Use Of Glosses Research Articles

Study on pose-based deep learning models for gloss-free Sign Language Translation

Sign Language Translation (SLT) is a challenging task due to its cross-domain nature, different grammars and lack of data. Currently, many SLT models rely on intermediate gloss annotations as outputs or latent priors. Glosses can help models to correctly segment and align signs to better understand the video. How- ever, the use of glosses comes with significant limitations, since obtaining annotations is quite difficult. Therefore, scaling gloss-based models to millions of samples remains impractical, specially considering the scarcity of sign language datasets. In a similar fashion, many models use video data that requires larger models which typically only work on high end GPUs, and are less invariant to signers appearance and context. In this work we propose a gloss-free pose-based SLT model. Using the extracted pose as feature allow fora sign significant reduction in the dimensionality of the data and the size of the model. We evaluate the state of the art, compare available models and develop a keypoint-based Transformer model for gloss-free. SLT, trained on RWTH-Phoenix, a standard dataset for benchmarking SLT models alongside GSL, a simpler laboratory-made Greek Sign Language dataset.

Multimedia glosses and second language vocabulary learning: A second-round meta-analysis

The use of glosses to aid vocabulary learning in second languages has been one of the most actively studied areas in computer-assisted language learning (CALL) literature. To compile research articles that examine the effect of utilizing glosses on second language (L2) vocabulary learning, the present study employed a second-order meta-analysis technique. The second-order meta-analysis is a study that synthesizes and analyzes the findings of multiple meta-analyses rather than individual primary studies, providing a higher level of abstraction and overview of existing evidence. The study synthesizes the results from seven primary meta-analyses conducted between 2008 and 2023, which included 136 original studies. Results showed that the overall mean effect size for using glosses was medium (g = 0.63 for the fixed-effect size model and 0.76 for the random-effect size model). The results showed that moderators had a significantly mitigated the effects of multimedia glosses. In particular, beginner-level students benefited greatly from being exposed to multimedia glosses, resulting in a large effect size. Additionally, the recognition test tended to produce a higher effect size compared to other types of vocabulary tests. Furthermore, glossing was found to be more effective in improving vocabulary acquisition in expository texts rather than narrative texts. Moreover, single-mode glosses were reported to be more effective than multi-mode glosses. The findings indicated that in-text glosses, out-text glosses, and bottom glosses exhibited a small effect size, whereas pop-up and margin glosses demonstrated a medium effect size. Implications for language learning and suggestions for future meta-analytic research are provided.

EFFECTS OF FIRST LANGUAGE AND SECOND LANGUAGE GLOSSES ON LEARNERS’ READING COMPREHENSION AND VOCABULARY RETENTION

While previous studies suggest that textual glosses presented along with reading text facilitate deeper textual understanding and vocabulary uptakes, the extent to which such effects vary in different conditions remain obscure. Employing a quantitative research design, the authors specifically focused on the interplay between glossing languages (L1 and L2) and learners’ language proficiency (intermediate and advanced), and the effects of glosses on learners’ textual comprehension and incidental vocabulary learning. In this study, 180 learners were divided into two groups according to their proficiency level (intermediate or advanced). Within each group, the treatment conditions (control, glossing in native language, and glossing in second language) provided the foundation for further division into three sub-group of 60 students. ANOVA and t-test analysis show that the use of glosses led to deeper comprehension and incidental vocabulary learning. Two-way ANOVAs indicate that L1 glosses generated deeper comprehension and recall ability in intermediate learners than L2 glosses, and inversely, advanced learners performed better in reading and vocabulary tests when given L2 glosses. Finally, the authors proposed some implications for vocabulary learning and teaching in accordance with the relative differences in L1 and L2, and intermediate and advanced levels.

Taguchi's Grey Relationship Analysis (GRA) for Comparing the Performance of Various Inkjet Printheads for Tone Value Increase on Uncoated Paper Substrates

Digital technologies in printing attract more attention among the printers in recent years. All around the world, inkjet technology is used by both home and commercial printers. New applications for inkjet printing have emerged as the technology has developed, including the printing of high-quality periodicals and the packaging sector. This state-of-the-art technology, particularly Inkjet, has undergone extensive testing and refinement to ensure high quality prints High-quality printing often makes use of gloss coated sheets. Yet the high price of gloss coated paper limits its usefulness to certain types of work. Since then, it has been clear that uncoated papers are the best option for this task. The print quality would be different from that of glossy coated paper because of the roughness, porosity, and unevenness of the surface. Tone Value Increase (TVI) on uncoated paper printed with various inkjet printheads is an intriguing topic for investigation. Therefore, effective TVI is crucial. Multiple commercial inkjet printheads were tested for their TVI performance on uncoated paper and the results were compared using a novel statistical approach Taguchi's Grey Relational Analysis (GRA). The use of this statistical method yielded fruitful results in our study.

Judeo-Spanish Proverbs from Bosnia: Compilers and Their Approaches

Abstract This article deals with four unpublished Judeo-Spanish proverb collections from post-Holocaust Bosnia that were gathered there by four different members of the Sephardic community: three men (Binjo Samokovlija, David Baruh, and Jakov Konforti) and one woman (Flora Eškenazi). I specifically examine two working techniques that these authors/collectors applied in order to safeguard and disseminate this important aspect of Sephardic oral tradition—namely, translating proverbs from Ladino to Serbo-Croatian; and the use of glosses. I argue that the choice of both techniques was conditioned by the audience for whom these proverbs were intended: translating proverbs to Serbo-Croatian aimed at accommodating the needs of the general readership in the country, while the introduction of glosses those of the Ladino-speaking Sephardim. I also examine the issue of interpreting proverbs once they appear decontextualized.

A Necessary Redefinition of Lexicography in the Digital Age: Glossography, Dictionography and Implications for the Future

his paper deals with developments in the field of lexicography that resulted in the need for a new definition of this term. The paper offers a brief look at the origin, use and develop­ment of the term lexicography and at the use of glosses in former and current times. It is shown how the digital era enables the use of certain lexicographical features in other sources than dictionaries. This leads to an expansion of the scope of the term lexicography. A strong focus is on the use of glosses, originally inserted by scribes as snippets into manuscripts to help with the understanding of difficult words and expressions. The use of glosses has increased, and they are currently com­monly used in a variety of environments. In digital products glosses play an innovative, productive and significant role to present new types of lexicographical data. This demands the recognition of glosses as lexicographical entries and leads to a redefinition of the term lexicography that includes two major sub-fields, namely dictionography and glossography. Keywords: artificial intelligence, digital era, gloss, glossography, lexi­co­graphical data, scribe, dictionography, interdisciplinary col­labo­ration, reading assistant, writing assistant

Use of Glosses for Reading with Computers by Turkish Pre-Service English Language Teachers

The purpose of the study is to investigate the dictionary and glossary use of pre-service English language teachers while reading on the computer. The participants of the study were 26 first- and second-year pre-service English language teachers at a large Turkish public university. In order to explore their clicking and gloss-use behavior while reading, a web page with a pop-up glossary window was designed, and a screen capture tool was used to record the participants' actions. The findings of the study suggested that pre-service teachers were usually careful about their selection when they were looking up a word with. However, the results showed a discrepancy between the words that were claimed to be known and the words that were actually checked when reading with glossed texts. The study also confirmed learners' tendency for more look-ups with pop-up glosses mentioned in the literature.

Tarih-i Osmânî/Türk Tarih Encümeni Mecmuası’nda Osmanlı ve Avrupa Tarihlerine Yöneltilen Eleştiriler

Cumhuriyet’in laboratuvarı olarak kabul edilen II. Meşrutiyet Dönemi, Türk tarihçiliği açısından klasik, popüler, akademik ve kurumsal tarih çalışmalarının birlikte yürütüldüğü bir geçiş dönemini temsil eder. Bu dönem, tarih, tarihin faydası ve vazifesi, usulleri, tarih eğitimi, ilmi ve millî tarih konusunda kavrayışın derinleşmeye başladığı ve bilimsel tarihçiliğin kurumsallaştığı bir dönem olması açısından önemlidir. Bu dönemde kurulan ve 1931 yılına kadar çalışmalarına devam eden Tarih-i Osmânî/Türk Tarih Encümeni bilimsel tarih çalışmalarına önemli katkılar sunmuştur. Encümen’in Türk tarihinin ilk bilimsel tarih dergisi olarak nitelendirilen mecmuası, dönemin tarih anlayışını ve zamanla meydana gelen gelişmeleri yansıtmaktadır. Elbette bu geçiş döneminde Mecmua’nın bütün yazarlarının aynı tarih telakkisine sahip olduğu iddia edilemez. Ancak özellikle tarih konusunda dünyadaki gelişmeleri takip edebilen bazı Mecmua yazarlarının Osmanlı ve Avrupa tarihlerine yönelttikleri eleştiriler, bilimsel tarih çalışmalarının önemsendiğini ve tarih telakkisinin gelişmekte olduğunu göstermektedir. Mecmua’da Osmanlı tarihlerine usul, üslup ve muhteva yönünden eleştiriler yöneltilmiştir. Üslup ile ilgili eleştirilerde, İran ve Bizans edebiyatının etkisiyle tarih yazımında ortaya çıkan ve uzun süre etkisini devam ettiren ağdalı ve mübalağalı dil kullanımının tarihin halk için üretilmeye başladığı II. Meşrutiyet şartlarında ihtiyacı karşılamadığı vurgulanmıştır. Usul ile ilgili eleştiriler, eksik ve yanlış bilgi verme, tenkit usullerini uygulamama, gereksiz tafsilata girme ve bazı konularda padişaha yaranmak için hakikati saptırma vb. konularda yoğunlaşmıştır. Muhtevaya yönelik eleştiriler, Osmanlı tarihlerinin daha çok siyasi ve askerî konulara yer verip içtimai, iktisadi, ticari ve kültürel konuları ihmal ettikleri yönünde olmuştur. Avrupa tarihlerine yönelik eleştirilerde ise eksik, yanlış ve uydurma haberlere yer verip garazkâr ve taraflı yaklaşım sergilemeleri ön plana çıkmaktadır. Mecmua’nın Osmanlı dönemi makalelerinde daha çok Osmanlı ve Avrupa tarihlerinin eksik ve yanlışlarla dolu olduğu vurgulanırken, Cumhuriyet dönemi makalelerinde usul hatalarıyla ilgili tespitler daha çok ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu durum, Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e tarih telakkisinin geliştiğini ve derinleştiğini göstermektedir.

Lost in Translation: The Improbable Task of Rendering Esoteric Jewish Mystical Works into English

In this paper, I propose that we are in the midst of an English language “translation movement” targeting historic texts of Kabbalah. This translation project is a distinctive feature of recent American Jewish culture, beginning in the 1970s and continuing to this day. It has both a scholarly and evangelistic component. As a result, a not insubstantial library of heretofore inaccessible material has been made available to a general English-reading audience, making it possible to offer the English reader a gamut of primary texts in translation. I then consider some of the technical features of translating esoteric Kabbalah into English. I situate the key feature of esoteric aura which drips from such texts within George Steiner’s “hermeneutic motion.” I conclude that the only proven recourse for conveying the meaning of translated esoteric texts is through copious use of glosses and learned textual notes.

Glosas parentéticas en una obra historiográfica sefardí: <em>Yildiź y sus secretos: el reino de Abdul Ḥamid</em>, de Iśac Gaḅay

El presente trabajo se centra en el uso de las glosas parentéticas incorporadas en Yildiź y sus secretos: el reino de Abdul Ḥamid, una obra historiográfica escrita en aljamía hebraica en Estambul en el año 1909 por Iśac Gaḅay. En primer lugar, se organizan las glosas en tablas según su categoría gramatical, origen y forma, y en segundo lugar se pretende señalar la carencia de un uso sistemático de las glosas a lo largo de la obra. Estos análisis se acompañan de unos gráficos a fin de llegar a una conclusión estadística. Asimismo, se intenta dar respuesta al porqué del uso de las glosas.

Students’ Proficiency and Textual Computer Gloss Use in Facilitating Vocabulary Knowledge

Learning vocabulary forms a major part for any language learner. Apart from direct teaching of vocabulary, language teachers are always searching for ways to increase their students’ vocabulary to enable them to use the language more effectively. Therefore, this study sets out to investigate whether the use of computer textual glosses can aid vocabulary development. With a sample of 99 English as second language students, this study examines whether a computer-aided textual glosses embedded in a narrative text is able to aid students in developing their vocabulary knowledge. Using ANOVA and descriptive statistics, it was found out that students with different language proficiency levels used the gloss in a similar pattern. The similarity was that there were gains after immediate use of the glosses but the gains were not maintained over time. High proficiency students made the most gains followed by mid and low proficiency students. What can be learnt from this study is that computer textual glosses can be used to develop students’ vocabulary knowledge in the short term. However, this should be supplemented with other vocabulary teaching/learning activities for more robust vocabulary knowledge development. The implications of measuring vocabulary knowledge by using vocabulary tests in the study could have resulted in the students having more gain in productive vocabulary knowledge compared to receptive vocabulary.

Entwicklung und Verwendung philosophischer Termini in ruthenischen Schulbüchern (Ende des XIX. Jh.)

In Galicia, at the end of the 19th century attempts were undertaken to create a modern Ukrainian (“Ruthenian”) language predominantly on the basis of common language. Politicians, scientists, artists and the clergy recognised their obligation to participate in the process of creating Ukrainian terminologies, particularly philosophical terminology, in the context of the emerging national language. The usage of philosophical terminology in school books of the period demonstrates the general tendency prevailing in Ukrainian human sciences: translation and loan-translation, parallel use of international and common language forms, use of glosses, etc. A detailed analysis of phonetics, morphology, lexical base and stylistics of the terminological corpus reflects the attempts to create a standard language in Galicia and shows the heterogeneous and complex nature of this variant of the emerging Ukrainian language.

Readings, Homages and Desecrations. Toward a Critical Poetry: Eduardo Lizalde, Gabriel Zaid, José Carlos Becerra and José Emilio Pacheco

In the 60's, Eduardo Lizalde, Gabriel Zaid, José Carlos Becerra and José Emilio Pacheco's poetry represented a break in Mexican poetry at intensifying the idea of poetry as an unfinished process, and proposing a more fleeting vision of the poem (an elite expression perfectly fused with a popular one and the mass media). In their works, these writers pose the questioning of authorship through the use of gloss, re-writing and heteronyms, which lead them to the idea that a poem is a web of echoes, both one's own, and those of others (tradition); this re-vision will be held through a critical reading of their literary predecessors. That is to say, writing and reading are assumed as a re-vision: these authors not only have re-thought their own work, but also the panorama of Mexican poetry when re-thinking (re-reading) the tradition in order to re-present it in the poem.Eduardo Lizalde, Gabriel Zaid, José Carlos Becerra y José Emilio Pacheco crean en la década de 1960 una ruptura en la poesía mexicana al intensificar la idea del texto como proceso escriturario y asentar una visión más pasajera y fugaz del poema (lo culto en amalgama con lo coloquial, la cultura popular y los mass media). En sus poemas, los escritores cuestionan la autoridad del texto a través de la glosa, la refundición y la heteronimia, lo que los conduce a la idea de que el poema es una red de ecos propios y ajenos (tradición); esta re-visión se realiza mediante una lectura crítica de sus antecesores literarios. Es decir, la escritura y la lectura se asumen como una toma de pulso: al re-pensar (re-leer) lo anterior (la tradición) para re-presentarlo en el poema, los autores no sólo han re-planteado sus obras, sino también el panorama de la lírica mexicana.

The notation of signed texts

This paper focuses on some of the major methodological and theoretical problems raised by the fact that there are currently no appropriate notation tools for analyzing and describing signed language texts. We propose to approach these problems taking into account the fact that all signed languages are at present languages without a written tradition. We describe and discuss examples of the gloss-based notation that is currently most widely used in the analysis of signed texts. We briefly consider the somewhat paradoxical problem posed by the difficulty of applying the notation developed for individual signs to signs connected in texts, and the more general problem of clearly identifying and characterizing the constituent units of signed texts. We then compare the use of glosses in signed and spoken language research, and we examine the major pitfalls we see in the use of glosses as a primary means to explore and describe the structure of signed languages. On this basis, we try to specify as explicitly as possible what can or cannot be learned about the structure of signed languages using a gloss-based notation, and to provide some indications for future work that may aim to overcome the limitations of this notation.

The notation of signed texts

This paper focuses on some of the major methodological and theoretical problems raised by the fact that there are currently no appropriate notation tools for analyzing and describing signed language texts. We propose to approach these problems taking into account the fact that all signed languages are at present languages without a written tradition. We describe and discuss examples of the gloss-based notation that is currently most widely used in the analysis of signed texts. We briefly consider the somewhat paradoxical problem posed by the difficulty of applying the notation developed for individual signs to signs connected in texts, and the more general problem of clearly identifying and characterizing the constituent units of signed texts. We then compare the use of glosses in signed and spoken language research, and we examine the major pitfalls we see in the use of glosses as a primary means to explore and describe the structure of signed languages. On this basis, we try to specify as explicitly as possible what can or cannot be learned about the structure of signed languages using a gloss-based notation, and to provide some indications for future work that may aim to overcome the limitations of this notation.