Types Of Words Research Articles

Cumulative exposure to fast speech conditions duration of content words in English

AbstractThis paper tests the idea that the speech rate with which surrounding words are spoken affects the mental representation of words and conditions production of words. This possibility is operationalized by measuring a word's ratio of occurrence in speaker-relative fast speech. Other variables shown in the literature to influence speech rate are controlled for in a 10,000-iteration bootstrapping procedure of a mixed-effect linear regression model. The results of the analysis of 39,397 tokens of content words from 1,232 word types in English display a significant effect for a word's ratio of conditioning in speaker-relative fast speech, although the effect size is small or very small. Other variables shown in the literature to condition speech rate also significantly condition speech rate here. This paper suggests that in addition to other aspects of the context of use of words, contextual speech rate also influences the mental representation of words.

Slang Words in Twenty One and Over

This research aims at identifying the slang words in the movie Twenty One and Over. It also aims at defining the meaning and classifying types of slang words. This research is a qualitative descriptive method. The data source of the research is the researchers themselves and the movie Twenty One and Over. As a result, the researchers found that there are slang words often used in the movie. Each slang word has its meaning, described in this article. Those slang words are classified into three types of slang. They are society slang, workmen's slang, and public house slang.

Structural and functional neural substrates underlying the concreteness effect.

The concreteness effect refers to the advantage in speed and accuracy of processing concrete words over abstract words. Previous studies have shown that the processing of the two types of words is mediated by distinct neural mechanisms, but these studies were mainly conducted with task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging. This study investigates the associations between the concreteness effect and grey matter volume (GMV) of brain regions as well as resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of these identified regions. The results show that the GMV of left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), right middle temporal gyrus (MTG),right supplementary motor area and rightanterior cingulate cortex (ACC) negatively correlates with the concreteness effect. The rsFC of the left IFG, the right MTG and the right ACC with the nodes, mainly in default mode network, frontoparietal network and dorsal attention network positively correlates with the concreteness effect. The GMV and rsFC jointly and respectively predict the concreteness effect in individuals. In conclusion, stronger connectivity amongst functional networks and higher coherent engagement of the right hemisphere predict a greater difference in the verbal memory of abstract and concrete words.

Evaluation of the impact of leadership development on nurses and midwives underpinned by transformational learning theory: a corpus-informed analysis

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of leadership development programmes, underpinned by Transformational Learning Theory (TLT).Design/methodology/approachA corpus-informed analysis was conducted using survey data from 690 participants. Data were collected from participants’ responses to the question “please tell us about the impact of your overall experience”, which culminated in a combined corpus of 75,053 words.FindingsFindings identified patterns of language clustered around the following frequently used word types, namely, confidence; influence; self-awareness; insight; and impact.Research limitations/implicationsThis in-depth qualitative evaluation of participants’ feedback has provided insight into how TLT can be applied to develop future health-care leaders. The extent to which learning has had a transformational impact at the individual level, in relation to their perceived ability to influence, holds promise for the wider impact of this group in relation to policy, practice and the promotion of clinical excellence in the future. However, the latter can only be ascertained by undertaking further realist evaluation and longitudinal study to understand the mechanisms by which transformational learning occurs and is successfully translated to influence in practice.Originality/valuePrevious research has expounded traditional leadership theories to guide the practice of health-care leadership development. The paper goes some way to demonstrate the impact of using the principles of TLT within health-care leadership development programmes. The approach taken by The Florence Nightingale Foundation has the potential to generate confident leaders who may be instrumental in creating positive changes across various clinical environments.

An Analysis of Translation Techniques and Quality of Taboo Words in the Gran Torino Movie

<p align="justify">The research aims to identify type and function of taboo words in the Gran Torino movie, to find out the techniques used in translating the taboo words, to examine the shift in type and function of the taboo words, and to evaluate the accuracy and the acceptability of the taboo words translation.</p><p align="justify">This research uses a descriptive qualitative method. The data are taboo words in the Gran Torino movie in the form of an English script and its subtitle (Indonesian). The informants provided data of information about the translation techniques and quality through Focus Group Discussions (FGD).</p><p align="justify">The findings show that there are total 270 data. There are 10 types of taboo words; body parts, sexual acts, ethnic insults, profanity, vulgarity, curse, scatology, animal names, ancestral allusion, and insulting references to perceived psychological, physical, or social deviations. There are four functions of taboo words; auxiliary, abusive, expletive, and humorous. 96% of data are type-shifted and 76% are function-shifted. There are five translation techniques found; reduction (43.7%), establishes equivalent (23%), explicitation (20%), adaptation (8.1%), implicitation (3.7%), discursive creation (0.7%), and literal translation (0.4%). The average accuracy score is 1.78 while the acceptability is 2.12. Therefore, the translation quality score is 1.92.</p>

Analisis Penggunaan Istilah dalam Penulisan Berita pada Website Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

The development of mass media in Indonesia today can be said to be very rapid. This can be seen from the emergence of various kinds of media, both print and electronic, that are developing in the midst of society. The media as a source of information must present information clearly. Clear in this case is clear in the news information and clear in the use of language. In line with this opinion. This study aims to determine the use of terms in news published on the UAD website. This research is descriptive qualitative research. The subject of this research is the use of terms used in the news on the UAD website. The data collection method used is the Simak, Gratis, Liba, Cakap (SBLC) method. There are two formulations that will be answered in this research; (1) how are the terms used in the UAD website; (2) What are the factors that cause the emergence of the term. This research produces written data. The results of the study show that there are 136 types of words with a total of 136 data, each consisting of 92 general term data and 44 special term data. Related to the factor of the use of terms, there are 116 accuracy data, 18 summary data and 2 data according to linguistic conventions. The dominant term factor used is the accuracy factor.

One more trip to Barcetona: on the special status of visual similarity effects in city names.

Previous research has shown that, unlike misspelled common words, misspelled brand names are sensitive to visual letter similarity effects (e.g., amazom is often recognized as a legitimate brand name, but not amazot). This pattern poses problems for those models that assume that word identification is exclusively based on abstract codes. Here, we investigated the role of visual letter similarity using another type of word often presented in a more homogenous format than common words: city names. We found a visual letter similarity effect for misspelled city names (e.g., Barcetona was often recognized as a word, but not Barcesona) for relatively short durations of the stimuli (200ms; Experiment 2), but not when the stimuli were presented until response (Experiment 1). Notably, misspelled common words did not show a visual letter similarity effect for brief 200- and 150-ms durations (e.g., votume was not as often recognized as a word than vosume; Experiments 3-4). These findings provide further evidence that the consistency in the format of presentations may shape the representation of words in the mental lexicon, which may be more salient in scenarios where processing resources are limited (e.g., brief exposure presentations).

Infant-Directed Speech to 3-Month-Old Severe Preterm Infants: The Influence of Birth Weight and Maternal Depressive Symptoms.

Severe premature birth (<32 weeks) is a risk factor for the development of maternal perinatal depression, while also affecting dyadic interactions and child outcomes. Although several studies have examined the impacts of prematurity and depression on early interactions, only a few studies have investigated the features of maternal verbal input. Furthermore, no study has investigated the relationship between the effect of severity of prematurity according to birth weight and maternal input. This study aimed to explore the effects of the severity of preterm birth and postnatal depression on maternal input during early interactions. The study included 64 mother-infant dyads, classified into three groups: 17 extremely low birth weight (ELBW) preterm infants, 17 very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm infants, and 30 full-term (FT) infants. At 3 months postpartum (corrected age for preterm infants), the dyads participated in a 5-min free interaction session. Maternal input was analyzed using the CHILDES system in terms of lexical and syntactic complexity (i.e., word types, word tokens, mean length of the utterance) and functional features. Maternal postnatal depression (MPD) was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The results showed that in high-risk conditions (i.e., ELBW preterm birth and maternal postnatal depression), maternal input was characterized by a lower frequency of affect-salient speech and a higher proportion of information-salient speech, specifically as directives and questions, suggesting that mothers in these conditions may experience more difficulty in conveying affective content to their infants. Moreover, the more frequent use of questions may reflect an interactive style characterized by a higher level of intrusiveness. These findings provide preliminary evidence of the impacts of prematurity severity and maternal depression on maternal verbal input, highlighting the importance of assessing both factors in clinical practice. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the impacts of prematurity and depression on early interactions may inform the development of tailored interventions aimed at promoting positive parent-infant interactions and child development.

A study on the emergence of sound-sign correspondence in Italian-speaking 5-year-old pre-schoolers

This study investigates the emergence of sound-sign correspondence in Italian-speaking 5-year-old pre-schoolers. There are few experimental studies on the precursors of reading and writing skills and those existing mainly focus on letter knowledge or logographic processing of words in pre-schoolers. This paper evaluates and compares 5-year-old children’s use of the logographic processing or the use of sound-sign processing to decode target words in original and modified versions. Furthermore, we verify whether pre-schoolers’ type of reading words (logographic versus sound-sign processing) vary in accordance with children’s socio-cultural differences (i.e., type of school and socio-cultural information from parents). This study tested 94 children (M-age = 5 years and 8 months) at the end of the last year of preschool. Six stimulus logos were used to evaluate children’s ability to decode words and the type of decoding (logographic or sound-sign processing). The Chi-square results confirm that the achievement of the correspondence between sound-sign at the base of reading and writing has already started in preschool. Our findings shed light on a significant proportion of pre-schoolers who can already read words via sound-sign processing or show the emergence of notational awareness, while the others still rely on logographic processing. Moreover, the results show that pre-schoolers’ notational awareness is related to socio-cultural characteristics pertaining to schools and families. These findings suggest that 5 years is an important age for the disentanglement between logographic and sound-sign correspondence in pre-schoolers and provide useful implications for theory and practice.

An analysis of slang words in the “Green Book”, a movie directed by Peter Farrelly

This paper aims to describe types of slang words, meanings, and reasons for using slang words in the Green Book movie directed by Peter Farrelly. The characters in the Green Book movie use slang words in their daily or informal contexts. The researchers used qualitative methods in this research process. The technique used in the data collection part was by using the observational method where the researchers observed the data collection in the form of scripts in the Green Book movie. Based on the data collection, there are 118 slang words found in this movie. The researchers concluded that there are three findings. The first finding is type of slang word where there are 4 types of slang words used by characters in the Green Book movie, such as fresh and creative, imitative, flippant, and clipping. Then, the second finding is the meaning of each slang word used by the characters in the Green Book movie. While, the third finding is the reason for using slang words where there are 7 reasons for using slang words, such as to address, to form intimate atmosphere, to initiate relax conversation, to express impression, to show intimacy, to reveal anger, and to express humiliation. This research is expected to broaden our knowledge about the slang words used in America and to widen our understanding about the application or use of slang words slang for daily life for speakers who are interested in using and learning slang words.

Expression of (in)definiteness in Polish-German bilinguals: an example of contact-induced grammaticalization

Abstract This study offers new insights into the marking of (in)definiteness by Polish-German bilinguals. In contrast to monolinguals, some bilinguals speaking Polish use the demonstrative ten and the numeral jeden in contexts that are restricted to articles only. Both the distance that the speaker’s variety of Polish is from the norm to which they were exposed and pattern replication seem to play an important role in this context. For the analysis, a corpus was created from nine transcripts of interviews (2,253 word types and 10,311 word tokens) with Polish-German bilinguals recorded in 2006 and 2010 by using the AntConc toolkit. The findings indicate that bilingual speakers follow the pathways of grammaticalization from a demonstrative to a definite article and from a numeral to an indefinite article that have been established in cross-linguistic work: demonstratives and the numeral ‘one’ are common sources of grammaticalization. Therefore, I suggest that these structural changes can be explained as resulting from contact-induced grammaticalization.

Cyberbully Retarder System using Machine Learning

Covid-19 has switched almost every facet of life to online mode. Therefore, parents are forced to buy gadgets for their children for learning purposes. As a result, cyberbullying has also increased. Nowadays, youngsters get bullied online while using social media and playing online games. Everyday nearly thousands of users deal with bullying related to body shame, facial appearance, behavior, racism, sexual harassment, and other kinds of online bullying. To prevent this harassment, Machine learning algorithms are used to automatically detect the use of abusive words used by the bullies, and the developers will be notified if any type of abusive words are found and the necessary action can be taken. Moreover, a message will be sent if there is any abusive content in the chat. Therefore, the proposed method is efficient in identifying a cyber bullying activity on social media. This system will undoubtedly be useful as many students create social media accounts to keep track of their school life. Now that everything is online, this system proves beneficial in preventing cyberbullying.

Структурно-семантические характеристики сложных слов в юридическом дискурсе (на материале английского языка)

The study aims to identify the structural and semantic characteristics of compound words in English legal discourse. The paper sheds light on the notion of a “compound word”, examines the most common types of compound words in the legal language and examines the features of their structure and semantics. The work is novel in that it is the first to carry out a comprehensive analysis of compound words belonging to different parts of speech in English legal discourse, which made it possible to identify and describe in detail the productive models for the formation of compound words on the basis of extensive linguistic material and to determine their structural and semantic distinctness. As a result of the study, the predominance of compound asyntactic nouns represented by words with an attributive connection between components and additive words formed by coordination and subordination with the structure ‘N + N’ has been established, which makes it possible to describe to a fuller extent the structure of the nomination object and achieve speech economy. Compound adjectives are mainly represented by asyntactic models with subordination and show a somewhat lower degree of prevalence, while compound verbs are used in legal discourse to a limited extent due to their difficult-to-perceive structure, while compound adverbs are universal and do not possess the specifics inherent in the legal language.

An Analysis of Taboo Words in Megan Thee Stallion Songs

Taboo words is forbidden to talk about is connected or dealing of something that must be avoided. Taboo words are also used in the media especially a song. Some songs contain taboo words in their lyrics. Studying taboo words in song lyrics is crucial because it prevents misuse and misinterpretation, ensuring a more accurate understanding of the intended message and artistic expression. It also reveals the moral and cultural values reflected in the lyrics, exposing the societal norms and boundaries that may be challenged or reinforced. This qualitative research addressed the types of taboo words in Megan Thee Stallion songs. The data was analyzed based on Battistella (2005) about the types of taboo words. The researcher uses songs in “Fever” album as the object of the research. The researcher discovered about 21 taboo words in the eight songs on the fever album. The first type is characterized by epithets (6), profanity (2), vulgarity (6), and obscenity (7). According the data, obscenity was the most commonly used type of taboo words in song lyrics. It because there are many expressions involving sex-distinguish anatomy or sexual and excretory functions that is usually spoken harshly. While the research specifically examines Megan Thee Stallion's work, the findings may have broader implications for understanding taboo word usage in songs within the genre. By being aware of and responsibly engaging with taboo words in daily conversations and song lyrics, readers and song lovers can foster a respectful and considerate communication environment. This researcher hoped that readers and song lovers would avoid misusing taboo words that may appear in daily conversations and song lyrics.

Types and Function of Swear Words in Normal People Series Season One

This research is an analysis of swear words used in the Normal People Series season. Language usage is more modern in the modern era, and people use swear words more frequently in their daily language. Swearing has become common in modern society. Swear words are the least preferred language, but they frequently carry a different message within their meaning. Therefore, social contact is very essential for human beings because it is the foundation to build strong connections among people in society. Therefore, to make social contact function and transmitted properly people need to have language as a means of communication. This research aims to find out the types of swear words and to describe the functions of swear words that were found in Normal People Series Season one. This research uses a qualitative method. The source data is taken from the Hulu Normal People Series Season one. The writer uses Hughe’s theory to find out the types of swear words and uses Andresson and Thrudgill's theory to find out the function of swearing used in Normal People Series Season one. The result The types and functions of Swear Words in Normal People series season one are divided into four parts. Hudges divides the types of swear words they are 38 related to the name of an animal swear words, 9 related to excrement swear words, 4 related to sex swear words, and 3 related to religion or oath swearwords.

LEXICAL BORROWING OF SOCIAL MEDIA TERMS IN LIPUTAN6.COM WEBSITE

This article explored the application of borrowed English words, mainly social media terms, on the website Liputan6.con. The urgency of this study is to highlight the development of the Indonesian language, which has experienced integration with foreign languages over time and one factor is the progress of technology in which there is no limit or restriction in spreading information. This study focused on identifying the types of borrowed words used in Liputan6.com. The researchers employed a variety of theories and borrowed words. This study used content analysis as a research method to explore the types of 50 borrowed words found on the website. Reading through the actual website posts, categorizing the borrowed words, and analyzing the collected data were carried out in the data analysis. The authors discovered three different types of borrowing words in the social media section of Liputan6.com. They were Loan Blends, used 33 times; Loan Shifts, appearing 36 times; and Loan Words, used 17 times.

Examining listeners' perception of spoken words with different face masks.

The COVID-19 pandemic made face masks part of daily life. While masks protect against the virus, it is important to understand the impact masks have on listeners' recognition of spoken words. We examined spoken word recognition under three different mask conditions (no mask; cloth mask; Kn95 mask) and in both easy (low density, high phonotactic probability) and hard (high density, low phonotactic probability) words in a lexical decision task. In Experiment 1, participants heard all words and nonwords under all three mask conditions. In Experiment 2, participants heard each word and nonword only once under one of the mask conditions. The reaction time and accuracy results were consistent between Experiments 1 and 2. The pattern of results was such that the no mask condition produced the fastest and most accurate responses followed by the Kn95 mask condition and the cloth mask condition, respectively. Furthermore, there was a trend towards a speed-accuracy trade-off with Word Type. Easy words produced faster but less accurate responses relative to hard words. The finding that cloth masks had a more detrimental impact on spoken word recognition than Kn95 masks is consistent with previous research, and the current results further demonstrate that this effect extends to individual word recognition tasks with only audio presentation.

Types of Slang Words in The Kissing Booth 3 Movie

The purpose of this research is to identify the many slang terms used in the movie. The approach employed in this study is the descriptive qualitative method with the observation method. To identify different categories of slang terms, the idea put forward by Allan &amp; Burridge (2006) was applied. Both formal and informal techniques were used to communicate the data analysis. As a consequence, five categories of slang words namely fresh &amp; creative, flippant, imitative, acronym, and clipping were discovered in The Kissing Booth 3 Movie. All of the slang terms have been categorized into their appropriate groups.

Type Information Utilized Event Detection via Multi-Channel GNNs in Electrical Power Systems

Event detection in power systems aims to identify triggers and event types, which helps relevant personnel respond to emergencies promptly and facilitates the optimization of power supply strategies. However, the limited length of short electrical record texts causes severe information sparsity, and numerous domain-specific terminologies of power systems makes it difficult to transfer knowledge from language models pre-trained on general-domain texts. Traditional event detection approaches primarily focus on the general domain and ignore these two problems in the power system domain. To address the above issues, we propose a Multi-Channel graph neural network utilizing Type information for Event Detection in power systems, named MC-TED , leveraging a semantic channel and a topological channel to enrich information interaction from short texts. Concretely, the semantic channel refines textual representations with semantic similarity, building the semantic information interaction among potential event-related words. The topological channel generates a relation-type-aware graph modeling word dependencies, and a word-type-aware graph integrating part-of-speech tags. To further reduce errors worsened by professional terminologies in type analysis, a type learning mechanism is designed for updating the representations of both the word type and relation type in the topological channel. In this way, the information sparsity and professional term occurrence problems can be alleviated by enabling interaction between topological and semantic information. Furthermore, to address the lack of labeled data in power systems, we built a Chinese event detection dataset based on electrical Power Event texts, named PoE . In experiments, our model achieves compelling results not only on the PoE dataset, but on general-domain event detection datasets including ACE 2005 and MAVEN.

How did COVID-19 impact the use of Japanese complex words with masuku ‘mask’ in 2020?

Abstract This paper examines how the situation caused by COVID-19 impacted the use of a well-entrenched word in Japanese: masuku ‘mask’. An inspection of data gathered from an online newspaper shows a sharp increase in token and type frequency in the use of complex words with masuku ‘mask’ in 2020 (mid-pandemic) compared to 2019 (pre-pandemic), implying the recurrence and variegation of mask-related topics in the media. Focusing on the varied types of complex words containing masuku ‘mask’, the paper offers a construction morphology account of how they distribute within a network of words. The most dominant means to expand the network was compounding, creating not only hyponyms of masuku ‘mask’ (i.e., using masuku as the head of the compound, as in ago-masuku ‘chin mask’) but also hyponyms of other well-entrenched words (i.e., using masuku as the non-head, as in masuku-gimu ‘mask obligation’). Beyond compounding, a playful use of language in blends led to the creation of a new path, albeit a small one. The paper argues the development of the word network involved both mundane and exceptional creativity.