Types Of Words Research Articles

Neural correlates of understanding emotional words in late childhood.

Prior studies involving adults have shown that words can elicit emotional processing, with emotion-label (e.g., happiness) and emotion-laden words (e.g., gift) having distinct processes. However, limited studies have explored the developmental changes in these processes in relation to emotional valence. To address this question, this exploratory study measured event-related potentials (ERPs) in 11-14-year-old children/adolescents (N=25) and adults (N=23) while performing an emotional categorization task. The stimuli used were two-character Chinese words, with factors for word type (emotion-label versus emotion-laden) and valence (positive versus negative). To confirm word emotionality, neutral words were also included and compared with all emotional words. The results showed that adults exhibited reduced N400 amplitudes to emotion-label words compared to emotion-laden ones in both positive and negative valence contexts. The differentiation was only sustained for negative valence in the late positive component (LPC). Similar scalp distributions of the effects of word type were found in children/adolescents; however, they exhibited a more prolonged processing of all emotional words than adults. These results suggest that the processing of emotion-label and emotion-laden words are distinct in late childhood, and this discrepancy varies with emotional valence and increasing age.

Japanese industrial technical terms: Word formation, word type and word pedagogical applications

Japanese industrial technical terms: Word formation, word type and word pedagogical applications

Структурные типы и семантические особенности односложных корней в лексических единицах, представляющих концептосферы «Мхи», «Грибы», «Травы», «Цветы» (на материале лексики татарского, башкирского и чувашского языков)

The research is devoted to the study of the structural type of nominal and verbal word stems and the ideographic characteristics of monosyllabic roots in the Turkic languages of the Urals-Volga region. The paper presents the lexemes of the Tatar, Bashkir and Chuvash languages associated with the conceptual spheres “Mosses”, “Mushrooms”, “Grasses”, “Flowers”. The aim of the study is to identify the features of the sound composition of monosyllabic roots in the lexemes representing the concept of the cognitive sphere “Nature (Animate)” using the vocabulary of the Tatar, Bashkir and Chuvash languages. Scientific novelty of the work lies in taking a holistic approach to the issue of lexico-semantic and phonetic characteristics of monosyllabic roots in the Turkic languages of the Urals-Volga region within the framework of the cognitive sphere “Nature (Animate)”. The paper is the first to examine the interlanguage and intralanguage semantic fields of the Tatar, Bashkir and Chuvash languages. The research findings have shown that the analysed names of plants in the modern Turkic languages of the Urals-Volga region make it possible to trace the development of the meanings of the same word in different languages. This points to the fact that people comprehend the surrounding world through objects to which they give names.

Polymotivated compound nouns in Russian language

This article presents the results of the survey of polymotivation in word-formation of compound nouns in the modern Russian language. Polymotivation as well as homonymous, synonymous, and antonymous in the formation of compound nouns is a kind of formal-semantic relations between the components of compound nouns. A polymotivated word has different direct derivation relations with different words with the same root because of being the result of different motivations, i. e. different word-formation ways or methods. Therefore, they have different word-formation structures and corresponding different word-formation meanings. Polymotivated words take up about 2,5% of compound nouns in the modern Russian language. Most of them are two-motivated and only some are three-motivated. Polymotivated compound nouns are classified according to their motivations, i. e. their word-formation ways: there are 12 types of two-motivated words and 3 typed three-motivated words. Two-motivated compound nouns can be formed in the same word-formation way, which is pure compounding with different components, or in two different word-formation ways, mainly pure compounding and suffixation, or rarely pure compounding combined with suffixation and suffixation. Three-motivated compound nouns are formed in three different ways: pure compounding, compounding combined with suffixation and suffixation or pure compounding/compounding combined with suffixation and suffixation with different suffixes. The polymotivation of Russian compound nouns shows diversity and complication in the mutual relation between the form and meaning of the word-formation system in Russian language.

From Knobhead to Sex Goddess

Swear words represent an important social vehicle for human communication that beyond mere insults are conventionally used for social bonding and bantering among other functions. However, to the best of our knowledge, no systematic typology of swear word functions has been proposed. In this article, such a typology is proposed in a top-down manner drawing on literature as well as bottom-up by analysing a concrete corpus of real-world sufficiently vulgar dialogues. For this first case study, the analysis is limited to English and the analysis of subtitles of a single movie. We found that specific types of swear words, e.g. bodily functions, appear across functions with some preferences, e.g. body parts are particularly utilised in jocularity, criticism, and anger. Furthermore, resulting data are represented as linguistic linked data, extolling the virtues of this format for fine-grained linguistic analyses, e.g. filtering and visualising all swear words pertaining to a specific function.

Конкретно: синтактика без семиотики?

I discuss the relation of linguistics and semiotics on the basis of the Old Russian discourse particle TI1 ‘indeed’, ‘verily’, ‘truly’ discovered by Andrej A. Zaliznjak in 1993. Linguistics and semiotics are different research programmes: the first one deals with specific features of language structures, while the second one discusses general characteristics of all sign systems, from a perspective of interpreting most or all of them as secondary respective to natural language. Formal models of language deal with classes of elements and predict their positions. Lexicographic descriptions provide instructions to the use of particular language items treated as signs with their concepts and syntactics. Functional words including discourse particles allow both approaches. The existence of Old Russian particle TI1 as has been proved by Zaliznjak on the basis of formal conditions, constraining the position of this particle in the clausal structure. Meanwhile, Zaliznjak failed to provide a lexicographical description of TI1 and reliable external parallels from other languages. I argue that TI1 is a marker of verification with the meaning ‘p really takes place’. The view that TI1 expressed enhanced indicativity is not tenable, since this particle was licensed in hypothetical contexts and combined with the optative marker. It is essential to identify the lexicographic type of a functional word in order to get its full syntactics.

ERP and Pupillometry Synchronization Analysis on Rapid Serial Visual Presentation of Words, Numbers, Pictures.

Hybrid brain-computer interfaces (HBCI) combining eye-tracker has attracted the attentions of researchers in target recognition. However, there are still many issues to be addressed in rapid sequence visual presentation (RSVP) tasks, such as the effect of presentation rates and target types on event-related potentials (ERP) and pupillometry, synchronization analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) and eye-tracking, and so on. In this study, the RSVP experiments with three different target types of pictures, words and numbers at the presentation rates of 100 and 200 ms were conducted. EEG data and pupillometry data were synchronously collected from 20 university students. The results of ERP analysis showed that, among three different target types at the presentation rate of 100 ms, the picture P300 component had the largest amplitude and the longest latency. From the 100 ms presentation rates to 200 ms one for the three target types, the P300 amplitudes became smaller, and the P300 latencies became shorter. The results of pupillometry analysis showed that, at the presentation rates of 100 and 200 ms, the pupil dilation of pictures had the smallest amplitude and the shortest latency. At the two presentation rates, no significant differences of pupil size and latency were found for the three target types. For the early pupil dilation within 1000 ms, the picture pupil size was significantly smaller than the other ones, and the picture pupil acceleration had the largest average amplitude and the shortest latency. These pupillometry features within 1000 ms combining with the P300 features could be taken as the effective ones for target classification. Through synchronization analysis of the EEG data and pupillometry data, the effects of target type and presentation rate on ERP and pupil dilation were different. These results could contribute to developing the fusion methods between EEG and eye-tracking, and provide valuable references for the multi-target recognition of hybrid BCI based on eye-tracking.

Financial fraud detection based on the part-of-speech features of textual risk disclosures in financial reports

The textual risk disclosures in the annual financial reports, which discuss the companies’ potential risks in the future, are rarely considered in financial fraud detection. The purpose of this study is to detect financial fraud by incorporating the textual risk disclosures. To quantify the linguistic features of textual risk disclosures, we analyze the part-of-speech (POS) for each word in the text and measure the percentage of different types of POS words. Based on the textual risk disclosures of 8999 firm-year financial reports for U.S. energy companies from 2006 to 2019, the empirical results corroborate that the POS features can provide significant detective ability for financial fraud, and can also improve the financial fraud detection performance based on commonly used financial variables. This study is helpful for investors and regulators to understand the role of textual risk disclosures in financial reports and provide theoretical guidance for the integration of textual information in financial fraud detection.

ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЕ СЛЕНГА В ПУБЛИЦИСТИКЕ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ РЕЧИ МОЛОДЕЖНОГО БЛОГЕРА КОНСТАНТИНА ЗАРУЦКОГО)

The article will focus on the analysis of the functioning of slang in the speech of blogger Konstantin Zarutsky, the author and creator of the YouTube channel “AcademeG”. Based on the scientific literature, the author describes the functions of slang in speech, after which he identifies specific slang-related words in the blogger’s speech and makes an attempt to comprehend the functions of such words in relation to the content of the channel. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that the blogger uses two types of slang words: professional jargon of automakers and youth slang. The skillful use of these groups of slangisms allows the blogger to reach a large audience, and the audience to feel like members of a single team speaking the same language

Nêhiyawi-pîkiskwêwina maskwacîsihk : Spoken Dictionary of Maskwacîs Cree

ABSTRACT: This paper details the development of nêhiyawi-pîkiskwêwina maskwacîsihk: Spoken Dictionary of Maskwacîs Cree (in progress). Since 2014, this joint project between the Maskwacîs Education and Schools Commission (MESC) and the Alberta Language Technology Lab (ALTLab) has sought to record carefully pronounced, isolated spoken audio for the approximately 9,000 entries in the Maskwacîs Dictionary of Cree Words (Maskwachees Cultural College 2009), as well as to fill lexical gaps through elicitation, to record example sentences for as many of these entries as possible, and to make these recordings publicly available online. Between 2014 and 2018, approximately 700 hours of audio and close to 120,000 recordings for 20,300 carefully spoken word and phrase types were gathered in elicitation sessions. After extracting and annotating the relevant Cree vocabulary, these audio clips were compiled in a novel, publicly accessible online Speech Database as well as through itwêwina , the intelligent bilingual online Cree–English dictionary. The entries in this database are currently in the process of orthographic standardization, gloss standardization, and linguistic analysis. Simultaneously, native speakers of Cree are re-reviewing the database's entries to ensure pronunciation quality and verify definitions where needed. In this paper, we discuss the origins of this project; the original elicitation sessions; the postprocessing, standardization, and validation of the recordings; and means by which these recordings can be publicly accessed online.

Tendency to Syntagmatic Expansion of the Generating Base in Bilingual Children

The difference between children’s innovations and the occasionalism of artistic and adult everyday speech lies, first of all, in their “simultaneity”, close connection with the objective situation and the child’s specific activity. While working in German schools, we often observed that children from Azerbaijani migrant families also tend to use regular and ordinary types of word – and form formation instead of irregular and rarer ones. Foreign children’s illiterate use of word forms testifies, first of all, to the meta-communicative and stylistic competence of the younger schoolchild that is being formed on their part. Indeed, the generalisation of grammatical form is not alien to the modern German language. The use of these kinds of words in the speech of foreign children is mainly because, at their young age, they cannot correctly identify individual word-building elements with the help of which one word or another is formed. With all the striving of foreign-speaking children to streamline the language system in some way convenient for them, to make it “correct”, they themselves cannot avoid paradoxes.

INITIAL UNDERSTANDING OF CULTURAL WORDS’ MEANING FROM SELECTED EFL TEXTBOOKS

For language learners, in order to accomplish reading tasks with good results, they are required to own a comparatively adequate number of vocabulary including cultural words. Reading tasks in EFL textbooks are a must to finish for students. As far as the study is concerned, the authors are going to investigate 39 tertiary students’ initial understanding of cultural words’ meanings in severalEFL textbooks (a case study). The cultural words are taken from reading passages in the books based on theories of cultural words and their classification. Findings showed that students initially comprehended the meaning of this special type of words in some EFL textbooks. However, they still found it troublesome to figure out the semantic features of idiomatic expressions or collocationsutilized by native speakers. By the end of the research, pedagogical implications in language teaching and learning are going to be proposed in detail.

“Shchyogol” and “Shchap” in Russian Folklore

The article describes denominations denoting dandies in Russian folklore. The research is based on texts of Onega epics, historical songs and non-ritual lyrics recorded in different regions of Russia in the 19th century. We complied and analyzed lists of words denominating dandies and fashionistas in different folklore genres based on the lexicographic materials. The article demonstrates that the corpus of the lyrical songs in comparison with the other sources contains the greatest variety of lexemes under analysis, in which the noun shchyogol takes the central place. This word is the head of the expanded word-formation socket, comprising dialectal and specific folklore words. It is illustrated that in the Onega epics a fashionably dressed person is often called Shchap, and dandyism is characteristic of two epic heroes – Churila and Dyuk, who compete with each other. A similar plot connection is typical of historical songs, where lexemes denominating a fashionable person are found exclusively in the 17th century texts about Stenka Razin’s son. The article notes the usage features of the analyzed type of words and identifies the most frequent constructions. The author concludes about the existence of the general genre, intergenre and specific genre features in the usage of vocabulary that names and characterizes dandies in oral folklore art, and outlines prospects for further research.

GERMAN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION OF UKRAINIAN REFUGEES IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION AND INTEGRATION POTENTIAL

Having found themselves in unpredictable and difficult life circumstances starting from the end of February 2022, Ukrainian refugees in Germany faced a barrier of a linguistic nature, and therefore of a social and cultural nature. In order to solve many urgent life tasks and meet the needs and maximum integrated functioning in the German-speaking environment, the question arose of learning not only the German language, but also culture through the language. The article outlines the current situation related to the study of the German language by Ukrainian refugees in Germany and outlines the difficulties of learning language collocations, fixed expressions and phraseological units at the initial stage of learning German as a foreign language in accordance with the conditionally level criterias of the European Language Standard in order to successfully understand and master the language in in the context of integration processes. The study contains survey and testing data of Ukrainian refugees in Germany, which relate to separate realities of the ethno-cultural level, fixed word combinations, collocations and idioms, phraseological expressions, reveal examples of difficulties in learning and acquisition the German language, which require transformations or switching language codes during the learning process. The survey and its results direct attention to ethnolinguistic components in the form of idiomatic expressions that do not have counterparts in the native language, their meaning is figurative, implies the possession of ethnocultural information, and can also be understood thanks to linguistic guesswork and previous experience. Set expressions in the form of collocations contain typical word combinations of the German language, which are not characteristic for Ukrainian speakers. Understanding and acquisition the above mentioned language categories is the key to the successful formation of sociocultural competence for intercultural communication in the context of integration processes.

Al-Asrâr fî Tikrâr Hiwâr al-Nabi Musa wa al-‘Abd fî Sûrah al-Kahfi: Tahlîl al-Îjâz wa al-Ithnâb

The problem in this study it is the reason why Prophet Khidr repeated his words -You will not patient with me - to the prophet Moses, even though the prophet Moses was known as the intelligent prophet. This research uses the theory of ijaz and ithnab (brevity and redundancy) in the science of rhetoric. This theory finds abbreviated word types and extended word types. This research uses a qualitative approach that is descriptive through a literature review. Researcher found there are sixteen ijaz sentences including sentences by removing related sentences, five sentences by removing adjectives, one sentence by removing letters, one sentence by removing dispersed words, one sentence by removing the divine predicate, one sentence miracle of delivering sentences. The four ithnab sentences that the researcher found are as follows. First, the expressive sentences by mentioning special sentences after mentioning general sentences that serve to emphasize specific sentences. Secondly, the redundancy sentence is the appendix by bringing up the second sentence which is similar to the first sentence that intends to emphasize the idea of the sentence. Third, verbosity sentences that use the inclusion allowance that serve to explain the previous sentence and which are not yet clear. Fourth, verbosity and repetition sentences that work to persuade the other person to accept the advice. The reason why ‘Abd’ repeated his words to the prophet Moses was not because Moses was stupid, but because of Prophet Moses' spirit in seeking knowledge and allowing him to continue searching for guidance with the ‘Abd’.Keywords: Advice, Repetition, Spirit.

SLANG WORDS USED IN YOUTUBE VIDEO JOJI JUDGES A BOBA TEA BATTLE BETWEEN RICH BRIAN AND NIKI: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY

This research aimed to analyze the slang words found in the YouTube video Joji Judges a Boba Tea Battle between Rich Brian and Niki. To find out the types of slang used by participants in the video. This descriptive qualitative research focused on the types of slang words in this video according to Alan and Burridge theories. Method of collecting data by the observation in the observational method with non-participatory technique. In analyzing the data, this research used the method of free listening and take note technique proposed by Sudaryanto. From this research, the results showed that there were 30 data of slang: 2 slang terms in flippant such as I was like ready to rip on it, 4 slang terms in clipping, 4 slang words in imitative, and 20 slang words in fresh and creative, and there are no slang words in the acronym. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the most widely used slang type is the acronym form and the least flippant.

The Effect of Threatening Stimuli on Attentional Blink

Background: This study aimed to identify the effect of momentary Attentional Blink (AB) in temporarily stressful situations to reveal the relationship between emotion and attention after a traumatic experience. Methods: Participants were 57 college students randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n=30) that watched news videos depicting disasters or a control group (n=27) that did not watch them. This was followed by the Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) task for both groups. AB appeared when T1 was a news threat stimulus for the experimental and control group; the shorter the presentation interval between T1 and T2, the stronger the AB. On the other hand, when news-neutral stimuli were presented in T1, the AB pattern between the groups changed. The AB pattern appeared regardless of the type of word presented to the control group in T1; however, in the experimental group, the AB pattern appeared only when the news-neutral word was presented in T1. Results: The results suggest that AB appears when T1 is a traumatic stimulus. However, when T1 is a conditioned traumatic stimulus, the AB pattern varies depending on whether the participant watched the disaster video. Conclusions: Our results expand on existing studies by confirming the AB effect in trauma-related neutral stimuli and trauma stimuli.

Emotion word use patterns and eating disorder symptoms: Considering the circumplex model of affect and basic emotions theory.

No prior research has examined whether the types of emotion words individuals use to describe their affective experiences cluster along affective dimensions inherent within leading affect theories, or how such emotion word use maps onto eating disorder (ED) symptoms. To address these gaps, latent profile analysis was used to empirically-identify groups of young adults (N=352) by how often they use emotion words characterized by the circumplex model of affect's valence-arousal dimensions and basic emotions theory's basic versus complex emotion word categorizations. Auxiliary analyses examined differences in groups' ED symptoms (binge eating, purging, restricting, excessive exercising, muscle building, body dissatisfaction, and cognitive restraint). The 5-profile valence-arousal model and 4-profile basic-complex model were the best-fitting theoretically-supported solutions. Valence-arousal profiles with greater negative affect valence generally exhibited worse ED pathology than others, whereas profiles with greater positive affect valence produced inconsistent risk- and protective-factor relations with distinct ED symptoms. Basic-complex profiles characterized by frequent use of both basic and complex emotion words generally had the greatest ED severity, and profiles with greater basic emotion word use exhibited elevated binge eating. Individual-differences in young adults' emotion word use patterns, versus sample-level averages only, warrant further consideration in ED prevention and research. The present findings suggest that young adults differ in the types of words they use to describe their emotional experiences, and that these unique emotion word use patterns are linked to distinct eating disorder symptoms. These sources of variation warrant further consideration in eating disorders prevention efforts and future research seeking to advance affect-based eating disorders theories.

The interpretation of topic models for scholarly analysis: An evaluation and critique of current practice

AbstractTopic modelling is a method of statistical data mining of a corpus of documents, popular in the digital humanities and, increasingly, in social sciences. A critical methodological issue is how ‘topics’ (groups of co-selected word types) can be interpreted in analytically meaningful terms. In the current literature, this is typically done by ‘eyeballing’; that is, cursory and largely unsystematic examination of the ‘top’ words in each algorithmically identified word group. We critically evaluate this approach in a dual analysis, comparing the ‘eyeballing’ approach with an alternative using sample close reading across the corpus. We used MALLET to extract two topic models from a test corpus: one with stopwords included, another with stopwords excluded. We then used the aforementioned methods to assign labels to these topics. The results suggest that a close-reading approach is more effective not only in level of detail but even in terms of accuracy. In particular, we found that: assigning labels via eyeballing yields incomplete or incorrect topic labels; removing stopwords drastically affects the analysis outcome; topic labelling and interpretation depend considerably on the analysts’ specialist knowledge; and differences of perspective or construal are unlikely to be captured through a topic model. We conclude that an interpretive paradigm founded in close reading may make topic modelling more appealing to humanities researchers.

Word type and modality in the emerging expressive vocabularies of preschool children with Down syndrome.

Previous studies have explored the size and word type composition (nouns, predicates, etc.) of expressive vocabularies of preschool children with Down syndrome, both spoken and signed. Separately, overall preferences for modality of expression have also been explored. To extend previous findings by describing the relationships between expressive vocabulary size and both word type and modality of expression in the preschool period including changes to modality preference over time. Mothers of 35 children with Down syndrome, aged 36-66 months and attending the same early intervention programme, completed a version - with both spoken word and sign options - of the New Zealand MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (CDI): Words and Sentences. Most mothers completed the CDI on multiple occasions across the duration of the study. Completions (n = 114) were analysed cross-sectionally and longitudinally in terms of (1) word type relative to vocabulary size, (2) modality of expression relative to word type and vocabulary size, and (3) individual trajectories in vocabulary size and modality of expression. (1) Word type relative to vocabulary size was similar to previous studies with a greater proportion of the SOCIAL words being present in the children's vocabularies throughout, followed by NOUNS, PREDICATES and CLOSED class words, with proportions converging as vocabulary sizes increase. (2) An initial spoken word preference for SOCIAL and CLOSED class words and sign preference for NOUNS and PREDICATES was found, with more spoken words in larger vocabularies overall. (3) Individual trajectories were highly variable and also revealed temporary points of regression in overall expressive vocabulary size in some children. Children who shifted from reliance on sign to predominantly spoken word expression did so at different ages and at different vocabulary sizes. At school entry, while most of the children used both modalities, some children continued to rely on sign for most vocabulary items whereas others used only spoken words. An appreciation of both the general trends and potential for individual variation in vocabulary structure, modality of expression and change over time will better position clinicians and education specialists to provide individually tailored support to both preschool and school-aged children with Down syndrome. What is already known on this subject Preschool children with Down syndrome have been shown to demonstrate developmental patterns in overall conceptual vocabulary size and word type development broadly similar to typical development. The use of signed vocabulary has also been explored, but independently from word type development and with less attention to individual trajectories in either vocabulary size development or modality preferences throughout the preschool period than is necessary for clinical use. What this paper adds to existing knowledge This study found interactions between word type and modality of expression in relation to vocabulary size as well as a few temporary vocabulary size regressions similar to those found in much younger typically developing children. An initial spoken word preference for social and closed class words, and sign preference for nouns and predicates, was followed by a general trend towards spoken words for all word types as vocabulary (with some fluctuations) increased over time. Children demonstrated considerable individual variation in size of vocabulary and age at which they pivoted from a signed to a spoken word preference. Moreover, while most children used both modalities at school entry, a few retained a sign-only vocabulary and others had moved fully onto spoken word-only expression. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? An understanding of both the general trends and individual variation in vocabulary structure and modality of expression development will better position clinicians and educational specialists to provide individually tailored support to children with Down syndrome.