Typhoid Bacilli Research Articles

Neomycin therapy; its use in virus pneumonia, tuberculosis and diseases caused by gram-negative bacteria.

Neomycin, an antibiotic isolated by Waksman and his associates1from Actinomyces fradii, was tested by its discoverers against selected organisms and by our group2against 370 strains of bacteria, viruses and protozoa in vitro and in experimental animals. The average inhibitory concentration of neomycin expressed in units per cubic centimeter of test medium in vitro was 0.1 for Listeria, 0.9 for Salmonella typhosa, 0.16 for paratyphoid bacilli, 1.3 for other Salmonella, 1.0 for Shigella, 0.44 for Escherichia, 1.9 for Aerobacter, 1.8 for Klebsiella, 1.05 for Proteus, 3.1 for Pseudomonas, 0.8 for Brucella, 0.12 for Pasteurella, 0.4 for cholera vibrios, 0.1 for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 0.15 for Treponemataceae and 4.7 for Endameba histolytica; the range of activity varied from doses equivalent to approximately one tenth of the average to about twenty times higher concentrations. Neomycin was active against both streptomycin sensitive and streptomycin resistant tubercle and typhoid bacilli. Grampositive cocci

ANTISTREPTOLYSIN CONTENT OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

INVESTIGATIONS on the concentration of antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid in man and in animals have been made previously with varied results. Hektoen and Carlsson 1 found opsonins but no agglutinins or lysins in the cerebrospinal fluid of actively or passively immunized dogs. Becht and Greer 2 also failed to demonstrate lysins or agglutinins in the spinal fluid of these animals. Kafka, 3 however, found traces of hemolysins and bacterial agglutinins in the cerebrospinal fluid of immunized dogs. Starkenstein and Zitterbart 4 reported that only undiluted spinal fluid agglutinated typhoid bacilli in rabbits, although the serum titer was as high as 1: 10,000. Ransom 5 compared the titer for tetanus antitoxin in the serum with that in cerebrospinal fluid of a strongly immunized horse. He observed that the ratio in this animal was 100: 0.4. Freund 6 recorded that in 16 rabbits which he had immunized with dead typhoid bacteria

免疫ハツカネズミに接種された腸チフス菌の運命。生菌, 加熱ワクチン及びリンゲルワクチン注射による免疫力比較試驗

免疫ハツカネズミに接種された腸チフス菌の運命。生菌, 加熱ワクチン及びリンゲルワクチン注射による免疫力比較試驗

Isolation of L Type Colonies from Typhoid Bacilli with the Aid of Penicillin.

On soft horse serum agar containing high concentrations of penicillin, colonies corresponding to the L1 of Strepto-bacillus moniliformis were isolated from typhoid bacilli. Cultures obtained from these colonies could be propagated indefinitely on similar media either with or without the addition of penicillin.

The importance of the Vi antigen

The characteristics of the Vi antigen present in typhoid bacilli and other Salmonellae was discussed. Vi agglutination experiments failed to produce better results than other diagnostic means. Inoculation with Vi vaccines increased mouse protecting antibodies to a fairly high level. Experiments were carried out in vitro and in mice which showed that typhoid and paratyphoid C bacilli with Vi antigen show a stronger initial multiplication than organisms without the Vi factor. The importance of these findings is discussed.

Experiments on infection of cows with typhoid bacilli

1. A cow given by the mouth very large doses of virulent typhoid bacilli (275 and 125 thousand millions) on two occasions at an interval of 29 days failed to show signs of infection or to pass the bacilli in faeces or milk.2. Of two-month-old calves, dosed with about 100 ml. ascites broth culture of typhoid mixed with milk, one became infected and typhoid bacilli were grown from the intestine and ileocaecal gland. Both, however, passed typhoid bacilli in the faeces on the first or second day after dosing.3. When large numbers of typhoid bacilli (say, 1–3 thousand millions) were instilled into the udder through the teat canal, excretion of the bacilli in the milk usually ceased within 10 days (fourteen quarters of four cows). In two quarters of one of these cows excretion continued for 25 and 27 days, and in two quarters of another cow for at least 85 days. The procedure usually caused an acute mastitis lasting for a few days, and the ‘H’ and ‘O’ agglutinin titre of the blood rose.4. When large numbers of typhoid bacilli were applied to the teat orifice, even when this had been grossly injured beforehand by slitting the sphincter, there was as a rule only a very transient infection. In eleven cases out of twelve, either the organism could not be found in the milk or was found for 1 day only; in the remaining case there was intermittent excretion for 7 days.5. The strain of typhoid used for most of the above experiments was of high Vi content and was isolated from the carrier involved in the Bournemouth-Poole epidemic of 1936.6. These experiments do not support the view that milk-borne typhoid outbreaks are brought about by an active infection of the cow and suggest that the main object of the epidemiologist must still be the location of the human carrier.7. The chances of typhoid bacilli growing in the milk after its withdrawal from the cow are stressed.This work was rendered possible by financial assistance from the Ministry of Health and from United Dairies Limited. Thanks are due to Dr A. Felix for providing a Vi-rich culture of typhoid, and to Dr V. D. Allison for valuable help in checking the draft paper and making suggestions.

Craigie's Vi phage method and South African strains ofB. typhosus, with special reference to typhoid carriers

The work began with efforts to isolate a type II Vi phage from local sewage. When this attempt failed, typing material was obtained from Dr J. Craigie and Dr A. Felix.The typing method was applied to 495 strains of typhoid bacilli, the technique laid down by Craigie being followed throughout.It was found that in South Africa the distribution of the various types of typhoid bacilli is different from that obtaining in other countries where this typing method has so far been applied.During further investigations of type F strains the fact came to light that by means of a simple biochemical test type F strains can be subdivided into two sub-types, which subdivision will be useful in further epidemiological work. No such biochemical subdivision was found possible in any other type.It did not prove possible to type all South African strains with the available phage preparations. Some of these strains must represent new types. Workers in other countries have had similar experiences and it will become necessary to compare all these unusual strains directly with one another in order to reach uniformity in nomenclature. It has already been possible to co-operate with workers in England, and they have been assisted by my finding that a strain, unique in England and supposed to have been brought there by a carrier, who had typhoid fever in South Africa 40 years ago, was endemic in South Africa.During the course of the work, two outbreaks of typhoid fever occurred in which the typing method proved most useful, not only for linking up a particular carrier with a particular outbreak, but also for excluding an already known carrier who was under grave suspicion.I have to thank Dr Craigie and Dr Felix for supplying material, and Prof. Pijper, of the Pretoria University, for placing laboratory facilities at my disposal. I thank all others for cultures received for typing.

THE ABSENCE OF ANTIBODY IN THE MACROPHAGES DURING MAXIMUM ANTIBODY FORMATION

Following the injection of dysentery antigen in saline or in saline-in-paraffin-oil emulsion into the pad of the rabbit's hind foot, considerable quantities of antibody were recovered from the popliteal lymph node, while the tissue at the site of injection, containing many granulocytes and numerous macrophages, revealed only insignificant quantities of antibody. Following the injection of various dysentery and typhoid antigen combinations into the abdominal cavity, no antibody was found in the isolated granulocytes and macrophages of the peritoneal exudate, while the supernatant fluid revealed titers that roughly paralleled those of the blood serum. Similar results were obtained when animals were injected first with antibody intravenously, and subsequently with an unspecific irritant intraperitoneally. The presence of antibody in the supernatant fluid was, therefore, interpreted as being due to secondary concentration (fixation) in an inflamed area. These findings together with the previously described observations on the lymphocyte seem to show that the macrophage does not synthesize agglutinins against dysentery or typhoid bacilli.

The Duration of Antibody-Formation after Injection of Killed Typhoid Bacilli in Water-in-Oil Emulsion

Summary Agglutinins against typhoid bacilli were found in the sera of one group of rabbits after 3 years and 1 month following 2 simultaneous subcutaneous injections and in another group of rabbits, 3 years and 5 months after the second subcutaneous injection of killed typhoid bacilli suspended in salt solution and incorporated into a mixture of a lanolin-like substance and oil.

Typhoid–Bacillus Infection of a Surgical Wound: Treatment with a Urethane-Sulfanilamide Mixture

ALTHOUGH the occurrence of localized areas of suppuration caused by the typhoid bacillus is on the whole infrequent, McCrae1 believes that during typhoid fever no part of the body in which abscesses may occur is exempt. Eberthella typhosa and pyogenic cocci, acting either alone or in combination, are the usual etiologic agents in this type of complication, which may occur without any apparent inciting cause, or as the result of injury to tissue by needle punctures, spontaneous hematomas or surgical procedures. In most cases of abscess appearing in the course of typhoid fever, the lesions appear in various tissues without . . .

ADJUVANTS IN IMMUNIZATION WITH INFLUENZA VIRUS VACCINES

Subcutaneous inoculation, of PR8 allantoic fluid, or watery suspensions of the virus obtained from allantoic fluid by high-speed centrifugation or by elution after adsorption on red cells induced serum antibodies in experimental animals, which reached the highest levels within 2 weeks after inoculation and were gradually lost thereafter. The addition of killed acid-fast bacteria (Myco. tuberculosis or butyricum), paraffin oil, and a proprietary adsorption base (Falba) to form a stable water-in-oil emulsion of influenza virus suspensions greatly enhanced and maintained immunity and antibody response to the virus. These adjuvants provided a much more effective method of increasing antibody production to the virus than the use of concentrated preparations of virus alone. Paraffin oil and Falba without the acid-fast bacilli were less effective as adjuvants, although the antibody levels induced were higher than those produced by watery suspensions of the virus and were maintained at a constant level for at least 6 months. Myco. butyricum appeared to be more effective in producing antibodies against the virus than the tubercle bacilli in the emulsions of paraffin oil and Falba. Immunization with these adjuvants and suspensions of influenza virus obtained from allantoic fluid induced antibodies not only against the virus but against antigenic material contained in normal allantoic fluid, although the latter titers were considerably lower. A suspension of influenza virus (sedimented by high-speed centrifugation) and Myco. butyricum in sesame oil induced about four times as much antibody as when the virus was suspended in saline, in sesame oil alone, or in combination with typhoid bacilli.

VI Agglutinative Properties for Bacterium typhosum demonstrated following Infection with Malaria, Parasites.

Abstract Vi agglutinative properties were demonstrated with typhoid bacilli in significant dilutions of sera from (1) twenty-three of thirty-four patients having neurosyphilis or latent syphilis and who were receiving malarial therapy; (2) two of ninety-six individuals who had received no malarial therapy; (3) eleven of twenty-eight patients with clinical malaria; and (4) fourteen of thirty-one neurosyphilitic patients who had been treated by intravenous injection of typhoid vaccine. Two hypotheses are offered: (1) that malaria parasites possess Vi antigen and (2) that latent agglutinative properties are stimulated. These observations should be considered in evaluating Vi agglutination. A continuation of the study should include the examination of various species of bacteria for Vi antigen and the determination of factors that may stimulate latent Vi agglutinative properties.

Progress in Bacteriological Technique

PROF. J. CRUICKSHANK has prepared for the British Council an account of recent advances in bacteriological methods (Brit. Med. Bull., 1, No. 8; 1943). The principal advances in the last ten years have, in his opinion, been made in the discovery of more efficient selective culture media for the isolation of bacteria, in the determination of the stable subgroups or types of bacteria and in the development of typing methods which make it possible to trace the probable source of an infection or an epidemic. Antigenic analysis has resulted in such valuable discoveries as the Vi or virulence antigen of the typhoid bacillus. Antityphoid serum made for therapeutic use should contain Vi antibodies. The blood of typhoid carriers almost always contains these, so that the Vi agglutination test has become a valuable means of helping to trace the sources of the infection. The discovery of a Vi bacteriophage, which has a specific action on Vi strains of typhoid bacilli, can be used for the identification of particular strains of these bacilli. Epidemiologists have used this means of tracing the source of isolated infections or epidemics. The typing of diphtheria bacilli has also produced valuable results.

Typing of Typhoid Bacilli by Vi Bacteriophage

Typing of Typhoid Bacilli by Vi Bacteriophage

Pyrex Suspensions in Turbidimetric and Colorimetric Determinations—Standards of Comparison for Bacterial Suspensions and in the Resazurin Test

IT has been difficult in general laboratory practice to prepare reliable standards of comparison for turbidity and turbidity with color, because, while it is possible to establish an adequate color-range with inorganic compounds in acid solution, materials for the simulation of turbidity are neither so readily available nor so satisfactory. In 1939 Brewer and Cook1 reported that a suspension of Pyrex glass had been found to be markedly superior in the standardization of typhoid vaccine to the suspensions of silica or barium sulfate ordinarily employed as standards of turbidity. Particles of from 0.5 to 3.5 microns in diameter were suspended in distilled water to simulate suspensions of typhoid bacilli; they did not dissolve or aggregate during a 5 year period of storage. The technic of Brewer and Cook has been adapted to the preparation of stable permanent standards of turbidity in the preparation of bacterial suspensions.2 Pyrex suspensions in colored media have also been used experimentally as color standards in the resazurin test used in the grading of milk.3 Other possible uses of the suspensions are as standards of comparison for milk of varying natural colors; alphanaphthoflavone-iodine adsorption compound, a colored suspension that is formed in a test for residual chlorine in water4; colloidal complexes of copper or zinc with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate; mixed suspension of silver chloride and silver chromate found at the endpoint of the titration of chloride in water; precipitate of barium sulfate encountered with turbidimetric tests for sulfate or barium. For this latter purpose it would be necessary to modify the procedure of decantation to select the larger particles.

The Nutritive Requirements of the Salmonellas: IV. Studies on the Function of Amino Acids in the Growth of the Typhoid Bacillus

Journal Article The Nutritive Requirements of the Salmonellas: IV. Studies on the Function of Amino Acids in the Growth of the Typhoid Bacillus Get access Joan A. Lorr, Joan A. Lorr From the Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology, the University of Chicago Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar William Burrows William Burrows From the Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology, the University of Chicago Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 71, Issue 1, July 1942, Pages 89–96, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/71.1.89 Published: 01 July 1942 Article history Received: 28 January 1942 Published: 01 July 1942

TREATMENT OF TYPHOID CARRIERS WITH IODOPHTHALEIN

ABSTRACT To the Editor:— There appeared in a recent issue of The Journal (April 25, p. 1447) an article by Drs. Windsor C. Cutting and G. Bernard Robson entitled Treatment of Typhoid Carriers. According to this paper, treatment of 5 typhoid carriers with soluble iodophthalein failed to cure the carrier state.Although it is realized that the authors did not have knowledge of our recently published study (ibid., March 21, p. 964), it appears that the reader of The Journal may be wrongly impressed with the value of such treatment. It is for this reason that we desire to make the following statements:The iodophthalein treatment is not an all out cure of all typhoid carriers. Only a definite, well defined group of carriers will respond to treatment. These are carriers who present typhoid bacilli in their bile, as obtained by duodenal drainage, and a well functioning gallbladder, as determined

A Modification of Wilson and Blair's Bismuth Sulphite Agar (Stabilized Stock Solutions)

Bismuth sulphite agar is by far the most efficient of all single media devised for the isolation of typhoid bacilli from stools. When tested in comparison with other media it was found not only to afford the highest percentage of positive results but also the maximum inhibition of saprophytic growth. Its remarkable selectivity is demonstrated by the fact that negative plates are often completely sterile, and positive ones often consist exclusively of typhoid colonies (Loureiro & Matos, unpublished observations).

Microcinematography of the Agglutination of Typhoid Bacilli

Microcinematography of the Agglutination of Typhoid Bacilli

Chemo-Therapeutic and Immuno-Therapeutic Testing of Eberthella Typhosa in the Developing Chick Embryo

Summary The developing chick embryo is highly susceptible to infection with E. typhosa. The experimental possibilities of the chick-embryo method for experimentation with typhoid bacilli are exemplified in quantitative tests demonstrating: (a) protection by an anti-typhoid rabbit immune serum, (b) effect of sulfathiazole, (c) cumulative effect of combinations of sub-optimal amounts of both antibody and drug.