Variety Of Origins Research Articles

Analysis of physiological mechanisms of adaptation and resilience of winter wheat accession of different geographical origin

The aim of the study: Analyzing the role of morphotype traits, physiological reactions in adaptation to the conditions of the Left Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine by studying a wide set of winter wheat collection accessions and identifying valuable samples for further involving them in the local breeding program.
 Materials and methods: The article contains the results of the research of 318 samples of winter wheat of different ecological and geographical origin from 27 countries according to the complex of morphological traits and physiological reactions to the environmental conditions of the Left Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine in the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 growing years. A field evaluation (visual score) was carried out at next parameters: evaluation of the state of plants before wintering; assessment of winter hardiness; assessment of the speed of plant regeneration in the spring; fixation of the earing date; assessment damage by foliar diseases. An assessment of morphological traits was carried out in accordance with the methodology for the examination of varieties of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for DUS-test recommended by UPOV and the State Service, the methodology of physiological research in breeding from CIMMYT and the methodology for the selection of winter-hardy wheat genotypes.
 Discussion of the results: Significant variation was found for all studied traits. Analysis of temperature indicators in recent years indicates changes in the passage of the autumn and winter periods of wheat vegetation in the Left Bank Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine. The weather conditions of both years of the study were generally favorable for the overwintering of winter wheat plants. It is worth noting that the overwintering conditions in the 2021-2022 vegetation year were somewhat more difficult, wheat plants were more exhausted due to the presence of sudden temperature increases and decreases. It has been studying, what important for the wheat plants adaptation to the weather conditions is not only frost resistance, but also winter resistance in combination with a high level of growth in the initial stages and good regeneration at the spring period. A correlation was established between the traits of field winter resistance and the intensity of growth in the autumn period (r=0.653) and with the regenerative capacity of plants in the spring period (r=0.835).
 Conclusions: Selected samples with high winter hardiness and high intensity of spring regeneration - Lira odes’ka, Oberih Myronivskyi, Dykanka (Ukraine) and varieties of foreign origin - Turkuaz (Azerbaijan) and Andrada (Romania). The following samples had increased winter hardiness (7-8 points) and good regeneration in spring (8-9 points) - Oktava odes’ka, Natalka, Zolotava Nosivska, Lehenda Myronivska, Bunchuk, Orzytsia Nova, PS Tashan’ (Ukraine), T67/X84W063-9-45//Karl92/3 (Turkey), AR800-1-3-1/NW97S320, NE10507 (USA). According to the two years results of the evaluation of the resistance of genotypes to Septoria tritici blotch, next samples can be use as resistance sources - Kraevyd, Mahnatka, Spivanka poliska (Ukraine), Arctis (Germany), Apertus (Austria), AR800-1-3- 1/NW97S320 (USA).

Inheritance of fodder and seed productivity characteristics by F1 winter triticale hybrids

Purpose and Objectives. To characterize the inheritance of fodder and seed productivity characteristics by F1 winter triticale hybrids from reciprocal crossings. To select promising F1 combinations that show strong heterosis in three or more performance traits. Materials and Methods. The study was carried out at the Department of Fodder, Grain and Technical Crops Breeding of the Institute of Fodder and Agriculture of Podillia of NAAS in 2021 and 2022. The farming techniques were traditional for the forest-steppe. Parents and F1 were sown in a hybrid nursery using a manual marker; the interrow distance was was 30 cm; the interplant distance in the rows was 10 cm. Nine winter triticale varieties of different eco-geographical origins served as the starting material for direct and reverse crossings: Bozhych, Buzhanske, and Pavlodarskyi originating from Ukraine; Tornado, Khleborob, Soyuz, Sergiy, and Sibirskiy from Russia; and NTH 1933 from China. The heterosis degree was determined according to Matzinger et al. [15] and S. Fonseca, F. Patterson. Results and Discussion. Analysis of inheritance in F1 hybrids showed that the productive tillering capacity was inherited by different types, with negative overdominance (55%) and heterosis (20%) prevailing. Due to intra-allelic interactions of genes functioning in a heterozygous state only, selection of genotypes in early hybrid generations may be ineffective. However, there is a high probability of identification of transgressions of increased tillering in later hybrid generations. A combination with positive dominance, Khleborob / NTH 1933 (hp = 0.6; Ht = 3.3%; Hbt = -2.5%), is worth of special attention for selection of genotypes that would have increased tillering capacity. Combinations with negative overdominance (depression) are of little value in breeding for enhanced tillering. Our data on winter triticale demonstrated that the spike length inheritance by F1 hybrids had a wide spectrum: 10% of hybrid combinations showed positive overdominance (heterosis), 25% – positive dominance, 35% – intermediate inheritance, 15% – negative dominance, and 20% – negative overdominance (depression). This is attributed to different geographical and genetic origins of varieties selected for crossing. It should be noted that the Pavlodarskyi / Serhiy and Buzhanske / Pavlodarskyi hybrid combinations inherited spike length by depression. That is, it is possible to select winter triticale plants with relatively short spikes but with increased numbers of kernels among the distinguished hybrid combinations. Analysis in the Pavlodarskyi / Sergiy hybrid population proved that it was possible to select genotypes that would combine a relatively increased number of kernels per spike with an increased weight of kernels per spike. In the Sibirskiy / Pavlodarskyi, Tornado / Pavlodarskyi and Pavlodarskyi / Soyuz hybrid combinations with intermediate inheritance of the “kernel number per spike” trait, it was possible to select genotypes with small numbers of kernels, but kernels were heavier compared to those in the parental forms. The Bozhych / Pavlodarskyi and Sibirskiy / Pavlodarskyi hybrid combinations with positive dominance of the “kernel weight per plant” trait had intermediate inheritance of the “productive stem number” trait, the “spike length” trait and the “kernel number per spike” trait. Selection for increased weight of thousand kernels and, consequently, for increased weight of kernels per plant will be more effective in these combinations. It should be said that it is possible to generate genotypes with elongated spikes from these hybrid combinations. Negative dominance of the “productive stem number” trait, intermediate dominance of the “spike length” and “kernel number” traits, but little positive overdominance of the “kernel weight per spike” and the “kernel weight per plant” traits were intrinsic to the Pavlodarskyi / Soyuz hybrid combination. It is possible to identify genotypes with small numbers of productive stems and kernel numbers similar to those in a parent, but with an increased weight of thousand kernels. Conclusions. Analysis of the variability of the fodder and seed productivity traits in F1 winter triticale hybrids established that hybrid combinations differed significantly in terms of heterosis level and inheritance type. All possible variants of phenotypic dominance, from positive to negative overdominance, were identified. For such traits as the productive tillering, kernel weight per spike, kernel weight per plant, and dry matter weight per plant, depression was noted in most combinations (55–60%).

IDENTIFIED RESILIENT FLAX GENOTYPES WITH IMPROVED AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS FOR PRE-BREEDING

Genetic diversity evaluation in a breeding program is essential produce robust, resilient crop varieties with improved agronomic characteristics under environmental challenges in the sustainable agro-ecosystems. Knowledge and full potential on the impact of genotypes and growing conditions on flax yield traits still incomplete. The aim of this study was to evaluated the influence of hydrothermal conditions on the development of agronomic important traits of flax, analysed agronomic characteristics and identified perspective genotypes for pre-breeding. Field investigations were carried out from 2014 to 2017 for agronomically important traits of flax. In the study was evaluated flax population with Latvian origin in 24 fibre flax genotypes and ‘Vega 2’ (ST) as the standard variety of Lithuanian origin under Latvian meteorological conditions. Correlation between flax genotypes of the agronomically important yield traits and years of the hydrothermal coefficients during the growth period were analysed. According to the results obtained that most of genotypes the significant higher plants stem yield, total plant height, technical plant height, number of seed vessels per plant were measured in the growing seasons with high humidity. However, the higher seed yield and 1000 seed weight were measured in the driest year. The correlation between flax fibre content, seed number per seed-vessel, oil content and humidity level differed in dependence on genotype. The coefficient of variability between years was higher for of stem yield when compared with seed yield. The flax genotypes ‘S13/5-7/5-93’ exhibited more stable, highest stem yield (840.0 g m-2) and high seed yield (162.2 g m-2). The flax was identified 80% samples the short and 20% the medium vegetation period.

Screening of the mogar collection samples according to productivity and biochemical composition of biomass

In the arid conditions of the Lower Volga region, mogar is a promising fodder crop. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to identify promising samples for the development of new varieties that would meet the requirements of domestic agricultural producers. The paper has presented the estimation results of the mogar varieties of the VIR genetic resources collection according to morphometric parameters, productivity, and nutritional value of aboveground biomass. The study was carried out in the department of perennial and annual grasses of the FSB-SI Russian Research and Project-technological Institute of sorghum and maize “Rossorgo” in 2021–2022. The objects of study were 36 mogar varieties of various ecological and geographical origin. Based on the estimation results of the initial material of mogar, ther have been identified the promising samples for further introduction in the breeding process to increase the values of individual traits, since it is advisable to use the following samples to improve the biochemical composition of the biomass, as k-1356 (Russia), k-1745 (Bulgaria), k-1748 (Bulgaria), k-1775 (Romania) to increase the content of crude protein (> 7.50 %); k-63 (USA), k-80 (USA), k-336 (Morocco), k-1854 (Hungary), k-1877 (the USA) to increase crude fat> 3.00% ; k-1356 (Russia), k-1850 (Hungary), k-1833 (China), Asket (st) (Russia) to increase crude ash >10.00%. The varieties k-605 (China), k-1027 (Kazakhstan), Atlant (Russia) are found promising for breeding work for high yields of aboveground biomass >20.00 t/ha. The studied mogar varieties k-336, k-605, k-993, k-1027, k-1726 according to the collection of fodder units per hectare exceeded the standard variety from 1.2 to 12.9 %. The highest gross energy yield per unit area, exceeding the indicator of the standard variety, was established for the varieties k-336 (Morocco), k-605 (China), k-993 (Romania), k-1027 (Kazakhstan), k-1726 (Canada), k-1775 (Romania).

Assessment of Mercury Level in Local Polish and Imported Honeys with Use of Direct Mercury Analyzer

Abstract Mercury is a toxic metal which causes several serious health effects including kidney damage, anxiety depression and peripheral neuropathy, and because of its high volatility assessment in solid samples is problematic. In this study, forty-five samples of local Polish and imported honeys were analyzed by Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA) for the determination of mercury content. The honey contamination was assessed regarding honey variety and country of origin. Hg level in all tested samples was found to not exceed the 0.81 μg/kg which was below 10% of the applicable law UE limit. Moreover, no statistically significant differences were found in the variety or geographical origin. The study concluded that the Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA) instrument proved to be an excellent tool for screening mercury in honeys because of its simplicity, rapidity, low detection limit, accuracy and precision and no sample preparation.

Inheritance and transgressive variability of the number of grains per ear in F1 – F2 soft spring wheat

The research was conducted in the experimental field of Bila Tserkva NAU with reciprocal F1 – F2 hybrids obtained from crossing modern soft spring wheat varieties of different genealogical origin: Elehiia Myronivska, Simkoda Myronivska, Struna Myronivska, Kollektyvna 3, Heroinya, Leguan, Azhurnaia. The standard variety was Elehiia Myronivska. The research program included the study of the nature of inheritance in F1 of the number of grains in the main spike and the establishment of the degree and frequency of transgressions in F2 in order to identify valuable breeding material for this trait. According to the trait "number of grains per ear", we identified hybrid combinations with high performance: Struna Myronivska/Simkoda Myronivska (52.7 pcs.) and Struna Myronivska/Elehiia Myronivska (51.8 pcs.). It was found that the inheritance of the number of grains in the ear in the studied hybrids was of the type of positive superdominance, the degree of dominance in direct crosses was in the range from +1, 9 in the hybrid combination Struna Myronivska/Heroinya to +87.0 in Struna Myronivska/Leguan, and in reciprocal crosses it ranged from +3.4 in Simkoda Myronivska/Struna Myronivska to +62.3 in Leguan/Struna Myronivska. The smallest range of variability in the number of grains in the ear is characterized by the hybrid combination Struna Myronovska/Azhurnaia (15 pcs.) with a variance index of 27.1. Indicators of coefficients of variation characterize F1 as an active formative process on the basis of the trait "number of grains in the ear". In F2 transgressive forms were identified in the combinations of crosses Heroinya/Struna Myronivska, Struna Myronivska/Elehiia Mironovska and Kollektyvna 3/Struna Myronivska, the degree of transgression of which was 51.4, 45.6 and 39.4 % at a frequency of 68.1, 38.6 and 14.4 %, respectively. It has been proved that the results of transgressive variability can increase the diversity of the soft spring wheat gene pool and provide valuable selection material. Key words: spring wheat, number of grains of the main ear, inheritance, variability, transgressions, adaptability, productivity.

Formation of spike length and number of spikelets in soft winter wheat varieties depending on the genotype and conditions of the year

The value of the variety in increasing the yield of soft winter wheat is undeniable. Therefore, the use of genetic patterns in breeding can improve the adaptability of modern varieties. In breeding and genetic studies, the formation of yield is considered as a complex characteristic due to many components. Studying the variability and stability of the main structural elements of productivity is an important task in the selection of soft winter wheat. The aim of the study was to investigate the peculiarities of the formation in soft winter wheat spike length and the number of spikelets in it depending on the genotype and the conditions of the year, and to select genotypes with a consistently high expression for involvement in the selection process. The research was carried out in the conditions of the experimental feld of the Educational and Production Center of the Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University in 2018–2020. The source material for the research was varieties of different ecological and geographical origin recommended for growing in Ukrainian forest-steppe. Arithmetic mean ( ), minimum and maximum value of features (min–max), standard deviation (s), coefcient of variation (V, %), homeostatic index (Hom) were determined. To characterize moisture availability, the hydrothermal coefcient was calculated. According to the research results, such varieties as Tobak, Bohemia, Kvitka poliov, Legenda bilotserkivska, Svitilo, Platin, Kolonia, Akratos formed the largest spike length, exceeding the standard variety Lisova pisnia by 1.6– 2.3 cm. A high homeostatic index was determined by this feature in varieties Kvitka poliov (758), Kolonia (343), Svitilo (334), Perlyna Lisostepu (204). The varieties Akratos, Favorite, Kolonia, Svitilo, Platin, Legenda Bilotserkivska, Tobak were selected according to the number of in the ear, which had indicators from 19.0 to 20.4 pcs., which is 2.1–3.5 pcs. more than the standard sort (16.9 pcs.). The highest homeostaticity, in terms of the number spikelets in the spike, was received in Skagen (930), Kolonia (826), Flower of the Fields (780), Akratos (682), and Forest Song (461). Key words: soft winter wheat, variety, spike length, number of spikelets in the spike, homeostatics, selection.

Evaluation of Population and Hybrid Varieties of Winter Rye in the Conditions of Eastern Siberia

Winter rye has a high adaptive capacity to abiotic and biotic stressors compared to other winter crops (wheat, triticale, barley, and oats). High resistance of winter rye to adverse environmental factors and a wide range of its uses increase interest in this crop. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the adaptive capacity of population and hybrid varieties of winter rye and to identify varieties suitable for the soil and climate conditions of Eastern Siberia. A number of winter rye varieties of various geographical origins were tested during three field seasons. In all the field seasons, the population varieties (Tagna, Mininskaya, and Chulpan) were the most productive and most resistant to adverse environmental factors compared to the hybrid wheat (KWS Aviator, KWS Prommo, and KWS Ravo). Statistically significant (p < 0.001 in 2019/2020 and p < 0.001 in 2021/2022) differences in field survival and yield between the population and hybrid varieties were noted.

Barley systematics and taxonomy foreseen by seed morphometric variation.

Since its Neolithic domestication in the Fertile Crescent, barley has spread to all continents and represents a major cereal in many modern agrarian systems. Current barley diversity includes thousands of varieties divided into four main categories corresponding to 2-row and 6-row subspecies and naked and hulled types, each of them with winter and spring varieties. This diversity is associated to different uses and allow cultivation in diverse environments. We used a large dataset of 58 varieties of French origin, (1) to assess the taxonomic signal in barley grain measurements comparing 2-row and 6-row subspecies, and naked and hulled types; (2) to test the impact of the sowing period and interannual variation on the grains size and shape; (3) to investigate the existence of morphological differences between winter and spring types; and finally (4) to contrast the relationship between the morphometric and genetic proximity. Size and shape of 1980 modern barley caryopses were quantified through elliptic Fourier Transforms and traditional size measurements. Our results indicate that barley grains record morphological diversity of the ear (89.3% classification accuracy between 2-row/6-row subspecies; 85.2% between hulled and naked type), sowing time of the grains (from 65.6% to 73.3% within barley groups), and environmental conditions during its cultivation and varietal diversity. This study opens perspectives for studying archaeological barley seeds and tracing the barley diversity and evolution since the Neolithic.

Evaluation of varieties of winter barley of different ecological and geographical origin according to economically valuable traits and properties

Relevance. The conditions of the Rostov region are characterized by a change in environmental factors (severe winters, drought, waterlogging in some years, different levels of soil fertility, etc.), therefore, production requires varieties with a wide level of adaptivity, tolerance to the most harmful diseases, resistant to lodging, abiotic stress. The purpose of the research is to study varieties of various ecological and geographical origin and to identify sources of economically valuable traits and properties of winter barley for inclusion in breeding programs and their involvement in hybridization.Methods. The research was carried out in 2018–2021 in a variety test on the predecessor of peas. The study included 28 varieties of domestic (FSBI ANC «Donskoy», FSBI «North Caucasian FNAC», FSBI «National Grain Center named after P.P. Lukyanenko») and foreign (Ukraine, Germany) breeding. Weather conditions during the years of research made it possible to obtain relatively high yields in the nursery, as well as to fully evaluate the breeding material according to the main economically valuable characteristics and properties.Results. The highest yield was obtained for varieties Marusya (Russia) — 7.9 t/ha, Erema — 7.4 t/ha, Vivat — 7.3 t/ha (Russia), KWS-Meredian — 7.3 t/ha (Germany), Ogonkovsky — 7.2 t/ha (Russia). Two varieties can be distinguished as sources of precocity — Fox 1 (Russia) and KWS-Casino (Germany), in which earing was noted on May 12–13. The varieties Explorer 5 and Explorer 7 (Germany) stood out in terms of coarse grain. Such varieties as Capten (2.6 g), KWS-Meredian (2.5 g), Explorer 7 (Germany) (2.6 g), Galaktion (Switzerland) (2.5 g), Plato (Russia) (2.5 g) formed a high mass of grain from the ear. The sources of shortness are two varieties: Fox 1 (Russia) and KWS-Casino (Germany). According to the results of the analysis, varieties that can be used as a starting material in breeding programs for winter barley have been identified.

Evaluation of green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) varieties for adaptability and noble-forming ability in the conditions of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia

Relevance. From an agrotechnical point of view, beans are a valuable crop capable of greening agriculture. Legumes have the ability to enter into symbiotic relationships with nodule nitrogen-fixing bacteria and assimilate atmospheric nitrogen. The creation of highly efficient plant-microbial systems in agrocenoses by breeding new varieties of legumes with a high symbiotic potential is a promising direction that makes it possible to control the efficiency of plant biomass accumulation and the quality of agricultural products. There is a need to evaluate varieties for adaptability and nodule-forming ability to implement breeding programs to create highly productive and high-quality varieties that can realize the genetic potential of productivity in the sharply continental climate.Materials and methods. On the basis of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Novosibirsk State Agrarian University in 2018-2020, an assessment was made of green bean varieties of different ecological and geographical origin with a bush type of growth. Experimental fields are located in the village of Michurinsky (left bank of Novosibirsk) and the educational and production farm "Garden of Michurintsev" (right bank of Novosibirsk). The study of samples in terms of adaptability parameters, as well as the ability to form nodules, was performed in accordance with generally accepted methods. We took into account the characteristics that affect the productivity of the crop - the number and weight of beans per plant, the weight of one bean, and the yield. The aim of the work is to evaluate the varieties of vegetable beans for adaptability and nodule-forming ability in the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Siberian region.Results. When forming the symbiotic apparatus, the growth conditions were taken into account. It has been established that high rates of biomass are observed on the territory of the village of Michurinsky. Varieties Morena and Maguyra are characterized by intensive growth in the experimental field of the village of Michurinsky, varieties Zoluyshka and Solnyshko – the educational and production farm "Garden of Michurintsev". The total number of nodules per plant varied from 29 (Kormilitsa) to 66. (Zoluyshka), active nodules – from 9 (Kormilitsa) to 49 (Zoluyshka). It is noted that the varieties Solnyshko and Zoluyshka have high rates of general adaptive ability and breeding value of the genotype. A strong relationship has been established between the characteristics of leaf mass and the number of active nodules, the number of active nodules and the leaf surface area; average - between the number of active nodules and plant biomass.

Physiological and biochemical features of the grape leaf in connection with adaptation to drought and high temperatures

The issues of grape resistance to drought have acquired particular importance due to the decrease in precipitation during the phenophase of growth and ripening of berries, which reduces their quality and yield. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin to drought and elevated temperatures according to physiological and biochemical parameters, to identify varieties with high adaptive resistance for cultivation in the conditions of the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar Krai and use in breeding. The objects of research are grape varieties (interspecific hybrids): European-American origin – Dostoyny, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg; Western European – Aligote; Eastern European – Zarif. The control was the Crystal variety of Euro-Amur-American origin. The article presents the results of studying the hydration of leaf tissues, the content of photosynthetic pigments and proline in leaves during the summer growing season 2020-2022. It was found that by the end of summer, the water content of the leaves decreased to the least degree in the varieties Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, Zarif, in comparison with the varieties Dostoyny and Aligote, in which a decrease was noted by 4.70-4.88 %. Due to the increase in the proportion of carotenoids that perform a photoprotective function in the varieties Crystal, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, Zarif, the lowest values of the chlorophylls/carotenoids ratio (2.8-3.4) were found, indicating their high adaptive ability to drought and elevated temperatures.In contrast to them, the ratio of chlorophylls/carotenoids in the varieties Dostoyny and Aligote was 4.1-4.2, indicating their low adaptive resistance. In all studied varieties, the maximum content of proline in the leaves – 43.27-59.57 μg/g wet weight was found in August in response to extremely high temperatures and lack of precipitation compared to June, when it was 17.83-30.55 μg/g fresh weight, depending on the variety. Grape varieties Crystal, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, Zarif proved to be more resistant to drought and elevated temperatures in comparison with the varieties Dostoyny, Aligote, and are recommended for cultivation in the conditions of the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar Territory and use in breeding. The indicators of leaf water content, the ratio of chlorophylls/carotenoids pigments, and the proline content can be considered as reliable criteria for the adaptive resistance of grape varieties to summer stress factors.

Ecological Study of Alfalfa Varieties of Different Geographical Origin in the South of the Central Russian Upland

Ecological Study of Alfalfa Varieties of Different Geographical Origin in the South of the Central Russian Upland

Engineering exosome-based biomimetic nanovehicles for wound healing.

Complexity and difficulties in wound management are pressing concerns that affect patients' quality of life and may result in tissue infection, necrosis, and loss of local and systemic functions. Hence, novel approaches to accelerate wound healing are being actively explored over the last decade. Exosomes as important mediators of intercellular communications are promising natural nanocarriers due to their biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, drug loading and targeting capacities, and innate stability. More importantly, exosomes are developed as a versatile pharmaceutical engineering platform for wound repair. This review provides an overview of the biological and physiological functions of exosomes derived from a variety of biological origins during wound healing phases, strategies for exosomal engineering, and therapeutic applications in skin regeneration.

Population structure of Pyricularia oryzae on rice in Vietnam reveals diversified populations with four pandemic and two endemic clusters

We characterized the genetic structure of 609 strains of Pyricularia oryzae, the fungal pathogen causing rice blast disease, in three main regions in Vietnam using microsatellites (SSR) markers. From the 447 distinct multilocus genotypes identified, six genetic clusters were defined, all of them showing elevated genetic and genotypic diversities. Four of these clusters were related to rice-attacking lineages already described at the worldwide scale, whereas the two remaining clusters were endemic to Vietnam. Strains were unevenly distributed into the six clusters depending on their groups of rice variety (indica / japonica) or type of varieties (traditional / modern) of origin, but none of the clusters was specifically related to these two factors. The highest diversity of blast population was found in Northern mountainous area, and the lowest in Red River Delta in both terms of genetic diversity and gene diversity. Hierarchical AMOVAs confirmed that all three factors considered (rice variety group, type of variety origin and geography) significantly contributed to the population structure of P. oryzae in Vietnam, with highest contribution from rice variety group. Mating types were unevenly distributed among clusters. Combined with results of female fertility and linkage disequilibirum, we hypothesized that clonal reproduction probably occurred in all clusters, but that sexual reproduction likely took place at least in some restricted areas in the Northern mountainous area for strains belonging to the cluster related to the previously described recombinant lineage (worldwide lineage 1). Our study pictures the genetic diversity, population structure and reproductive mode of the blast fungus in central and north Vietnam, and shows that the observed population structure is explained by several factors, the most important one being the variability of rice variety. All these new information might help for elaborating appropriate strategies to controlling the blast disease.

Productivity and grain quality of winter durum wheat of various maturity groups

The current paper has presented the results of environmental testing of winter durum wheat varieties in the conditions of the southern part of the Rostov region. The purpose of the study was to estimate productivity and grain quality of winter durum wheat varieties of various maturity groups. The objects of the study were 53 winter durum wheat varieties of various environmental origins of breeding, namely FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”, FSBSI RCG named after P. P. Lukiyanenko, FSBSI FRAC and other institutions. The variety ‘Kristella’ was used as a standard variety. According to the results of the study there was found that 22.6 % (12 pcs.) of winter durum wheat samples belonged to the middle-early maturity group with a heading stage starting on May 20–22; 49.1 % (26 pcs.) of samples belonged to the middle-maturing group (May 23–25); 28.3 % (15 pcs.) of samples belonged to middle-late maturing group (May 26–29). The maximum productivity for the study period (2020–2022) was identified among the samples of middle maturity group (8.40 t/ha). High quality indicators were formed by winter durum wheat varieties of the middle-early maturity group with 15.24 % of protein, 27.0 % of gluten, 38 ml of SDS-sedimentation, 567 Mkg/% of carotenoids. On average for three years, the samples of the middle maturity group (78 %; 777 g/l) have formed high kernel hardness and grain unit in the trial. During the correlation analysis, there have been obtained significant positive correlations in middle-early genotypes (with protein content (r = 0.95±0.04), gluten content (r = 0.94±0.04), kernel hardness (r = 0.48±0,12), SDS-sedimentation (r = 0.92±0.04), carotenoid content (r = 0.96±0.04)) and in middle-late genotypes (with kernel hardness (r = 0.41±0.13)). Among middle maturing samples there have been found no significant correlations.

Изучение трансформации компонентного состава плодов яблони в сидр

Cider is obtained by fermenting mashed apples of special cider varieties. The Russian State Register of Selection Achievements includes 476 varieties of apples, some of which can be used in commercial cider production. To identify potential cider cultivars, food scientists study the transformation of chemicals in apple mash during fermentation.
 The research involved 16 samples of apple mash and cider obtained from apples of foreign and domestic selection. Their physicochemical, biochemical, and sensory parameters were identified using standard methods, as well as the methods of high-performance capillary electrophoresis and gas chromatography.
 The samples revealed a wide range of concentrations of titratable acids, phenolic substances, ascorbic acids, and phenolcarboxylic acids, depending on the cultivar. After fermentation, the content of ascorbic acid decreased by an average of 76%. The content of phenolcarboxylic acids in the cider samples increased by an average of 51% compared with the apple mash samples. The ciders contained succinic, oxalic, lactic, and acetic acids, which were not registered in the apple mash, and the concentration of amino acids doubled. The cider from the Virginia variety had the best sensory profile, and it also had the highest concentration of phenolic substances (1121.6 mg/dm3).
 In this research, the best characteristics belonged to the ciders from apple varieties with a complex interspecific origin, obtained by a complex of polyploidy and distant hybridization methods, and with high concentrations of sugars and phenolic substances in the apple mash. Further research will test varieties of other origins and physicochemical properties for their potential use in cider, vodka, and calvados production.

Source material for selection of winter soft wheat for winter hardiness and yield in the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region

Source material is the starting point of breeding any culture. Its careful study in specific environmental conditions largely determines breeding effectiveness. This article provides the results of a study of 102 soft winter wheat varieties of various ecological and geographical origin in terms of yield and winter hardiness. Sources of high winter hardiness, yield and their combinations have been determined and recommended as a source material for breeding use in the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region. Reliable correlations between yield and winter hardiness of winter soft wheat have been established. This is of practical importance both for crop breeding and for its production use.

Selection improvement of apple tree assortment for southern horticulture

The paper presents the results of a long-term test of eight scab-immune apple varieties of domestic and foreign breeding under the conditions of North Caucasus region of Russia. The study was aimed at improving the assortment of apple trees in the Southern region of Russia on the basis of a comprehensive assessment of promising varieties of domestic and foreign breeding. The study objects included scab-immune apple varieties (Malus x domestica Borkh.) of various ecological and genetic origin: Carmen, Nika, Orphey and Margo (North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making together with Nationwide Research Institute for Horticultural Breeding, Russia), Mikhsan and Zarya Stavropoliya (Stavropol Experimental Horticulture Station together with Nationwide Research Institute for Horticultural Breeding, Russia), Modi (Italy), Florina (France). The common and up-to-date breeding programs and techniques developed with the assistance of Nationwide Research Institute for Horticultural Breeding were applied. Based on the long-term results of ecological testing of new scab-immune apple varieties of different origins under the conditions of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania and Krasnodar Krai, the most valuable varieties for industrial use and for breeding process were identified. The following varieties were identified as promising for industrial use and breeding: varieties with a late flowering time – Margo and Orphey; varieties with a high average flowering score (4.5–5.0 points): Carmen, Modi, Orphey, Nika, Florina, Margo. It was found that all investigated varieties of apple trees can be attributed to the annual fruit-bearing; the periodicity of fruiting varied within 22.6–28.8 %. In 2020, in the conditions of North Ossetia-Alania the maximum yield was observed for the following scab-immune varieties: Margo (24.1 t/ha) and Modi (25.2 t/ha) on rootstock СK2; Mikhsan (19.2 t/ha) and Nika (20.6 t/ha) on rootstock MM106. In order to improve the assortment of the Southern region of Russia and to create modern intensive orchards, new varieties of apple of domestic breeding were recommended: Margo, Nika, Orphey and Modi (foreign breeding), which have high productivity, immunity to scab (based on Rvi-6 gene), better commerciality and a long period of fruit storage.

Ecological testing of barley in the northern foreststeppe of the Chelyabinsk region

A comparative evaluation of barley varieties of different ecological and geographical origin (Chelyabinsky 99, Yaik, Omsky 95 and Pamyati Chepeleva) is presented. The varieties were tested in a field experiment at an agricultural enterprise in the Chelyabinsk region in order to select the assortment which provides the maximum stable yield. A total of 20 barley varieties of Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Tyumen, Sverdlovsk and Samara breeding were studied during the years of research (2017- 2019, 2021-2022). Barley growth and development took place in contrasting heat and moisture periods of vegetation. The Yaik variety not only showed high productivity potential in the years of study, but was also marked by the most stable crop yield scale together with the Pamyati Chepeleva variety. The most stress-resistant varieties were Omsky 95 and Chelyabinsky 99. In terms of genetic flexibility, the Yaik variety is the leader. The varieties under study were divided into two groups according to the degree of response to the environmental conditions. The first group included the variety Pamyati Chepeleva, that is, under the conditions of these studies, it was weakly responsive to external factors. The second group included the varieties Omsky 95, Yaik and Chelyabinsky 99, they are the most responsive to external factors. The most prominent variety was Omsky 95 which is characterized by the greatest ecological plasticity. A high degree of stability of the reaction was noted in the variety Yaik, low - in other varieties. According to the results of 5-year research in the conditions of the northern forest-steppe of the Chelyabinsk region as a whole, the maximum plasticity and stability was shown by the variety Yaik, which is recommended for agricultural producers.