in ALL pathogenesis and reversing methylation might be useful as a possible treatment of leukemia.

BİR GEÇMİŞ ZAMAN EFENDİSİ: MÜKRİMİN HALİL YİNANÇ

Mukrimin Halil Yinanc (1900-1961) Mesrutiyetten Cumhuriyete uzanan donemin bizde modern tarih yazimi konusunda dikkate deger sahsiyetler arasindadir. Mukrimin Halil’in dusunce cevresi ile bu cevredeki konumunu ve bir de tarih yazimina katkilarini aciklarken donemin sartlarini, erken cumhuriyet doneminde Istanbul muhitinde yetistigi cevreyi ve bu cevre ile iliskilerini dikkatle inceledik. Mukrimin Halil Yinanc, Elbistan’in en eski Turkmen asiretlerine bagli ve koklu Musluman geleneklerine sahip bir ailenin bir ferdi olmasi bakimindan muhafazakâr bir kultur cevresine mensuptur. 1916’da Istanbul Darulfunun Edebiyat Fakultesinde tarih tahsiline baslamis, burayi bitirince (1919) Mekteb-i Mulkiye talebesi olmustur. Buradan mezun olunca (1921) Davut Pasa Ortaokulu’na tarih ogretmeni olarak atanmis, 1923’ten itibaren bu gorevinin yanisira yeniden etkinlestirilen Turk Tarih Encumeni’nde kutuphane memurlugu gorevini ustlenmistir. Iste bu sirada Istanbul sehrinin romantik aydin cevresine girmis, olunceye kadar bu cevreye bagli kalmistir. Mekteb-i Mulkiyede okurken icinde bulundugu memleketci hareketin bir mensubu olarak tarihcilik ugrasina baslamis, ozellikle Tevaif-i Muluk (Beylikler) ve Selcuklu konularinda topladigi nadir eserler ve ortaya koydugu nadide calismalari sayesinde donemin en seckin tarihcileri arasinda yerini almistir. Bu calismalarinin bir devami olarak Paris’te ayni konuya iliskin arastirmalar yapmis, bu sirada Fransizlarin sarkiyat enstitusu Societe Asiatique uyeligine secilmistir. Fransa’dan yurda dondugu yillarda bu bilgi, beceri ve deneyimlerinin etkisiyle Turk Tarih Tetkik Cemiyeti uyeligine secilmistir. Mukrimin Halil, Ataturk’un onderlik ettigi yeni olusum icinde, Tarih Tezini savunanlar ve acilimini yapanlar arasinda bulunmamistir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Mukrimin Halil Yinanc; Societe Asiatique; Anadolucu Hareket; Turk Tarih Encumeni A LORD OF THE PAST TIMES: MUKRIMIN HALIL YINANC Abstract: Mukrimin Halil Yinanc (1900-1961) is one of the remarkable personages of modern history writing in the period from Constitutional Monarchy to Republic, in Turkey. Describing Mukrimin Halil Yinanc‘s intellectual milieu vis-a-vis his position within this environment besides his contribution to historiography, we meticulously examined the conditions at that period, the environment in Istanbul where Mukrimin Halil Yinanc grew up in the early Republican Period and his relationship with this environment. Since Mukrimin Halil Yinanc is a member of a family related to oldest Turkmen tribes in Elbistan, with long-established Muslim traditions, he belongs to an environment determined by a conservative culture. In 1916, he studied history at the Faculty of Literature in Istanbul Darulfunun; when he graduated from this faculty (1919), he became a student in Mekteb-i Mulkiye (The School of Political Science). After his graduation (1921), he was appointed to Davut Pasha Secondary School as a teacher of history. In addition to this task, he undertakes a mission in a re-actived institution, namely Turk Tarih Encumeni (Council of The Turkish History) as a library officer, beginning from 1923. In the meantime, he got involved with the environment shaped by the romantic intellectuals in Istanbul and stuck to this milieu until his death. While studying at Mekteb-i Mulkiye, as one of the members of the ‘Memleketci’ movement, he pursued the occupation of historiography activity and took a place within the prominent historians at that period, especially due to the rare books that he collected and unique studies that he made in the field of Tevaif-i Muluk and Seljukes. As an extension to these studies, he conducted research on the same subject in Paris; in the meantime, he was elected as a member of the French Institute of Oriental Studies ( Societe Asiatique). During the period after he returned back to the homeland from France, he was elected as a member of Turk Tarih Tetkik Cemiyeti (Turkish Historical Research Society) due to his knowledge, skills and experiences. Mukrimin Halil was not a part of the new formation led by Ataturk, i.e. among ‘Turkish History Thesis’ defenders and reformers. Key Words: Mukrimin Halil Yinanc; Societe Asiatique; Anatolist Movement; Society of Turkish History

Gümüşhane il merkezindeki gebelerin sağlık uygulamaları

Sonuc: Gebelikte sal›k uygulamalar›nda; gebenin kendisinin ve eflinin yafllar›n›n, yaflad›¤› alan›n kentsel ya da k›rsal olmas›n›n farkl›l›klara sebep olduu gorulmufltur. Gebelere ve ailelerine yo- nelik prenatal ve postnatal eitim programlar›n›n yayg›nlaflt›r›l- mas›, gebelerin efllerinin de bilgilendirilerek bu programlara kat›- l›m›n›n salanmas›, ileri yafl grubundaki gebelerin uygulamalar›n›n deerlendirilmesi ve duzeltilmesi ad›na ayr›nt›l› goruflmelerin ya- p›lmas› ve bu konuda fark›ndal›klar›n›n artt›r›lmas› gerekmektedir. Abstract Objective: The study aimed to investigate the health practices of pregnant women living in Gumushane city center, and to increase awareness among pregnant women. Methods: The research is of definitive characteristics. It was con- ducted with a total of 189 pregnant women between October 1st and December 10th, 2012. The data was provided as figure, per- centage, arithmetic mean and standard deviation. After normality analyses were applied to the data, Mann-Whitney U test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and post hoc analyses to deter- mine the source of difference were carried out. Results: The ages of pregnant women are between 19- and 48-year- old, and the mean age is 29.09±5.5. Of the participants, 65.1% of them stated that their expenses were equal to their incomes, 8.58% of them had no social security, 24.6% of them had a job, and 51.3% of them were living in the city center. Statistically significant differ- ence was found in the ANOVA test analysis carried out among the score averages of the Health Practices Questionnaire according to the educational background of the spouses of the pregnant women. Difference was found between primary school and university gradu- ates. Score average of the Health Practices Questionnaire for those living in metropolises was higher than those living in villages; it was found that the score average of the questionnaire decreased as the age increased. Conclusion: For the health practices during pregnancy, the ages of pregnant women and their spouses and living in whether in urban or rural areas caused differences. It is required to extend prenatal and postnatal training programs among pregnant women and their families, to enable the spouses of pregnant women to join such pro- grams by informing them, to carry out detailed interviews in order to evaluate and modify the practices of pregnant women in advanced age group, and to increase awareness on this subject matter.

Anakkale Cephesinde Donanma Desteei (Naval Support in the Gallipoli Campaign)

Turkish Abstract: Birinci Dunya Savasi’nda Osmanli Devletine karsi Itilaf Devletlerince olusturulan guclu donanmaya karsi, Osmanli donanmasinca en az kara savaslarindaki kadar cetin ve zorlu bir mucadele verilmis ancak bu mucadele Gelibolu Yarimadasi’nda kazanilan zaferin golgesinde kalmistir. Denizalti gemileri taarruzi maksatli olarak dunya tarihinde ilk defa Birinci Dunya Savasi’nda Atlantik cephesinde ve Osmanli cephelerinde kullanilmistir. Gizlilik icinde, surpriz etkisiyle harekat yapan bu yeni savas gemisi tipi, savasta Osmanli donanmasina karsi etkinlikle gorev yapmistir.Bu calismada emperyalizmin en hizli doneminde mali iflasi yasayan bir devletin isgal girisimi ve anavatani koruyabilecek nitelikte bir donanmanin olmamasina karsin, donanma personelinin her turlu zor sartlara ragmen dusman guclerine karsi yapmis oldugu mucadeleye deginilmektedir. Bu mucadele Canakkale Bogazi’nda mayinlama, denizalti gemilerinin gecisini engelleme ve deniz top ates destegi ile Gelibolu yarimadasinda savasan kuvvetlerin lojistik destegi ve bu destegi engelleme savasi icindeki denizaltilar ekseninde incelenecektir. Bu gune kadar yapilan akademik calismalarda gundeme getirilmemis olan bazi ayrintilar denizaltilarla mucadele alt basliginda Basbakanlik Osmanli Arsivi kaynaklarindan istifade ile aktarilacaktir.English Abstract: During World War I, Ottoman navy fought a battle as fierce and compelling as the one took place on the field against the strong navy built by the Allied Powers. However this fight was overshadowed by the victory won on the Gallipoli Peninsula. It was during World War I when submarines were used for the purposes of attack for the first time in World History at the battle fronts of Atlantic and the Ottoman State. This new type of ship which carried out military action in disguise fulfilled its duty against the Ottoman Navy in full efficiency and almost performed a surprising attack.In this study, despite the fact that the Ottoman Empire, in a state of financial bankruptcy in the most intensive period of imperialism, lacked a navy which had the capacity to defend the homeland and despite all the challenges the naval personnel had to face, the though and compelling battle fought by the Ottoman Navy against the occupying forces will be evaluated. This battle will be scrutinized in consideration of the mining at the Dardanelles, preventing the passage of the submarines and the support given with artillery fire on the sea as well as the logistic support given for the forces fighting on the Gallipoli Peninsula and the role of the submarines in the battle for preventing this support. Details, which have been omitted and overlooked in academic research so far, will be presented under the subtitle “fight with the submarines” and in this the documents at the Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives will be consulted.

Suularrn Birleemesine liikin Tannmlar, Sorunlar ve zzm nerileri (The Definitions, Problems and Solution Suggestions Related to Joinder of Offenses)

Turkish Abstract: Suclarin birlesmesi (ictimai) konusundaki temel ilke cezalarin birlestirilmesidir; cezalarin birlesmesi kural, suclarin birlesmesi ise istisnadir1. Bu ilke 5237 sayili TCK’ya iliskin TBMM Adalet Komisyonu Raporu’nda “kac tane fi il varsa o kadar suc, kac tane suc varsa o kadar ceza vardir” seklinde ifade edilmistir2. Istisnayi olusturan suclarin birlesmesi temel olarak iki sekilde gerceklesmektedir: “fi kri ictima” ve “zincirleme suc”. Zincirleme suc TCK’nin 43. maddesinin 1. ve 3. fikralarinda, fi kri ictima ise 43. maddenin 2. ve 3. fikralari ile 44. maddede duzenlenmistir. Suclarin birlesmesi konusu icinde ele alinan ve bu baslik altinda islenen bir diger konu ise gorunuste ictimadir. Adi ustunde bu durumda birlesme gorunustedir, gercekte boyle bir birlesme bulunmamaktadir. Ancak yasal duzenlemede de ogretiye paralel sekilde bu durum suclarin birlesmesi bolumunde 42. maddede duzenlenmistir. Ancak 42. maddede “bu tur suclarda ictima hukumleri uygulanmaz” denilerek bunlarin suclarin birlesmesi hali olmadigi acik bir bicimde ifade edilmistir. English Abstract: In this article, a significant part of the theory of crime that has been causing some problems in practice called of is examined. issue is explained and discussed in the light of high court judgments and doctrinal arguments especially. basic principle at the of is the of punishments. rule is the of the punishments, whereas of is the exception. This principle was expressed in the Report of Grand National Assembly of Turkey Justice Commission relating 5237 numbered Turkish Penal Code(TPC) The number of the punisments are same as the number of crimes, the number of are same as the number of actions. exception of of occur in two ways: fictional and successive offence. Successive offence is at the Article 43/1, 3 of TPC, whereas fictional is at Article 43/2,3 and 44 of TPC. Another issue called apparently is examined within the scope of this title. In this situation the is apparent, not real as is evident from it's name. However this was arranged at the Article 42 under the part of of in legal regulation as parallel to the doctrine. Yet it expressed clearly by mentioning joinder regulations are not applied to such crimes that these are not the aspects of the of crimes.

Yoğun Bakım Ünitesine Yatan Hastalarda Akut Böbrek Yetmezliği Gelişimi Üzerine Etkili Faktörler ve Bu Faktörlerin Mortalite Üzerine Etkileri

Objective: Early detecting acute renal failure is important by the aspect of determination of the disease's severity and grade of the organ dysfunction. The Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative workgroup designed a classification system for acute kidney injury (AKI) named as the RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of kidney function, and End-stage kidney disease). The aim of our study is to assess acute renal failure development in intensive care units patients, factors affecting it and the effect of the factors over mortality via using RIFLE score. Material and Methods: The age, height, weight, gender, diagnosis, comorbid diseases, admission reason to the intensive care, intensive care stay, the APACHE II score, SOFA score, RIFLE score, biochemical parameters (albumin, prealbumin, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, HCO3 level), triceps thickness and waist circumference measurement were all recorded. Patients were grouped into AKI and non-AKI. The AKI group was assessed by RIFLE score due to hourly urine output and creatinine rise separated into three groups as R=Risk, I=Injury, F=Failure. Results: 502 patients were enrolled to the study. 39,2% of the patients was in the acute kidney injury group while 60.8% was in non- acute kidney injury group. The renal failure development is related with high age, short body height, excessive weight, existence of chronic disease and long intensive care units hospitalization period. Conclusion: In conclusion, patients with high age, excessive weight, chronic diseases, high urea, creatinine, HCO3- levels, low cholesterol, albumine and prealbumine levels are prone to renal failure.

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This study was carried out for the aim of determining the 5th grade students’ obstacles for reaching to objectives and acquisitions of Turkish courses, from the viewpoints of provincial educational supervisors. This study was practiced with 19 provincial educational supervisors working in Adiyaman, Elazig and Malatya, who check Turkish courses. The data were gathered by qualitative inquiry and semi-structured interviews were adopted. The data were analyzed by content analysis. Supervisor views were sub-categorized by coding. They were handled with from the main themes such as teacher, student, material, school managing; and 16 sub-themes related to main themes. Results indicated that teacher factor was determined the most important obstacle for students to reach to objectives and acquisitions of Turkish courses. This is followed by problems arising from student, material, and school managing. Ignorance of existing students’ problems by teachers, writing problems of students, course book problems, these problems were determined other sub-themes for students not to reach to objectives and acquisitions of Turkish courses. Ozet Bu arastirma, 5. sinif Turkce dersinin amac/kazanimlarina ogrencilerin erismesinin onundeki engelleri il egitim denetmenlerinin goruslerine dayali olarak belirlemek amaciyla yapilmistir. Arastirma; Adiyaman, Elazig ve Malatya illerinde gorev yapan ve Turkce derslerini denetleyen 19 il egitim denetmeniyle yurutulmustur. Arastirmaya iliskin veriler, nitel arastirma yontemiyle toplanmis ve denetmenlerle yari yapilandirilmis gorusmeler gerceklestirilmistir . Yapilan gorusmelerden elde edilen veriler, icerik analizi teknigi ile incelenmistir. Denetmen gorusleri, kodlanarak alt kategorilere ayrilmis; ogretmen, ogrenci, materyal, okul idaresi ana temalari ve bu temalarla iliskili 16 alt temaya gore ele alinmistir. Arastirma sonuclarina gore; ogretmen faktoru, ogrencilerin Turkce dersinin amac/ kazanimlarina erismesinin onundeki en onemli engel olarak tespit edilmistir. Bunu; ogrenci, materyal ve okul idaresinden kaynaklanan sorunlar takip etmektedir. Ogrencinin gelisim ozelliklerinin ogretmen tarafindan bilinmemesi, ogrencinin yazma sorunu, ders kitabi ve okul idaresi denetleme sorunu ise 5. sinif Turkce dersinin amac/kazanimlarina ogrencilerin erismesinin onundeki engelleri olusturan diger alt temalar olarak tespit edilmistir.

<b>Güzide Komutanlarımızdan Muhittin Paşa, Orduda ve Anadolu’daki Hayat, Resmi Tercüme-i Hali ve Şahsiyeti</b><br><i>One of Our Distinguished Commanders, Muhittin Pasha, His Life, Biography and Personality In Anatolia And Army</i>

Muhittin Paşa, Türkiye’nin büyük milli mücadelesinde kendisini icraatlarıyla göstermiş ve ispatlamış özellikle ordu teşkilatına hâkim olan, tecrübeli ve başarılı komutanlardan birisidir. Milli mücadelede Anadolu’nun en buhranlı zamanlarında Türk ruhu ile cephe gerisinde çabalar gösteren ve yılmadan çalışan bir seçkin komutandır. Anadolu’daki Kastamonu, Adana ve bölgelerinde, Sakarya ve İnönü savaşlarında, acemi halkın örgütlenmesinden tutmuş askeri eğitimlerine kadar önemli vazifelere de bulunmuş ve büyük cesaret sergileyerek her kesi ülkenin savunmasına hazırlamıştır. Yunanlıları İzmir’de denize dökmeden önce, dağılmaya doğru giden, acınacak bir durumda olan ve kendisini bile savunamayan bir Türk ordusunu yan yana toplayarak, savaşa hazır bir duruma getirmiştir. Hatta bu tecrübeli Türk komutanı, Anadolu’da halk örgüt kavramını bile bilmezken, özellikle Kastamonu ve çevresinde büyük bir başarıyla eli silah tutamayan halkı özenle örgütlemiş ve sorunları göğüsleyerek askeri eğitimlerini üstlenmiştir. Dolayısıyla, durmadan çalışan Muhittin paşa, Anadolu’nun en tehlikeli ve düşman ateşiyle karşı karşıya kalan zamanında yepyeni, dinç ve eğitilmiş gücü cepheye sevk ederek, düşmanın üstün güçle saldırısını def edebilmiştir. Muhittin paşa, düşmanı denize dökerek zaferi Anadolu’ya getiren ve bu muazzam işi başaranlar arasında halkın saygı ve sevgisini kazananlardandır. Yüksek seviyede askeri ve idari kabiliyette sahip olan Muhittin Paşa ikinci faaliyeti de Adana’da olmuş ve Türkiye-Fransa arasındaki Kilikya anlaşmasının 11’inci Maddesi gereği, Türkiye-Suriye arasındaki gümrük mukavelesi aktı için Beyrut’ta kurulan komisyonda Türkiye tarafından bulunmuştur. Abstract Muhittin Pasha was one of the most experienced and successful commanders, who proved and demonstrated his performances especially in the dominant of military organization in Turkey’s great national struggle. During the terrible time of Anatolia in the national struggle, he worked tirelessly with Turkish spirit behind the front. In Kastamonu, Adana and their regions, and in the Battles of Sakarya and İnönü, he kept the organization and the military training of the recruits up, and displayed a great courage in preparing everyone for the defense of country. Before driving the Greek forces into the sea in Izmir, and when the Turkish army was nearly collapsing and it could not even defend itself, he collected the army, and made it ready for the war. In fact, in Anatolia, especially in Kastamonu and its region, the people even did not know the concept of organization. Therefore, he organized them and got people to make military training, who were unable to keep a weapon. In the most dangerous times of Anatolia, Muhittin Pasha tried and worked non-stop to train in the front, defend high attack of enemy power, and drive the enemy forces into the sea. The people of Anatolia greatly respected this man, who had brought them a great victory. The second activity of Muhittin, who had a high-level military and administrative talent, was in Adana. He was the representative of Turkey in the commission founded in Beirut for the act of Turkey-Syrian Customs Agreement which was the requirement of Article 11th of Cilicia Agreement between Turkey and France.

Cinnabarinic acid: Enhanced production from Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, characterization, structural and functionalproperties

eyaz curukcul mantar olan Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, sinnabarinik asit (CA) olarak adlandirilan ve onculu olan 3-hidroksiantranilik asitin (3-HAA) lakkaz-katalizli oksidasyonu sonucu dogal fenoksizon pigmenti uretmektedir. Bu reaksiyon mantar tarafindan antimikrobiyal pigmentin uretilmesinde onemlidir. Bu calismada, optimum kosullarda P. cinnabarinus tarafindan pigment uretimini belirlenmistir. Izole edilen pigment spektroskopik yontemler, FT-IR, 1H NMR ve LC-MS kullanilarak sinnabarinik asit olarak karakterize edilmistir. Bu teknikler kullanilarak ilk defa CA'in sicakliga bagli degisimi bulunmustur. Sicakligin arttirilmasiyla CA, 3-HAA'e donusmektedir ve bu nedenle pigmentin antimikrobiyal etkisi azalmaktadir. ABSTRACT T he white-rot fungus, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, produces the natural phenoxazinone pigment, cinnabarinic acid (CA), which is formed by laccase-catalyzed oxidation of the precursor 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3- HAA). This reaction is necessary for the production of antibacterial pigment compounds by the fungus. In this study, the optimum conditions were determined to produce pigment from P. cinnabarinus in batch cultures. Isolated pigment was characterized as cinnabarinic acid by spectroscopic techniques, FT-IR; 1H NMR and LC- MS. Temperature-dependent change of CA was also investigated for the first time by using these techniques. It was observed that CA was converted to 3-HAA with increasing temperature and therefore its antibacterial effect was decreased.

Bir Üniversite Müzesinde Aktif Sanat Eğitimi: Barber Enstitüsü Örneği-Active Art Education in a University Museum: The Example of the Barber Institute

Bir Üniversite Müzesinde Aktif Sanat Eğitimi: Barber Enstitüsü Örneği-Active Art Education in a University Museum: The Example of the Barber Institute

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In the world, the number of individuals developing severe craniofacial deformities due to trauma, tumor ablation or congenital disorders is increasing every day. These individuals tend to surgical reconstruction to repair these deformities causing adverse effects on body image and to improve functional and/or aesthetic outcomes. Until 2004, reconstructive surgery options to the patients with severe aesthetic facial deformity were rather limited, and the surgical interventions performed back then were far from satisfying functional, aesthetic and psychological expectations of these patients. With the advent of new techniques in surgery, the first partial face transplant was performed in France in 2005, thus emerging as a promising treatment option to patients experiencing serious functional, aesthetic and psychological problems due to facial deformities. Since 2005, 30 face transplants have been successfully performed around the world. Studies have revealed that after face transplant in general patients are satisfied with the functional, aesthetic psychosocial consequences and their quality of life has increased. With the increase in the number of face transplants, certain concepts such as face transplant programs and face transplant teams have gained attention, and nurses have taken their place in this development, providing the necessary care to this group of patients. This literature review is designed to inform nurses, providing care to these patients, about the positive outcomes of face transplant by discussing functional, aesthetic and psychosocial consequences of face transplant in the literature. ÖzetTravma, tümör ablasyonu ya da konjenital hastalıklar nedeniyle yüz bölgesinde ciddi deformite oluşan birey sayısı dünya çapında hızla artmaktadır. Bu bireyler, deformitelerin düzeltilmesi, fonksiyonel veya estetik sonuçların iyileştirilmesi için cerrahi tedaviye yönelmektedirler. Ciddi yüz deformitesi olan hastaların fonksiyonel, estetik ve psikolojik beklentilerini karşılayabilecek cerrahi tedavi seçenekleri 2004 yılından sonra gelişme göstermiştir. 2005 yılında Fransa’da gerçekleştirilen ilk parsiyel yüz nakli, yüz deformitesi nedeniyle ciddi fonksiyonel, estetik ve psikolojik sorunlar yaşayan hastalar için önemli bir tedavi seçeneği olmuştur. Bu tarihten günümüze kadar toplam 30 başarılı yüz nakli yapılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmalar, yüz nakli sonrası hastaların fonksiyonel, estetik ve psikososyal sonuçlardan memnun olduğunu, yaşam kalitelerinin arttığını ortaya koymuştur. Yüz nakli uygulamalarının artması ile yüz nakil ekibi kavramları gündeme gelmiş, hasta bakımında birincil sorumluluğu olan hemşireler de bu ekip içinde yerini almış ve bu hasta grubuna bakım vermeye başlamıştır. Bu derlemenin amacı, yüz naklinin fonksiyonel, estetik ve psikososyal sonuçlarını literatür ışığında tartışarak, bu hastalara bakım veren hemşireleri yüz nakli ve naklin olumlu sonuçları hakkında bilgilendirmektir.

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In this study, it was intended to focus on the success levels of “B. Musical Perception and Acquainting” learning field and of “C. Musical Creativity” learning field based on the teaching program of 2006 primary education music classes of sixth grade level and relationship between these two learning fields was evaluated. In this study the basic stages, the vision, the basic approach, and the structure of the teaching program of 2006 primary education music classes and the general aims, basic skills and valuation, teaching methods and techniques and learning-teaching period were examined. Source scanning related to these subjects was done. Outcomes and activities related to “B. Muziksel Algi ve Bilgilenme” and “C. Muziksel Yaraticilik” learning fields in this study were analyzed by using observation method. Sample group of this study consisted of 6-A, 6-C, 6-E, 6-G classes in IMKB Inonu Primary School in Erzurum depended on Ministry of National Education. To analyze all data based on observation, frequency (f) percent (%) analysis method was used. Findings and comments part of the study included data that was acquired as a result of outcomes of two basic learning fields and in this part data were interpreted according to the findings. After collecting all data and evaluating the relationship between “B. Musical Perception and Acquainting” learning field and “C. Musical Creativity” learning field, to the results, it was acquired that these two learning fields had supportive and complementary to each other. According to the results of the study, when music class practices are structured considering the relationship between two basic learning fields, learning becomes easier and more comprehensible and by this way, learning continuity will be provided. Ozet Bu arastirmada, 2006 Ilkogretim muzik dersi 6.sinif ogretim programinda yer alan “B. Muziksel Algi ve Bilgilenme” ile “C. Muziksel Yaraticilik” ogrenme alanlarinin basari duzeyleri ve bu iki ogrenme alanlari arasindaki iliskisel durum degerlendirilmistir. Arastirmada, 2006 Ilkogretim muzik dersi ogretim programin asamalari, programin vizyonu, programin temel yaklasimi, programin temel yapisi, genel amaclar, temel beceriler ve degerler, ogretim yontem ve teknikleri, ogrenme-ogretme sureci incelenmis ve konuya iliskin olarak kaynak taramasi yapilmistir. Arastirma icerisinde yer alan “B. Muziksel Algi ve Bilgilenme” ile “C. Muziksel Yaraticilik” ogrenme alanlarina ait kazanimlar ve etkinlikler gozlem yontemi ile incelenmistir. Arastirmanin orneklemini; Erzurum IMKB Inonu ilkogretim okulunda bulunan 6-A, 6-C, 6-E, 6-G siniflari olusturmus olup, gozlem yontemi kullanilarak elde edilen veriler frekans(f) yuzde (%) analizine gore cozumlenmistir. Arastirmanin bulgular ve yorumlar kisminda, iki temel ogrenme alanlarina ait kazanimlardan elde edilen bulgulara yer verilmis ve bulgular isiginda veriler yorumlanmistir. Arastirma sonucunda; “B. Muziksel Algi ve Bilgilenme” ile “C. Muziksel Yaraticilik” ogrenme alanlarinin arasindaki iliskisel durum degerlendirilerek birbirlerini destekleyici ve tamamlayici yonlerinin oldugu sonucuna varilmistir. Arastirmanin sonuclarindan yola cikilarak; muzik dersi uygulamalari, iki temel ogrenme alanlari arasindaki iliskisel durum goz onunde bulundurularak yapilandirildiginda, ogrenme daha kolay ve daha anlasilir bir sekilde gerceklesecek, ogrenmenin surekliligi de saglanmis olacaktir.

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Purpose: Aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the sleep and life of rheumatoid arthritis patients and the factors affecting this relationship. Method and material: This research is a descriptive design study. This study was conducted in the Rheumatology polyclinic of a university hospital between January 2011 and June 2011 in İzmir/Turkey. Simple random sampling method was used in this study. The data of the research were collected through face-to-face interviews. “Patient Identification Form”, “Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index” and “Nottingham Health Profile” scale were used for data collection. Results: In Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index, total score average of the rheumatoid arthritis patients was found out to be 10.92±4.80. Score averages of the sub-scales of Nottingham Health Profile were found as following: Pain= 67.48±26.53, Energy Level=69.55±30.10, Emotional Reaction= 50.78±27.00, Physical Mobility= 50.59±24.40, Social Isolation= 32.50±30.47 and Sleep= 59.12± 32.53. Conclusion: In line with the findings of the study, it was determined that a great majority of the rheumatoid arthritis patients had poor sleep quality and as well as a low quality of life. Özet Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı Romatoid Artritli hastalarda uyku ve yaşam kalitesi arasındaki ilişkiyi ve bu ilişkiyi etkileyen faktörleri incelemektir. Yöntem: Araştırma tanımlayıcı tipte bir çalışmadır. Araştırma, Ocak- Haziran 2011 tarihleri arasında İzmir/Türkiye’de bir üniversite hastanesinin Romatoloji polikliniğinde yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada basit randomize örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın verileri yüz yüze görüşme yöntemiyle toplanmıştır. Veri toplama için, “Hasta Tanıtım Formu”, “Pittsburgh Uyku Kalitesi İndeksi” ve “Nottingham Sağlık Profili” kullanıldı. Bulgular: Romatoid Artritli hastaların Pittsburgh Uyku Kalitesi İndeksi Toplam Puan Ortalaması; 10.92±4.80 olarak bulundu. Nottingham Sağlık Profili alt boyutları puan ortalamaları sırasıyla: Ağrı=67.48±26.53, Enerji Düzeyi=69.55±30.10 Emosyonel Reaksiyon= 50.78±27.00; Fiziksel Hareketlilik= 50.59±24.40, Sosyal İzolasyon= 32.50±30.47 ve Uyku= 59.12± 32.53 olarak bulundu. Sonuç: Araştırma bulguları doğrultusunda, Romatoid Artritli hastaların büyük bir çoğunluğunun uyku ve yaşam kalitesinin kötü olduğu saptanmıştır.

Possible Risk Factors for Acute Stress Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After an Industrial Explosion.

There have been deaths and injuries after an explosion which happened in an industrial region in Ankara in February 2011. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of acute stress disorder (ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and to determine the variables which can be the risk factors for PTSD. In this study, we included a total of 197 subjects who were present at the factory building and at the four offices nearby when the disaster occurred. All the participants were assessed one month after the explosion and 157 of them were reassessed six months after the explosion. Socio-demographic information forms were given and the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) was administered to the participants one month after the explosion. Psychiatric assessments were done using the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis-I disorders (SCID-I). The CAPS was re-applied six month after the disaster. At the first-month assessments, ASD was detected in 37.1% of participants and PTSD in 13.7%, whereas PTSD was observed in 16.6% of subjects at the sixth month of the accident. According to the first month data, having any psychiatric disorder before the incident, physical injury, acquaintances among the dead and the injured people, being involved in the incident and seeing dead people were detected as the risk factors for PTSD. At the sixth month assessment, physical injury, acquaintances among the dead and the injured, being involved in the incident were seen as risk factors for PTSD. ASD and PTSD can be seen after an explosion. Having a previous psychiatric disorder and being directly affected by trauma and being injured are the risk factors for PTSD. This study implies that preventive mental health care services should include the management of current psychiatric condition and employee safety issues.

Willingness to Receive the Influenza A(H1N1) Vaccine and its Determinants among University Students during the 2009 Outbreak in Turkey.

The study aimed to determine the willingness to receive the Influenza A(H1N1) vaccine and its determinants in a large group of university students. This is a self-administered questionnairre based cross-sectional study. Students being educated at health and non-health faculties were invited to participate in this attitude survey. A total of 974 students were included in the study, of whom 51.3% (n=500) were in health related faculties. The rate of willingness to receive the Influenza A(H1N1) vaccine was 11.9 and 7.5% for health and non-health groups, respectively (p<0.05). For the health group, having been vaccined with seasonal influenza was a significant determinant of being willingness to receive the Influenza A(H1N1) vaccine (O.R [95% C.I.]), (O.R: 2.9 [1.5-5.6]) and to believe that the Influenza A(H1N1) vaccine prevents swine flu (O.R: 1.7 [1.09-2.8]). For the non-health group, the only determinant was to believe that Influenza A(H1N1) vaccine prevents from swine flu (O.R: 19.1 [5.7-64.1]) which found to be affected by confusing news in media. The public health professionals who will organize the efforts to improve the acceptability of Influenza A vaccines during influenza outbreaks should try to increase the vaccination rates of seasonal influenza. Information provided by the media should be organized in order not to cause fear and confusion, which was shown to decrease willingness and belief in the Influenza A(H1N1) vaccine.

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In an ethics course, one of the important ways for students to separate ethical values and problems from other problem clusters and to learn how to evaluate ethical values and decision-making is to use the method of case analysis The study was performed descriptively in order to determine the effect of the use of case analysis method under the scope of a nursing ethics course in terms of students’ assessment skills regarding ethical problems. The study was conducted descriptively in order to determine the effect of the use of the case analysis method on students’ assessment skills of ethical problems in teaching an ethics course in nursing. 58 students taking the ethics course in the undergraduate program at the Nursing Department at Gazi University in the Health Sciences Faculty during the 2009-2010 academic years constituted the sample for the study. Research data were obtained by using a data collection form. This form included a total of ten questions, two of which were related to each of four cases, and two of which were related to the students’ participation in a scientific program regarding ethics and their academic averages. A data collection form was used three times in the nursing ethics course. Numbers, percentages, and a Cochran Test were also used in the assessment of data. In the first case, it was determined that the students’ awareness of the nature of common violations of ethical principles had increased over time but that the differences were not statistically significant. In the second case, students’ awareness of the ethical values involved and the sources that they referred to in making ethical decisions were examined and it was determined that the difference was statistically significant. In the third and the fourth cases, it was found that the students’ awareness of the presence of characteristic ethical dilemmas had increased gradually in each phase but that the difference was not statistically significant. In line with these results, it is suggested here that the case analysis method may be used effectively for students taking an ethics course and that this study could be repeated using a large sampling group in order to determine whether students have enough understanding of common ethical problems. Ozet Etik dersinde ogrencinin, etik degerleri, etik sorunlari diger sorun kumelerinden ayirmasini, bir etik degerin harcanma gerekcesini ve etik karar verme surecini ogrenebilmesinin onemli bir yolu vaka analizi ile calismaktir. Arastirma, Hemsirelikte Etik Dersi’nin ogretiminde vaka analizi yonteminin kullanilmasinin ogrencilerin etik sorunu degerlendirme becerilerine etkisini belirlemek amaciyla tanimlayici olarak yapilmistir. Arastirmanin orneklemini, 2009-2010 egitim-ogretim yilinda bir universitenin Saglik Bilimleri Fakultesi Hemsirelik Bolumu lisans programinda yer alan Hemsirelikte Etik Dersi’ne devam eden 58 ogrenci olusturmustur. Arastirmanin verileri, veri toplama formu ile elde edilmistir. Veri toplama formu; arastirmacilar tarafindan hazirlanmis dort vaka ve bunlara iliskin iki soru, ogrencilerin akademik ortalamasi ve etik ile ilgili bilimsel bir programa katilma durumlarina iliskin iki soru olmak uzere toplam 10 sorudan olusmustur. Veri toplama formu, Hemsirelikte Etik Dersi’nde farkli zamanlarda 3 defa uygulanmistir. Verilerin degerlendirilmesinde sayi, yuzdelikler ve Cochran Testi kullanilmistir. Ogrencilerin birinci vakada, etik ilke ihlalini ve etik ilke ihlalinin niteligini bilme durumlarinin zamanla arttigi ancak, farkin istatistiksel acidan anlamli olmadigi saptanmistir. Ogrencilerin ikinci vakada, harcanan etik degeri ve etik karar vermede rehber alacaklari kaynaklari bilme durumlari incelenmis ve farkin istatistiksel acidan anlamli oldugu belirlenmistir. Ogrencilerin ucuncu ve dorduncu vakada, etik ikilemin varligini ve etik ikilemin ozelligini bilme durumlarinin her uygulamada giderek arttigi ancak, farkin istatistiksel acidan anlamli olmadigi bulunmustur. Bu sonuclar dogrultusunda, etik derslerinde, ogrencilerin etik sorunlari ve ikilemleri kavrayabilmeleri icin vaka analizi yonteminin kullanilmasi ve bu calismanin genis orneklem grubu uzerinde tekrarlanmasi onerilmektedir.

&lt;b&gt;Mısır’da Osmanlı Hayranı Bir Entelektüel: Ahmet Şevki ve Fikirleri&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;i&gt;An Ottoman Admirer Intellectual in Egypt: Ahmed Shawqi And His Ideas&lt;/i&gt;

Oz Misir, dogu-bati guzergâhinin en onemli bolgesi olan Akdeniz havzasinin batiya acilan kapisi konumunda olmasindan her devirde buyuk devletlerin dikkatlerini uzerine cekmis ve ilgi odagi olmustur. Misir’in stratejik onemi, 19. yuzyila geldigimizde Fransa ve Ingiltere’nin bu ulkeye yonelik somurge faaliyetlerinin nedenini olusturmustur. Gerek Avrupa devletlerinin Misir’daki somurge faaliyetleri, gerekse Misir’in Osmanli Devleti’ne olan uzakligi bu ulkede cesitli fikir akimlarinin olusmasina da katki saglamistir. Ozellikle Misir aydinlarinin Osmanli hilafetine bakisi ve farkli milliyetcilik anlayislarinin ortaya cikmasi bunlardan birkacini olusturmustur. Misir ve bu ulkede yasayan entelektueller uzerinde Islamcilik ve milliyetciligin etkisi derinden hissedilmekte idi. Misir’daki entelektuellerden Ahmet Sevki’yi secmemizin nedeni, onun Turk asilli Arap olmasi ve yasadigi donemde II. Abdulhamit’e ve Osmanli hilafetine olan bagliligi idi. Bu donemde Misir’da milliyetcilik kavrami birkac farkli sekilde algilaniyordu. Ahmet Sevki’nin milliyetcilik anlayisi Osmanli Hilafetine Bagli Misir Milliyetciligi idi. Hilafete bagli oldugundan Islam Birligi dusuncesine sahip; Misir’a olan sevgisi yonuyle de milliyetci bir entelektuel olan Ahmet Sevki’nin Islam birligi dusuncesi ve milliyetci yonu bu calismanin ana konusunu olusturmaktadir. Abstract Egypt is in the position of the gateway of the Mediterranean basin to the West which is the most significant region of eastern-western route. Therefore, it has attracted the attention of big countries and has been a center of interest every era. The strategic importance of Egypt in 19th century always drew the high attention of France and Great Britain to exploit the area. Moreover; Egypt could not be totally attached to the Ottoman Empire because of the distance to the Sublime Porte. Both the distance to the Sublime Porte and the exploitation activities of European countries led to bring about different movement of thought in Egypt. Especially, the idea of Egyptian intellectuals to the Ottoman Empire and different nationalism approaches are some of these different movement of thought in Egypt. The effects of Islamism and Nationalism have been felt deeply especially by the intellectuals living in Egypt. The reason why Ahmad Shawqi was chosen among these intellectuals is that he was originally Turkish and was deeply attached to Abdulhamit II and to the caliphate during his life-time. The nationalism idea was being recognized in some different ways in Egypt at that time. The nationalism idea of Ahmad Shawqi was based on the Egyptian Nationalism attached to the Ottoman Caliphate. Ahmad Shawqi’s Union of Islam and Nationalism idea is the core of this study. Shawqi has got the Union of Islam idea since he was attached to the caliphate and is a nationalist intellectual because of his compassion to Egypt.

Management Strategies of Appendix with Mild Inflammation

Ozet Abstract Amac: Akut apandisit tedavisi halen klinik bir tartismadir. Bu calismada, erken akut apandisit tanisi alan hastalarda degisik tedavi yaklasimlarini ve bunlarin takiplerini tartismayi amacladik. Yontem: Agustos 2008 ve Ocak 2010 tarihleri arasinda erken donem akut apandisit tanisi konulan 45 hasta calismaya dahil edildi ve bu hastalarin 1 yillik takip sonuclari incelendi. Bu hastalar 3 gruba randomize edildi. Birinci gruba apendektomi yapildi, ikinci gruba antibiyotik tedavisi uygulandi ve ucuncu grup ise sadece izlendi. Bulgular: 45 hastanin ortanca yasi 25 (18-52) idi. 34 hasta kadin (%75.6) ve 11 hasta (%24.4) erkek idi. Ortalama beyaz kure sayisi 7952±1698 /uL (4800-10700) olarak izlendi. Ultrasonografide ortalama apendiks duvar kalinligi 5.46±0.35 (5,0-6,0) mm olarak tespit edildi. Gruplar arasinda yas, cinsiyet, beyaz kure sayisi ve ultrasonografi sonuclari acisindan farklilik yoktu (p=0.361, 0.894, 0.708 ve 0.867). Cerrahi yapilan grubun hepsinde patoloji sonuclari akut apandisit olarak geldi. Antibiyotik tedavi grubundan 2 hasta daha sonra tekrarlayan karin agrisi sikayeti ile, biri 2 hafta sonra, digeri ise 2 gun sonra tekrar hastaneye basvurdu ve bu hastalara apendektomi yapildi, ancak patoloji raporlarinda kronik apandisit bulgusu saptanmadi. Sonuc: Apendektomi erken akut apandisit dusunulen hastalarin cogunda gerekli degildir. Objective: In this study, we examined the cases with mild acute appendicitis and their treatments with different modalities and their follow up. Method: 45 patients were studied between August 2008 and January 2010, with further follow-up for 1 year. The patients were randomly allocated into three groups by systematic random sampling with an equal size of 15 to maintain balance. First group was appendectomy group, second was antibiotic group and third group was follow up (no treatment) group. Results: The median age of the patients was 25 (18-52) years. 34 (75.6%) were women and 11 (24.4%) were men. The mean white blood cell count was 7952±1698 /uL (480010700). The mean appendix wall thickness at ultrasonography was 5.46±0.35 (5,0-6,0) mm. There were no statistical difference detected between groups in age of patients, sex, white blood cell count and ultrasonography results (p=0.361, 0.894, 0.708 and 0.867). Of the patients who underwent surgery had proven appendicitis at histological examination. Two patients treated with antibiotics were readmitted with recurrent appendicitis, one patients after 2 weeks of treatment and one patient after 2 days of treatment and were subsequently operated in the second admission. However, no chronic findings were noted at histopathological examination. Conclusion: Most of the early acute appendicitis, there is no need for appendectomy. Anahtar Kelimeler: Akut apandisit, hafif inflamasyon, antibiyotikler, takip, konservatif tedavi.

The Face of Chronic Migraine Which Has Started to be Clarified.

Recently, information about migraine which is generally characterized with attacks has gradually increased. In some patients with migraine, progression may be observed such that the frequency and time of the attacks are increased and an attack lasts for days. This condition is called chronic migraine (CM). According to the last classification, chronic migraine is defined as headache which occurs 15 days a month or more frequently at least 8 of which show the characteristic properties of migraine or response to migraine-specific treatment. The diagnostic cirteria of chronic migraine, its differences from other chronic daily headaches and the question if it is a migraine form with a high frequency which transforms from episodic migraine or a completely different pathophysiological picture are still contradictory. Clarifying these issues is possible with clinical studies as well as increasing the studies directed to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms.

Cardiogenic and Myogenic Gene Expression in Mesenchymal Stem Cells After 5-Azacytidine Treatment

Objective: 5-Azacytidine is a hypomethylating agent that is used for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome. This histone modifier is widely employed and plays a nonspecific role in influencing the differentiation capability of stem cells. The ability of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into cardiomyocyte- and myocyte-like cells after exposure to 3 different doses of 5-azacytidine has been evaluated and compared. The aim of the study was to optimize the effective dose of 5-azacytidine for promoting the cardiomyocyte and myocyte differentiation capabilities of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).Materials and Methods: Human bone marrow aspirations were collected from healthy donors. MSCs were used for the study of mesodermal differentiation. MSCs were cultured to promote osteoblast differentiation and adipocyte differentiation. The evaluation of osteogenic or adipogenic properties was then performed through immunocytochemical staining. BMMSCs were trypsinized into single-cell suspensions and then prepared for flow cytometric analysis. The MSCs were treated with 5, 10, or 15 μM 5-azacytidine for 24 h and then cultured for 3 weeks. Total RNA was extracted from untreated and 5-azacytidine–treated cells. Troponin T and GATA4 antibodies were used as cardiogenic markers, whereas myogenin and MyoD antibodies were used as myocyte markers.Results: The morphology and growth rate of MSCs that were treated with any of the 3 doses of 5-azacytidine were similar to the morphology and growth rate of control MSCs. An immunofluorescence analysis examining the expression of the cardiac-specific markers GATA4 and troponin T and the skeletal muscle-specific markers MyoD and myogenin revealed that cells treated with 15 μM 5-azacytidine were strongly positive for these markers. Real-time RT-PCR results were examined; these amplifications indicated that there were higher expression levels of cardiac- and skeletal muscle-specific mRNAs in MSCs treated with 15 μm 5-azacytidine than in MSCs that had either been treated with lower doses of 5-azacytidine or left untreated.Conclusion: MSCs treated with 5-azacytidine demonstrated the capacity to differentiate into both cardiomyocytes and skeletal myocytes, and 15 μM 5-azacytidine could be the optimal dose of this drug. Other promoting factors should be examined to investigate the possibility of promoting the differentiation of MSCs into specific cell types.Conflict of interest:None declared.