Varietal Samples Research Articles

Characteristics of the biochemical composition of fruits of Malus domestica Borkh. new varieties

Purpose. To determine the content of biochemical compounds in fruits of M. domestica Borkh. varietal samples, select the most promising ones for use in further breeding, and recommend for use in various directions, given the biochemical complex of signs, taste and marketability of the fruit.Methods. We used generally accepted methods for determining the biochemical composition of fruits (soluble so­lids (SSR) according to GOST (State Standard System) 29030-91, total sugars according to GOST 8756-13.87; polyphenol composition according to the method of L. I. Vigorov (1968), vitamin C according to the method of A I. Ermakov (1972); tit­rated acids – according to GOST 25555.0-82).Results. Nine cultivars of apple trees were analyzed for the biochemical composition of fruits, namely the apple tree cultivar ‘Vydubytska Plakucha’ (‘V. p.’) and various hybrids created on its basis from the collection of the fruit plant acclimatization department of the M. M. Hryshko National Botanical Gardens of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Selected forms are sources of 1–5 important biochemical characteristics (solids content, glucose, sugars, ascorbic acid, titratable acid) and promising for use in breeding. According to the dry matter content – the lowest rate was found in hybrid ‘V. p.’ × ‘Renet Symyrenko’ (16.68%), the highest in the hybrid – ‘V. p.’ × ‘Renet Oranzhevyi Coksa’ (22.87%), rates of ascorbic acid content varied within (6.0–12.25 mg%), total sugars (10.37–18.23), acids (0.74–1,67 respectively). The most interesting for introduction and breeding are hybrids with a high content of biochemical parameters, namely: ‘V. p.’ × ‘Renet Oranzhevyi Coksa’, ‘V. p.’ × ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘V. p.’ × ‘Parmen Zymovyi Zolotyi’.Conclusions. The content of the biochemical composition of the fruits, taste and marketability were characterized, and varietal samples of hybrids of the apple tree ‘Vydubytska Plakucha’ were distributed in the directions of use in order to improve the quality of life of the population. According to the biochemical indicators of the cluster analysis of the studied apple hybrids, close relationships were found between the three groups necessary in the future for breeding when selecting parental forms for an improved biochemical composition of the fruit (including hybrids ‘V. p.’ × ‘Renet Oranzhevyi Coksa’, ‘V. p.’ × ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘V. p.’ × ‘Parmen Zymovyi Zolotyi’, titrated acid hybrids ‘V. p.’ × ‘Starkrimson’, ‘V. p.’ × ‘Parmen Zymovyi Zolotyi’ and ‘V. p.’ × ‘Renet Symyrenko’, tannins hybrids ‘V. p.’ × ‘Slava Peremozhtsiam’ and ‘V. p.’ × ‘Starkrimson’); and to expand the assortment of apple trees according to the planned commercial signs. Hybrids of the apple-tree cultivar ‘Vydubytska Plakucha’, created in the NBG using old and valuable modern apple-tree cultivars, indicate the promise of producing high-yielding, large-fruited varieties with a high content of biologically active substances

Marker assisted rice breeding for resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors

Due to the fact that blast (causative agent – Pyricularia oryzae Cav.) is considered to be one of the harmful diseases of rice around the world, weeds compete with the crop for light, mineral nutrition and space, the accelerated development of resistant genotypes for these stressors is very relevant. The use of modern biotechnological approaches (molecular marking) is promising and especially in demand in breeding rice varieties of a new generation. This article presents the results on the introduction and pyramiding in the same genotype blast resistance genes Pi-1, Pi-2, Pi-33, Pi-ta, Pi-b, Pi-40 and the gene for tolerance to prolonged flooding Sub 1A, as a weed control factor, based on domestic rice varieties Flagman, Snezhinka, Novator, Boyarin, as well as large-grain lines, with a short growing season VNIIR5242, KP-25-14, KP-163 and VNIIR9678. As a result of the volumetric work using marker control of target genes in the genotypes of hybrid plants, 4 modern varietal samples and more than 400 backcross self-pollinated rice lines with introduced and pyramided blast resistance genes, as well as backcross self-pollinated lines with Pi and Sub1A genes, were obtained. These plants are adapted for cultivation in the south of Russia, have a duration of 115-117 days, a height of 87-100 cm, a mass of 1000 grains – 30 or more grams, a yield of 8.5 – 11 t/ha, which is significantly higher than that of the standard variety Flagman.

Oat rhizogenesis due to the effects of phytohormones

Purpose. Select the optimum concentration of phytohormones and investigate their effect on oat rooting and develop a nutrient medium for induction of rhizogenesis in vitro.Methods. For rooting, cloned material of different breeding samples of oats No. 493-27 was used; No. 477-5; No. 399-38; No. 425-19 and the varieties of Decameron and Gift. Clone rooting was performed on nutrient media according to Murasige and Skug and Hamburg and Eveleg with reduced macrosolids, which served as control variants, and for experimental variants used auxins (IOC, NOC, IMC) and cytokinins (6-BAP, zept, and gibberellins (HA) in concentrations of 0.1 to 1.5 mg/l. During the growth and development of oat plants recorded the beginning of root formation, the presence of callus formation, the percentage of rooted plants (%), the number of roots (pieces), the length of the root system (see), plant growth (see) and their overall condition.Results. In breeding variants, on average, at a concentration of IBC of 1.0 mg/l, the percentage of rooted oats was 72.9 %, and in the varieties of this indicator was slightly higher – 81.6 %. With the use of NOC in the specified concentration in the breeding samples, the rooting index was 88.6 % and in the varieties – 89.5 %. The highest percentage of rooting was established with the addition of IOC in varietal samples – 89.7 % and 92.3 % in varieties. In the varieties Decameron and Gift, the length of the oat root system was longer compared to the linear material compared to the linear material. КаDecameron for use of all auxins and the gift from IOC and IMC had a root system length – 7.0 cm and NOC – 5.0 cm. Linear materials had a root system length using NOC – 4.5 cm, and in IOC – 5.7 cm, IMC – 5,2 cm. The number of roots in oat plants with auxin addition varied from 2,0 pc. up to 3,8 pcs. At concentrations of gibberellic acid – 1.0 mg/l oat plants had a height of 18 to 26 cm, and the length of the root system ranged from 12 to 25 cm.Conclusions. A nutrient medium has been developed that allows to obtain 91.0 % of rooted oats for 14 days. Rhizogenesis is advisable to carry out on the environment of Hamburg and Eweleg with the addition of auxins. The addition of gibberellic acid to the nutrient medium, regardless of concentration, provided a significant lengthening of the oat root system and the extraction of leaves and internodes. The highest percentage of rooted plants was observed in the combination of IOC and NOC, and the lowest in the use of IBS in all variants. The use of auxin concentrations greater than 1.0 mg/l was inappropriate, since the inhibition of the external state of the plants and the increase in the percentage of rooted plants did not occur.

Some approaches to mathematics modeling of pome crops yielding ability

The analysis of methods of mathematical modeling of pome crops on the example of studying 5 varietal samples of pears, taking into account the factors affecting the yielding ability. 15 main factors were considered, such as: maximum, minimum and average temperatures, relative humidity, incidence of chlorosis, drought resistance, morphological characteristics. Mathematical analysis with the construction of mathematical models was carried out using the software package Matlab. As a result, mathematical models characterizing the influence of both individual and multiple factors on the yielding ability of pear cultivars were obtained.

The defeat of wheat varieties by the pathogen Tilletia caries (DC) Tul.

Goal. To determine the degree of resistance of collection samples of winter wheat to the pathogen of the common bunt Tilletia caries in the conditions of the Right forest-steppe of Ukraine.
 Research Methods. Field. The studies were conducted on the sites of the experimental farm «Glevakha» Vasilkovsky district of Kiev region in 2015—2017. The infectious background of the pathogen of solid bunt was created according to the method of Krivchenko V.I. Sustainability was assessed by counting the number of healthy and diseased ears. The results were differentiated in points on a 9-point scale.
 Results. Against an artificial infectious background of the pathogen of hard bunt, the stability of 115 winter wheat cultivars was evaluated. The collection was obtained from the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of the Institute of Plant Production and included varietal samples from 15 countries: Ukraine, Russia, Moldova, Romania, Austria, Germany, Slovakia, Lithuania, Kazakhstan, Iran, Georgia, Hungary, Bulgaria and the USA. Among the varieties of winter wheat of domestic selection, highly resistant (score 9—8) to the causative agent of bunt was not found, resistance (score 7—6) was shown by the varieties Niva and Syaivo (Ukraine). Varieties of foreign selection that showed high resistance (score 9—8) — Galina, Nemchinovskaya 57 (Russia), F 02065G5-21, F 94578G3-1 / BUCUR // DELABRAD and Miranda (Romania), resistant (score 7—6) were — Course (Russia), Noroc (Romania) and MV-Toldi (Hungary).
 Conclusions. Varieties of winter wheat Niva, Syaivo, Hvulya, Veteran, L 59, Schedrost and Pobeda of Ukrainian selection, Galina, Nemchinovskaya 57, Course (Russia), F 02065G5-21, F 94578G3-1 / BUCUR // DELABRAD, Miranda, Noroc (Romania ), MV-Toldi (Hungary) in the years of research showed a high resistance to the causative agent of bunt T. caries on an artificial infectious background. All of them can be used in the selection of new productive, disease-resistant varieties.

SPREAD OF VIRAL DISEASES OF POTATOES IN AGROCENOSIS OF THE CARPATHIAN ECONOMIC AREA

Objective. Determine the phytovirological condition of potato crops in the agrocenosis of Carpathian economic area on the basis of obtaining and systematisation of data on the composition of the viral population. Methods. The methods of visual and serological diagnostics, electronic microscopy (EM) of native specimens, biotesting were used to detect and identify potato viruses. For carrying out serological analyses, antisera were used to detect potato viruses obtained in the Virology Laboratory of the Institute of Agricultural Microbiology and Agroindustrial Manufacture of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Results. The high level of contamination of potato plants by viral diseases was shown in western Ukraine in the Carpathian economic are, which includes the Region of Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Zakarpattia and Chernivtsi. According to the results of immunological studies in plants of examined varieties of potatoes of Ukrainian and foreign breeding, M-, S-, Y-potato viruses were identified, both as mono-infection and in the composition of pathogenic complexes. It was found that the spread of viral infection in potato varieties reaches 25-100%, latent damage to plants — 53%. The results of field testing show a high degree of contamination of potato crops and a change in the species composition of viral pathogens. In 2019, 68.7% of the selected plant material was identified as contaminated by MPV, 50% — by YPV and 40.6% — by SPV. No X- and A-viruses of potato previously diagnosed in potato agrocenoses were detected. Analysis of varietal samples revealed viruses in plants of 87.5% of varieties: in most samples the M-virus of potatoes was detected both with manifestation of twisting, wrinkling of leaves, weak mosaic in pathogenic complexes (MPV + SPV — 15.6%; MPV + YPV — 15.6%; MPV + SPV + YPV) and in case of latent infection (37.5%). Y potato virus was found in plants 50.0% for the manifestation of mosaic in the pathogenic complexes MPV + YPV — 15.6%; SPV + YPV — 6.2%; MPV + SPV + YPV — 18.7% and monoinfection — 9.37%. Conclusion. The spread of potato viral diseases in the agrocenoses of western Ukraine necessitates the careful protection and constant phytovirological control of seed material, detection of viral pathologies, identification of their pathogens using laboratory methods and modern diagnostic means.

Prospective initial material of hemp for selection

At the Institute of Bast Crops of the NAAS, a national hemp genetic collection was created, which includes 504 varietal samples of various geographical types. Donors, sources, and promising source material for breeding practice, as well as standard samples for creating feature and working collections, have been identified. In 2019, an indicative collection with a high content of non-psychotropic cannabinoids was formed and transferred to the National Center for Genetic Resources.

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF NATIONAL AND FOREIGN SAMPLES OF COCKSFOOT GRASS IN THE NORTHERN REGION

The cocksfoot grass is a valuable early ripe forage crop with good yield and excellent feed quality. It is used to create hayfields and pastures and is a component of grasslands of meadows of almost all regions of the Komi Republic. However, the expansion of varieties adapted to the soil and climate of the North needs this valuable crop. For this purpose from 2015 to 2018 there was the research of the varieties and wild populations of the cocksfoot grass of the world collection for further use in the creation of new adaptive varieties. The experiment took place in 2015 at the experimental field of the Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Komi Scientific Center, the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Syktyvkar). The soil of the plot is sod-podzol, medium loamy in granulometric composition. The collection of nursery-garden included 10 samples of the cocksfoot grass of various ecological and geographical origin. As a standard, the Neva variety was taken. The experiments were carried out using seedlings according to the scheme 80x50 cm, the plot area was 10 m2, four repetition. Varietal samples were evaluated by winter hardness, indicators of productivity of green mass and seeds. Meteorological conditions during the years of research allowed us to evaluate the winter hardness of the cocksfoot grass samples. As a result of evaluating 10 samples, wild-growing samples from the Komi Republic (42733, 43024, 45945) and Norway (41826) were distinguished for a number of economically valuable traits, characterized by high winter hardness, even germination and green mass productivity on average for 3 years - 21.523.7 t/ha, dry weight - 4.7-5.1 t/ha and seeds - 354-576 kg / ha. These samples provide valuable starting material for further breeding work.

PR-proteins as markers of winter wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum L.</i>) resistance to leaf pathogens

Using real-time PCR analysis, the constitutive expression of PR-protein genes encoding thaumatin-like protein (TLP), peroxidase III (TaPero), chitinase (Chitin), glucanase (Glucan), protease inhibitor (PrInh), oxalate oxidase (OxOxid) and lipid transfer protein (Ltp) was studied in collection varieties of winter wheat. It has been shown that plants of varieties with increased resistance to a complex of leaf pathogens have higher constitutive expression levels of Chitin and PrInh genes, and, to a greater extent, of TLP, TaPero and Glucan genes, compared with non-resistant varieties. It is proposed to use constitutive levels of expression of TLP, TaPero and Glucan genes for the selection of winter wheat varietal samples with increased resistance to the complex of leaf diseases.

ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИЙ ПОТЕНЦИАЛ В СЕЛЕКЦИИ ЯБЛОНИ НА ЮГЕ ЗАПАДНОЙ СИБИРИ

The results of apple breeding in the south of West Siberia according to the main economically useful features are presented in the paper. On the basis of hybridological analysis, 30 donors and sources of high winter hardiness, 16 sources of polygenic scab resistance and 13 heterozygous sources of monogenic resistance as well as productive varietal samples for breeding for yield and high fruit quality have been selected. Brief characteristics of 34 apple varieties of Gorno-Altaisk breeding are given.

SENSORY AND TECHNOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SLOVAK VARIETIES OF EDIBLE POTATOES

This scientific work deals with technological and sensory quality examination of a set of nine Slovak potato varieties. Varietal samples were grown and stored at the Potato Research and Breeding Institute in Veľká Lomnica (Slovak Republic). Evaluated varieties: Arwen, Evelin, Malvína, Megan, Rumelia, Spinela, Svella, Timea, Viola. Dry matter and starch content of tubers were evaluated from the group of technological parameters. Sensory evaluation was carried out by using the dine value point descriptor. Varietal evaluation was realized from the harvest of 2011 and 2012.The highest dry matter content of 21.8% was measured at variety Rumelia. The starch content was at the same variety at the level of 15.8%. The highest sensory evaluation with very good dine value achieved varieties Evelin (78.0 points) and Spinela (77.8 points). As the best varieties for storage can be used varieties Rumelia, Arwen and Megan. For heat treatment are most suitable varieties Evelin and Spinela.

Compressive Strength of Wheat Endosperm: Analysis of Endosperm Bricks

ABSTRACTThe material properties of wheat grain endosperm are central to its processing and end‐use quality. The preparation of geometrically‐defined endosperm specimens free of bran, germ, and pigment strand can facilitate the objective study of endosperm material properties. This study was conducted to characterize the material properties of wheat endosperm from two soft, two hard, and one durum wheat varietal samples. Additionally, each varietal sample was sorted according to vitreous or mealy kernel type. Endosperm ‘bricks’ approximately 0.76 × 2.08 × 1.06 mm were prepared using an abrading (Kernel Sanders, KS) device. Bricks were tested in compression using a texture analyzer (TA.XTPlus). Stress‐strain curves were used to calculate failure strain, failure stress, failure energy, and Young's modulus. Additionally, the effect of brick aging up to one month, and changes in moisture content (freeze drying, oven drying, and equilibration to ≈10.5–11% mc) were studied. Intrakernel variation was assessed by preparing two sibling bricks (one from each cheek) from individual kernels. Failure strain, stress, and energy all had relatively high model R2 values (0.68, 0.79, and 0.75, respectively). The ANOVA model R2 for Young's modulus was 0.46. All models indicated variety as a highly significant source of variation in brick material properties. The effect of vitreous versus mealy kernel type was not consistent across varietal samples. Brick age and moisture content did not significantly affect brick material properties. Analysis of sibling bricks indicated that the magnitude of intrakernel variation was similar to that observed for individual varietal lots of uniform vitreous or mealy kernel type. Overall, failure strain provided a ranking and mean separation most consistent with kernel texture market class. The results obtained in the present study, although similar to other published reports do not closely agree with them on the material properties of wheat endosperm. Similarly, published results of material properties often differ considerably. The source of these discrepancies are at present unknown, but in some circumstances they may relate to specimen orientation relative to the source kernel, as there was evidence for anisotropic behavior. A companion study compares the variation in kernel texture obtained with the single kernel characterization system (SKCS) with that obtained here using bricks.

The partial compositional characteristics of apple juice from 175 apple varieties

The partial compositional characteristics were determined for apple juice from 175 non-commercial varieties of apples developed from scion wood collected from approximately 12 countries and several USA geographical areas. Juices from many of the varieties were high in malic acid and potassium. Mean values for many of the attributes did not match existing compositional database value means. However, some of the overall minimum and maximum values for the various attributes (i.e., Brix°, pH, ash, TA, sucrose, glucose, fructose, sorbitol, malic, citric, fumaric, sodium, and calcium) in this study compared reasonably well with existing compositional database values. Distribution of phenolics between the various varieties was highly variable with some juices containing little if any phenolic compounds. Chlorogenic acid and phloridzin were detected in all varietal samples while arbutin and HMF were not measurable. The data developed should be useful with other databases in describing authentic apple juice and in the development of future apple commercial varieties to target specific consumer requirements.

Quality tests of potato varieties in Australia

Color, texture and flavor were scored and specific gravity and dry matter contents were determined over a 13-year period on 262 varietal samples of potatoes grown in Australia. Statistical analyses of these results showed highly significant differences in each of the three culinary factors, just significant differences in dry matter content and no significant differences in specific gravity. There was a close linear relationship between dry matter content and specific gravity but the latter was shown to be an unreliable index of culinary quality. A pronounced mutual agreement which existed amongst the three culinary factors suggests that a reliable objective method for any of them would be an advantage in early screening tests of newly developed varieties.

Groundnut Improvement in the Sudan

SummaryGroundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) have been found to be one of the most promising additional cash crops for diversifying Sudan agriculture. Three hundred and thirteen agronomically distinct forms have been separated from 171 varietal samples, and 121 short-maturing upright bunch types and 49 long-maturing spreading bunch types have been tested in a series of trials over several years in four climatic regions. Among upright bunch varieties, PJ121070 and Large Natal 142 appeared to be the best selections as oil and confectionery types respectively, and among spreading bunch varieties, MH.372, Beladi Bunch and NJ37 for oil, confectionery kernels and unshelled nuts respectively. A hybridization programme was started in 1959 to improve the existing varieties of groundnuts and to produce non-germinating upright bunch varieties for growing in the heavy clay soils. Inheritance studies indicated the dominance of an alternate pattern of branching, prostrate plant habit and long maturity. Dominance of testa colours was in the order of purple–red–russet brown–light brown–white. Recessive albino seedlings were observed only in crosses involving different branching pattern. There appeared to be no association between the various characters studied except maturity period, which was related to branching pattern and growth habit.