Ulin Research Articles

Influence of Mixture Composition and Compaction Pressure of Briquette Made from Ironwood (Eusideroxylon Zwageri) Charcoal and Gelam (Melaleuca Cajuputi ) on Combustion Characteristic

<p class="02abstracttext">In recent few years, many works have been dedicated to search for new source of renewable energy. In this study, new source of renewable energy is based in the briquette made from mixture of ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri) powder and gelam (Melaleuca leucadendron) wood powder. The mixture was carbonized at temperature of 500 <sup>o</sup>C ± 10 <sup>o</sup>C for 120 minutes. The size of the particles used was 50 mesh while the ratio between wood powder adhesives, i.e. starch powder, used in the study was 1:1. The composition variations between ironwood charcoal and gelam were 100% ironwood charcoal powder and 0% gelam, 70%: 30%, 50%: 50%, 30%: 70%, 0% ironwood: 100% gelam. The compaction pressure during briquette production was varied at 100 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>, 125 kg/cm<sup>2</sup> and 150 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>. The highest combustion temperature at 205 <sup>o</sup>C occurred in the specimen with composition of 30% ironwood powder and 70% gelam wood powder with compaction pressure of 100 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>. The longest burning duration 140 minutes (2 hours 20 minutes) occurred at composition of 50% ironwood powder and 50% gelam wood powder at compaction pressure of 150 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>. The fastest initial ignition time was 7 minutes and occurred for mixture with composition of 70% ironwood powder and 30% gelam wood powder at compaction pressure of 125 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>.</p>

An assessment of genetic variation in vulnerable Borneo Ironwood Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn. in Sarawak using SSR markers

Borneo Ironwood Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn. has high market value for its valuable and durable timber, which has put it at risk due to illegal logging. This study analysed E. zwageri genetic variation using four microsatellite markers in populations at Nirwana Rehabilitation Forest (NRF), and Tatau, Sarawak. We found that 20.1% of total genetic variation corresponded to differences between populations, while 79.9% was attributed to differences among individuals from the same population. The Tatau population had lower genetic diversity compared to NRF, and both populations showed depressed heterozygosity indicative of inbreeding. Allelic data were also used to confirm variety level differences proposed by earlier workers, and three informal varieties: zwageri, grandis, and exilis were recognized in the study area. It is expected that the results from this study could serve as baseline data for conservation of this vulnerable species.

THE EFFECT OF ULIN (Eusideroxylon zwageri) STEM BARK EXTRACT ON THE GROWTH OF Candida albicans ON ACRYLIC RESIN DENTURE PLATES

ABSTRACTBackground: Candida albicans is the main microorganism that causes denture stomatitis, thus denture soaking in cleansing solution is needed to protect them from Candida albicans contamination. The 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluconate is one of denture cleansers that induce side effects at prolonged use. An alternative ingredient that can be used as a denture cleanser is ulin stem bark extract. Objective: To determine the effect of ulin stem bark extract at 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100% concentration on the growth of Candida albicans on acrylic resin denture plates. Method: True Experimental with post-test only with control group design was employed under 7 treatment groups consisting ulin stem bark extract at 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100% concentration, 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluconate, and aquadest in a total of 28 samples. Acrylic resin samples that had been exposed to Candida albicans weresoaked in respective treatment for 15 minutes. Results: The average of Candida albicans colonies on acrylic resin denture plates after soaking in ulin bark extract at 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100% concentration, 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluconate, and aquadest were 29.5 CFU/ml, 13.0 CFU/ml, 0 CFU/ml, 0 CFU/ml, 0 CFU/ml, 0 CFU/ml, and 155 CFU/ml. Based on Mann Whitney test, there was no significant difference when ulin stem bark extract at 60% concentration was compared to 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluoconate. Conclusion: Ulin stem bark extract at 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% concentration have been proven to reduce Candida albicans colonies on acrylic resin denture plates, and the 60% concentration is equivalent to 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluconate.Keywords: Candida albicans,Eusideroxylon zwageri, Heat cured acrylic resin. Ulin stem bark extract.

Using a Bottom-Up Approach to Scale Leaf Photosynthetic Traits of Oil Palm, Rubber, and Two Coexisting Tropical Woody Species

Rainforest conversion to woody croplands impacts the carbon cycle via ecophysiological processes such as photosynthesis and autotrophic respiration. Changes in the carbon cycle associated with land-use change can be estimated through Land Surface Models (LSMs). The accuracy of carbon flux estimation in carbon fluxes associated with land-use change has been attributed to uncertainties in the model parameters affecting photosynthetic activity, which is a function of both carboxylation capacity (Vcmax) and electron transport capacity (Jmax). In order to reduce such uncertainties for common tropical woody crops and trees, in this study we measured Vcmax25 (Vcmax standardized to 25 °C), Jmax25 (Jmax standardized to 25 °C) and light-saturated photosynthetic capacity (Amax) of Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (oil palm), Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree), and two native tree species, Eusideroxylon zwageri and Alstonia scholaris, in a converted landscape in Jambi province (Sumatra, Indonesia) at smallholder plantations. We considered three plantations; a monoculture rubber, a monoculture oil palm, and an agroforestry system (jungle rubber plantation), where rubber trees coexist with some native trees. We performed measurements on leaves at the lower part of the canopy, and used a scaling method based on exponential function to scale up photosynthetic capacity related traits to the top of the canopy. At the lower part of the canopy, we found (i) high Vcmax25 values for H. brasiliensis from monoculture rubber plantation and jungle rubber plantation that was linked to a high area-based leaf nitrogen content, and (ii) low value of Amax for E. guineensis from oil palm plantation that was due to a low value of Vcmax25 and a high value of dark respiration. At the top of the canopy, Amax varied much more than Vcmax25 among different land-use types. We found that photosynthetic capacity declined fastest from the top to the lower part of the canopy in oil palm plantations. We demonstrate that photosynthetic capacity related traits measured at the lower part of the canopy can be successfully scaled up to the top of the canopy. We thus provide helpful new data that can be used to constrain LSMs that simulate land-use change related to rubber and oil palm expansion.

Design of Discovery Learning Model Biodiversity Integrated to Develop the Scientific Attitude of Student

In learning Biology with a scientific approach, the scientific attitude becomes important to be developed in students, the problem is not all teachers have the creativity and innovation to develop the scientific attitude. In this study, stages will be carried out to design a scientific approach to discretion for the subject of integrated ethnobotany biodiversity and religious value. The Ethnobotany Study is interesting because this study discusses the biodiversity of local plant species, the names of these plants in local terms, scientific names, benefits for life, as well as including their classification in Plant taxonomies. This type of research is a qualitative descriptive research. In this study, the research team conducted observations, interviews with officers and resource persons at Perhutani Jambi with address: Jln Lintas Jambi-Palembang, Kenali Asam Bawah, Kota Baru, Jambi, KM 11, Jambi. Data obtained related to the type of local plants are carried out verification and data reduction, and integrating local plant knowledge in the context of ethnobotany in the subject of Biodiversity in Biology. The results of the study found five main local plants in tropical forests, namely (1) Jatropha (Ricinus communis). (2) Bulian (Eusideroxylon zwageri), (3) Meranti Bunga (Shorea leprosula Miq), (4) Meranti Putih (Shore spp) (5) Jengkol (Archidendron pauciflorum) (6) Gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis), (7) Ketapang (Terminalia cattapa) In this study it was also found that local plants as ethnobotany were cultivated mostly for blandar wood (beam), Usuk, and house sills, because they were resistant to termites, namely Bulian, Meranti Bunga, Meranti Putih plants, Gaharu type plants for deodorant can be taken, other types of productive plants found fruit, and ornamental plants for parks or protectors to be planted on the roadside. In its application, the information obtained from these types of plants and their benefits are packaged in the study of Biodiversity in Biological Materials. The design of teaching materials, the teacher assigns assignments to students for observation, interviews, analyzing data, and presenting their findings in the Perhutani Tropical Forest to increase the scientific attitude of students.And assigns assignments to discovers sens of religious value at The Holy Alquran related to religious values on biodiversity material.

Antifungal Activities of the Combination of Ulin Wood Liquid Smoke and Hiyung Cayenne Pepper Root Endophytic Fungi Against Colletothricum capsici

Chili farming faces several constraints, one of which is the pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum capsici. To overcome it can be used indigenous endophytic fungus and lliquid smoke of Ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn.) wood which has the potential as antimicrobial can be used. This research aimed to quantify and measure the effectiveness of an antimicrobial liquid smoke, endophytic filtrate, and the combination to suppress C. capsici growth. Subsequently, the research was conducted to apply the liquid smoke, endophytic fungi, and the two combinations of treatments on the growth of C. capsici. Thus, the results of this research showed that liquid smoke with a concentration of 0.085-1.75% can inhibit 3.56-62.17% in range. Meanwhile, the endophytic fungi filtrate, of 2% concentration can inhibit 91.69% C. capsici. Two of the combination liquid smoke in a concentration of 0.68%, 1.36% and the endophytic fungi filtrate in 2% have a demonstrated to inhibit the growth of C. capsici with the highest inhibition into 88.08%. Based on the analysis results, liquid smoke, endophytic fungi filtrate, and a combination of both showed significantly different inhibitory effects between treatments. This indicates that all those three treatments have antimicrobial potential.

Pertumbuhan Ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm & Binn.) dari Beberapa Provenans Di KHDTK Samboja, Kalimantan Timur

The high conservation status of ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm & Binn.) causes conservation efforts need to be carried out immediately. Balitek KSDA has carried out ulin conservation efforts by building ulin ex-situ conservation plots in the Samboja KHDTK with seeds from the Sungai Wain, Sangatta and Berau. This study was conducted to evaluate the variation of ironwood plant growth from these three provenances in the Samboja KHDTK. The results showed that the average survival rate of ironwood plant was 79.12% and there were no differences in the three provenances. Plants from Sangatta have the best height and diameter growth compared to the Sungai Wain and Berau, which is 83.48 cm and 0.61 cm.

Biodiversity of Natuna as a Potential Ramsar Site of Wetlands with International Importance in Indonesia

Ramsar site designation is an acknowledgment of a wetland’s importance. In this study, we conducted a biodiversity survey around Natuna to examine its eligibility as the next Ramsar site in Indonesia. This biodiversity survey was conducted through sampling for biological resources, using either transect, trapping, or visual observation. We surveyed 32 sampling stations for endangered and vulnerable fish, water birds, and wetland-dependent species. Samples were identified in meristic and morphometric form. We identified numerous endemic species and critically endangered, threatened, and vulnerable species. The most prominent native species are the endemic Presbytis natunae. Notable wood species are Eusideroxylon zwageri and Dipterocarpus sp., both critically endangered species. Sea grass species found in the coastal regions are Halodule pinifolia, Halophila ovalis, Enhalus acoroides, and Thalassia hemprichii. There are 52 species of fish found in the Natuna Sea, notably Bolbometopon muricatum, Oxymonacanthus longirostris, Plectropomus areolatus, and the endemic Cheilinus undulates. Numerous migrating birds and water birds are also found in the wetland and coastal region. The study concluded that Natuna fulfilled as a Ramsar site criteria based on its biodiversity characteristics and the support it provided to vulnerable species. We call for concentrated effort from the government for a successful nomination of Natuna as a Ramsar site..

Redistillation and characterization of liquid smoke from ulin wood (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn.) and its ability as a chitosan solvent

The purpose of this research was to study the solubility of chitosan in the liquid smoke as a preliminary study for the application of liquid-chitosan combination as a bioimmunizer and growth booster in plants and as a preservative in fish processing. This research focused on redistillation and characterization of the liquid smoke from ulin wood (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn.) and its ability as a chitosan solvent. The purpose was to obtain the scientific data on the yield redistillation, characterization of the liquid smoke (pH, total acid, total phenol, and composition), and its ability as a chitosan solvent. This liquid smoke was the side product of ulin wood charcoal in South Kalimantan. The results showed that the yield of liquid smoke from redistillation was 76.14% and the characteristics were containing 2.21 pH, 3.38% g/mL of total acid, 3.05 g/L of total phenol, and other chemical compositions such as carboxylic acid (73.08%), alcohol (14.73%), carbonyl (9.43%), phenolic (1.56%), and ether (1.21%). This research also uncovered that the solubility of chitosan in the liquid smoke increased along with the higher value of the liquid smoke concentration, and the liquid smoke concentration of 5% was able to dissolve more than 50 g/L of the chitosan.

The Effect of Traditional Fumigation on Physical, Mechanical and Anatomical Properties of Wooden Handicraft in West Kalimantan

West Kalimantan wooden craft is internationally well known and its export is increasing. Currently, high durability and attractive color of wood material such as belian (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teysm & Binnend) is rarely available, then alternatively mangium (Acacia mangium Willd.) and laban wood (Vitex pubescens Vahl.) are used for handicraft. Fumigation is one possible way to improve wood service life and color shades. This paper determines the impact of traditional fumigation on wood raw material on physical, mechanical and anatomical properties. The timber fumigation technique was conducted for one week, with curing time from early morning until late afternoon. After treatment, the physical, mechanical and anatomical properties of wood were evaluated. The different of color before and after treatment was measured by image processing scanner Canon P 145. Physical and mechanical properties refer to the British standard method. Result shows that fumigation improves the quality of wood, especially on color of wood. The wood became dark and more shining. It’s good for the handicraft materials. The quality of wood on moisture content value, both on mangium and laban wood was increased with average 30-50%. The average value of wood density of mangium wood after treatment with fumigation was 0.52, meanwhile laban wood was 0.55. The average value of radial shrinkage of mangium wood after fumigation treatment was 3.96% and tangential shrinkage was 6.34%. The average value of radial shrinkage of laban wood after fumigation was 6.43% and tangential shrinkage was 6.08%. The average value of hardness of mangium wood after fumigation treatment was 470.13 kg/cm2 and laban wood was 625.46 kg/cm2. The Fumigated wood color was darker and more attractive for decorative and craft products than non-fumigated wood. In general, this method could be used to preserve wood and to increase the physical performance of wood as raw material for handicraft.

HUBUNGAN ANTARA UKURAN RUMPANG DAN PERTUMBUHAN DIAMETER TANAMAN ULIN (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm & Binn.) DI KHDTK KINTAP KECAMATAN KINTAP KALIMANTAN SELATAN

Deforestation and degradation of natural forests and plants reached 1.6-2.0 million ha. Forestry Research and Development Agencies throughout Indonesia have begun to develop various silvicultural techniques of ulin so that the extinction of the plant can be prevented. One of the silvicultural systems that began to be developed was a gap system. The purpose of this study was to determine the growth of ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm & Binn.), and the influence of the size of the gaps on the growth of ulin plants in Kintap KHDTK. The results obtained were the average growth of the lowest ironwood plants from the value of diameter (1.27 cm) that was at without gap treatment, while the highest growth was the best diameter (5.01 cm), which was at the gap with diameter of 12 m. The optimal diameter of ironwood growth is in the size of a 12 m. Treatment of overlays of 12 m gives a good growth effect for ironwod plants.

The structure, composition, and threatened plants in The Kinarum Protected Forest, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract. Dodo, Hidayat S. 2020. The structure, composition, and threatened plants in The Kinarum Protected Forest, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 2603-2618. Kinarum Protected Forest (Kinarum PF) is one of the remaining tropical forest areas in Tabalong District, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. It is feared that deforestation will occur in this forest due to various human activities. The research was conducted to determine the structure and composition of vegetation in Kinarum PF which several decades ago was once a forest concession area. This research also explored the existence of threatened, endemic, and protected plants. Research has been carried out using the track plot method. The total research area is 0.6 ha consisting of three transect lines with five plots measuring 20 x 20 m2 each transect. Data were analyzed with important value index (IVI), dominance index, species diversity index, and species abundance index. The results recorded 460 specimens belonging to 121 species, 86 genera, and 43 families. Most species are from the family Lauraceae followed by Moraceae and Rubiaceae. The results also recorded 42 species included in the IUCN red list plants, eight of which are classified as threatened plants, namely Aglaia angustifolia, Artocarpus tamaran, Dracontomelon costatum, Durio dulcis, Durio kutejensis, Eusideroxylon zwageri, Myristica magnifica, and Shorea guiso. These plants have an average IVI value less than 10% and the species abundance index is close to zero. In general, the forest condition is classified as moderate with a diversity index value at each growth stage in the range of values ​​1-3. However, IVI of each species, especially those belonging to the threatened, endemic, and protected plants are on average low.

Basic wood properties of Borneo ironwood (<i>Eusideroxylon zwageri</i>) planted in Sarawak, Malaysia

The aim of this study is to obtain the basic wood properties of planted Borneo ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri) from a plantation established about 80 years ago. Stem diameter at 1.3m above the ground, tree height, and stress-wave velocity (SWV) of stem were measured on 36 planted E. zwageri trees. Later, core samples were collected from four trees whose measurements represented the average stem diameter of all the measured trees. Using the core samples, the moisture content (MC), basic density (BD), and compressive strength parallel to grain (CS) were measured. Dynamic Young’s modulus for longitudinal direction at green condition (E) was also calculated from SWV. There was no significant relationship between growth characteristics and SWV. Mean values of MC, BD, CS, and E were 37.2%, 0.86g/cm3, 64.3MPa, and 18.47GPa, respectively. Significant differences among individual trees were found in MC, BD, and CS. In addition, radial variations were almost constant from bark side to pith side. The results indicate that longitudinal E is independent from growth characteristics, and that the E. zwageri wood tested in this study has uniform BD and CS in the radial direction.

Fraksinasi dan karakterisasi asap cair dari kayu ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn.) sebagai pelarut kitosan

The purpose of this reseach was to study the solubility of chitosan in liquid smoke as a preliminary study of the application of a combination of liquid chitosan as a bioimmunizer and growth booster in plants.Fractionation and characterization of liquid smoke from ulin wood (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn.) and its ability test as chitosan solvent have been performed. Fractional distillation done using a set of tools distillation each fraction,fraction 1 ( ≤ 100° C), the fraction 2 (101-120° C), and fraction 3 (121-140°C). The resulting liquid smoke was then measured degree of acidity, the total acid analysis, the specific gravity, chitosan solubility test in liquid smoke. The result of the research showed that the liquid smoke recovery value of fractionation distillation of each fraction was 54.91; 29.39; and 8.8 (%). The result of liquid smoke characterization of each fraction obtained pH value fraction 1, fraction 2, and fraction 3 are respectively 2.33; 2.14; and 2.08, the total acid was 2.97; 4.59; and 8.88 (% g/mL), the specific gravity was 1,005; 1,006; and 1.009, and the phenol content was respectively 2.06; 3.67; and 2.30 (g/L). The solubility of chitosan in liquid smoke increasing with the concentration of each liquid smoke fraction and 5% (v/v) of liquid smoke concentration was able to dissolve chitosan more than 50 g/L.

Animism is Applied Ethnobotany: A Shamanic Healing Ritual with the Dayak Benuaq Ohookng / East Kalimantan

The Dayak Benuaq Ohookng people believe in many and diverse territorial ghosts/spirits (wook) who exist in the environment, some of which have the power to remove the soul (juus) of a human body part or organ and, at the same time, implant disease. Consequently, this body part or organ gets sick. The mission of the shamans (pembeliatn), as mediums to the spiritual world, is to identify the ghost/spirit responsible during nocturnal rituals and to submit all of the diverse ritual offerings possible, including making an exchange of a “soul” (kelakar) made from ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri). To get rid of the disease, the patient smears some of his/her own saliva onto a carved statue (sepatukng silih), depicting the ghost/spirit concerned, after the shaman activated it. Later, this statue is taken to the forest. The shaman can also extract the disease from the sick body part by help of a thinly spliced banana leaf (telolo). The disease can also be attached to the statue or put into the blood of sacrificial animals. In order to finally find and identify the lost soul of the patient’s sick body part, the shaman performs a vigorous dance and then falls into a trance, during which he receives a message about where to catch the soul. To discover the soul and capture it, he uses a bamboo stick filled with boiled rice (tolakng tintikng). The captured soul is then massaged into the sick body part of the patient. To perform this ritual, a great number of traditional and institutionalized plants are essential. They are arranged around the altar (balai sianca jadi) and used for ritual objects. White rice and rice colored with black, red, yellow and green dyes plays an important role in attracting and satisfying the ghosts.

The potential impact of climate change on the distribution pattern of Eusideroxylon zwageri (Bornean Ironwood) in Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract. Yudaputra A, Fijridiyanto I, Cropper WPJr. 2020. The potential impact of climate change on the distribution pattern of Eusideroxylon zwageri (Bornean Ironwood) in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 326-333. Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm & Binn. is a vulnerable tree species with considerable economic value. The high demand for its wood makes this species vulnerable. Population vulnerabilities of E. zwageri include habitat loss, land-use change, and forest encroachment. An additional potential risk factor is climate change, with a possible increase in temperature of about 2.5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit over the next century. Climate is considered to be a principal factor that determines the distribution of many species. This study addresses the potential current and future distribution of E. zwageri under climate change. Seven predictor climate variables are selected from 19 climatic variables using VIF (Variance Inflation Factor) to eliminate multicollinearity among variables. The spatial data is prepared using Geographic Information System (GIS). Six species distribution models (RF, SVM, MARS, GAM, GLM) and the ensemble model are applied to understand the potential current geographical distribution of E. zwageri. For risk assessment, the potential future distribution is predicted using the ensemble model only. All models are run using R open-source software. In model evaluation, all models have AUC value >0.80, indicating those models are good predictive models. All predictive models have the TSS >0.60 which means those models having a useful agreement between prediction and real observation. Precipitation seasonality, isothermality, and precipitation of the coldest quarter are the most important model variables that influence the current and future distribution of E. zwageri. Four models (RF, SVM, GAM, GLM) produce similar predictive maps of potential current distribution. MARS produces a slightly different predictive map. The future projection of ensemble model shows that the distribution area is more likely shifted and decreased from the current to 2050 and 2070.

KONSENTRASI IAA (Indole Acetic Acid) DAN BAP (Benzyl Amino Purine) PADA KULTUR JARINGAN ULIN (Eusideroxylon zwageri)

Ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri) is a species of wood with high economic value that is difficult to find in the wild. Regeneration of E. zwageri is naturally very slow. Efforts to increase the procurement of E. zwageri seedlings can be done with a tissue culture technique. Through tissue culture, the seeds obtained will be uniform, have better quality and faster. This study aims to determine the effect and optimum concentration of IAA and BAP growth regulators on E. zwageri explants growth. The method used is experimental using a completely randomized design. Treatment factors are IAA concentration factor with 5 levels of treatment (0 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L, 1 mg/L, 1.5 mg/L, and 2 mg/L) and BAP concentration of 5 treatment levels (0 mg/L, 1 mg/L, 2 mg/L, 3 mg/L, and 4 mg/L). Each treatment was repeated 3 times. The results showed that the treatment of IAA concentration, BAP concentration and the interaction of IAA and BAP concentration affected the swelling of explants and growth of E. zwageri callus. The best concentration for callus explants was IAA of 2 mg/L and BAP of 0 mg/L, with a time of 12-13 weeks after planting.Keywords: BAP, E. zwageri, IAA, Tissue Culture

Inventory of wooden ship materials and determination of its alternative materials through wood properties approach: case studies in the Riau Islands, the Northern and Southern Coast of Java

Indonesia is an archipelago country with approximately two-thirds of its territory consisting of oceans, so that inter-islands transportation has become one of the most important economic aspects. Traditional wooden ships are commonly used by local people in the coastal areas for transportation to support their needs. Several wood species which have high durability are commonly used for making wooden ship component such as Eusideroxylon zwageri (ulin), Vitex sp. (laban), Tectona grandis (teak), and Instia bijuga (merbau). This study aims to determine the alternative materials for wooden ship based on inventory at the Riau islands, the Northern and Southern Coast of Java. Exploring the alternative materials for wooden ship is important to optimize the utilization of lesser- and least-known timbers and address the problem of decreasing supply of major commercial timbers. This study has identified many wood species used by coastal fishermen for making wooden ship. Identification of wood species was carried out using microscopic observation based on IAWA standard, while the determination of alternative materials was undertaken through wood properties approach. The results show that there were various wood species used as raw materials for ship components. Some identified wood species are Tectona grandis (teak), Shorea sp. (balau and light-red meranti), Dichrostachys cinerea (pung), Ormosia subseraceae (kupang), Lumnitzera littorea (teruntum), Alseodaphne sp. (medang). Several alternative wood species to substitute current materials are elaborated in the paper.

ASOSIASI ULIN (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm et Binn) TERHADAP JENIS DOMINAN PADA ZONA DOMESTIKA KEBUN RAYA SAMBAS KABUPATEN SAMBAS

Ulin or Belian or Ironwood with the scientific name Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm et Binn is a vegetation of Borneo endemic trees. Along with utilization to meet the needs of community boards and traded in an uncontrolled manner this tree is endangered. Due to the absence of a truly good cultivation business of intansi, the government, and the community, ironwood is threatened by its existence. The research aims to get the Ulin Association (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm et Bin) against species that dominate in the Sambas Botanical Garden Domestic Zone, Sambas Regency. The study was conducted from 02-23 September. This research uses survey method. The research sample was taken by using a single square quadratic method by determining the area of the Observation Sample Plot Area (PCP) by purposive sampling with 25 sub plots per plot. The result has no real reciprocal relationship or association. But it shows the tolerance to live together in one area. Red Meranti is the most dominant species, especially Shorea pinanga is a species that dominates in the domestic zone with INP trees (59.3760), poles (58.2746), saplings (53.5636), seedlings (55.5699). Pole level Shorea pinanga has a strong association with the Eusideroxylon zwageri T et B plant (7.02), but has a very low association index (0.1428).Keyword : association, dominant, ulin

Synthesis of 7,3'-Epoxy-8,4'-Oxyneolignane-1’-Carboxylic Acid from Natural Eusiderin A and its Activity Against Trichophyton mentagrophytes

Background:Eusiderin A is a neolignan derivate, which makes up the majority of the secondary metabolite of Eusideroxylon zwageri. It has been reported as a potent biopesticide and antifungal agent. Previous studies on the oxidation of terminal methylene of the allylic chain in Eusiderin A have been able to produce primary alcohol, pinacol, and an aldehyde which demonstrated strong activity against plant pathogenic fungi, therefore activity against dermal fungi needs to be studied.Objective:The current study aims to improve the hydrophilicity of Eusiderin A via oxidation of the allylic chain in order to derive a potent antifungal property.Methods:Transformation of Eusiderin A has been achieved by using the Wacker Oxidation Method in combination with the α-Hydroxylation-Ketone Method to produce 7,3’-epoxy-8,4’-oxyneolignane-1’- carboxylic acid. The structure of the 7,3’-epoxy-8,4’-oxyneolignane-1’-carboxylic acid was identified from spectroscopy data. The in vitro antifungal activity study was performed using the paper disc diffusion method against Trichophyton mentagrophytes.Results:New molecule of natural Eusiderin A through the oxidation of the allylic chain to increase the hydrophilicity of Eusiderin A has been designed. Based on the observed UV, IR, 1H and 13C-NMR, and MS spectra, it can be stated that the 7,3’-epoxy-8,4’-oxyneolignane-1’-carboxylic acid has been formed. At a concentration of 50 ppm, this compound showed antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes.Conclusion:It can be concluded that the 7,3’-epoxy-8,4’-oxyneolignane-1’-carboxylic acid is a potent antifungal agent as it is able to inhibit the Trichophyton mentagrophytes colonies growth.