Types Of Fasteners Research Articles

FEATURES OF CREATION AND RESTORATION OF SUPPORTING GEODESIC NETWORK IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION MEASUREMENTS

The success of the implementation of projects of capital repairs, reconstruction or new construction of roads and man-made structures depends on the quality of geodetic support. Geodetic marking works must accompany the process of construction or repair work. Particular attention should be paid to the peculiarities of the creation and restoration of the geodetic support network in road construction, as these issues have a primary impact on the success of development and implementation of repair and construction projects and therefore affect the entire life cycle of the highway. The laying of points of the geodetic reference network is performed in order to ensure topographic survey at the stage of surveys and to ensure further marking works at the stage of overhaul, reconstruction or new construction of the highway. The project of creating a geodetic reference network must be included in the main work program or compiled separately and agreed with the customer. The project of creating a geodetic reference network must display information on the type of network points, density and location of points, methods of geodetic measurements, coordinate systems and heights, basic requirements for the accuracy of the position of geodetic reference points and requirements for reporting materials in the technical report. The location, type of fastening, construction and external design of the points of the basic geodetic network must ensure the preservation of the spatial position, protection from damage and loss of points. Metal structures of geodetic signs and design elements must be protected from corrosion by a special anti-corrosion coating. The location of the points is determined after the reconnaissance work, study of the initial data and the needs of design, construction and operation. The proposed features of creation and restoration of the basic geodetic network in road construction are reflected in DSTU 9154:2021 «Guidance on performance of geodesic works in road building».

Potresna otpornost postojećih zgrada s dodatnim katovima od laganih drvenih konstrukcija

In the presented paper, the problem of vertical expansions is treated in terms of seismic resistance of structures with added storeys. A large parametric study has been performed, confirming the impact of different number of added storeys, and the change of their stiffness, on the seismic response of structures. The paper shows examples of how stiffness in light timber frame and cross laminated timber structures can be easily altered just by changing the type and distribution of fasteners. Known procedures are used to calculate the stiffness of the wall elements of a light timber frame system, and a new procedure is developed for determining the stiffness of cross laminated timber wall elements. The study shows how changing the stiffness of the vertical expansion can have a significant impact on the seismic response and that, in some cases, vertical expansion can have a favourable effect on seismic resistance, despite a minor increase in the mass of the structure.

Load-bearing capacity analyses of a new insulated fastener type

Load-bearing capacity analyses of a new insulated fastener type

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF TRACK STRENGTH USING DIFFERENT TYPES OF FASTENING

Experimental and theoretical researches of influence of a condition of a profile of asurface of rolling of a wheel pair on level of horizontal cross forces of interaction between elementsof a rail track and a rolling stock in operation on the railways of Ukraine are carried out. We havefurther developed approaches to modeling the effect of different types of fasteners on track stability,as the rigidity of the rail thread is directly related to the design of subrail supports and rail fasteners.The main task of experimental research was to establish the actual state of the elements ofintermediate fasteners and reinforced concrete sleepers, finding the maximum resistance of the railto longitudinal movement, which are provided by fasteners under different operating conditions.Experimental studies of the elastic characteristics of the horizontal longitudinal characteristics of therigidity of rail threads were performed, the studies were performed at different times of the year.Experimental studies of transverse deformations of rail threads on the head and sole of the rails madeit possible to determine the exact characteristics of the horizontal lateral stiffness of rail threads forrails type P65 with different types of fasteners. The main experimental studies were conducted on aseamless track within the main sections of the railway. The elements of the intermediate rail fasteningduring operation are subjected to constant dynamic impact in the process of which there are residualdeformations.Based on the obtained data, calculations were performed to determine the horizontal lateralmodulus of elasticity of the railway track, to determine the longitudinal and transverse stability ofrail threads depending on the type of fastening. The obtained experimental and theoretical resultsallow to evaluate the force interaction of the rail track with the rolling stock.

THEORETICAL STUDIES OF THE POSSIBILITY OF OPERATING AN INTERMEDIATE RAIL FASTENING OF THE KPP-5 TYPE ON PROMISING SECTIONS OF UKRAINIAN RAILWAYS, WHERE IT IS PLANNED TO INTRODUCE HIGH-SPEED TRAFFIC

The introduction of high-speed traffic in the railways of Ukraine is one of the priorityareas of development of the domestic railway industry. Foreign experience in the operation of highspeed and high-speed lines has a positive impact on the overall economic performance of thesecountries by increasing the mobility of means of production and human resources. In addition,increasing speeds requires the introduction of new types of rolling stock and railway structures withunconditional provision of the required level of safety. This is possible only through a comprehensiveapproach to these issues, both through experimental tests and theoretical calculations. This studytheoretically assessed the possibility of operating intermediate rail fasteners type KPP-5 Ukrainianproduction in areas where in the medium term, it is planned to increase speeds, i.e. to reach a levelof more than 160 km/h. To achieve this goal, multivariate calculations were performed to determinethe stress state that penetrates the elements of the railway track under the action of rolling stock.Four types of high-speed locomotives and electric trains, which have been operated on the railwaylines of the European Union for a long time, were selected as units of account in the study. For alltypes of rolling stock (locomotives and high-speed electric trains) for which calculations wereperformed, the obtained values of stresses acting in the elements of the railway track do not exceedthe allowable. That is, in terms of strength, intermediate rail fasteners type KPP-5 Ukrainianproduction can be operated in straight sections at speeds over 160 km / h with heat-treated rails typeR65 on reinforced concrete sleepers with laying diagram 1840 pcs / km with gravel ballast 40 cmthick. Analytical comparison of the level of stresses arising in the railway track elements in lines withintermediate rail fastening type KPP-5 made in Ukraine and the W30 rail fastening systemmanufactured by Vossloh showed approximately the same level of stress in the railway track elements.However, it should be noted that the above conclusions are only theoretical in nature and for thefinal determination of the possibility of operation of the intermediate rail fastening type KPP-5 inreal conditions (at speeds greater than 160 km / h) requires additional experimental studies.

Timber Semirigid Frame Connection with Improved Deformation Capacity and Ductility

The present study deals with the innovation and the possibilities of improving the design solution of a frame connection for two selected types of fasteners. All specimens were made of glued laminated timber. Dowel-type mechanical fasteners, a combination of bolts and dowels, and full-threaded screws were used for the connection. The main goal of this research was to replace the typical solution (common dowel-type fasteners) with a more modern, faster, and easier solution in order to improve the load-carrying capacity, ductility, and deformation capacity of this type of frame connection. This article also aimed to provide a detailed evaluation of the mechanical properties of the used glued laminated timber and fasteners in order to comprehensively evaluate the research task. For the design solution, a frame connection created from a system of two struts and a partition was chosen as the basis of the experimental program. Dowel-type mechanical fasteners, as well as combinations of bolts and dowels, were used for the connection; however, in addition to these standardly used mechanical fasteners, full-threaded screws were used. The article describes the use of static destructive testing to determine the ductility of the connection, considering different variations in the strengthening of the individual segments of the mentioned connection means. In the first variation, the individual components of the frame were not reinforced in any way. In the second, the crossbar was reinforced with two full-threaded bolts. In the third, the webs and the crossbar were reinforced with two full-threaded bolts. In the article, these ductility values were compared with each other and the procedure was set by the currently valid standard.

Embedment strength of smooth nails in timber construction – Characteristic and mean values

Studies have been conducted on the embedment strength of timber. However, those dealing with small diameter dowel type fasteners, particularly the transition from mean to characteristic values are lacking. This study is an investigation into the embedment strength of small diameter dowel type fasteners; with a focus on discussing the procedure of going from mean to characteristic values. Questions about the derivation of the existing embedment strength equations were discussed and some dark areas were clarified. Using two independent statistical methods and 14 test series, the inter-connection between the mean and characteristic embedment strength values was investigated. The investigations showed that the characteristic embedment strength values obtained by replacing the mean density with the characteristic density values in established equations, yield values which are higher than the actual characteristic values by an average of 14% and 19% for the non-predrilled and predrilled cases respectively. Detailed explanations to these findings were given and proposals with reference to the existing equations were presented and discussed.

Fibulae of East Germanic Tradition From Saint-Cheron in Northern Gaul (Late Roman Period — Migration Period)

For the late Roman Period and the beginning of the Great Migration Period on the territory of the Western Roman Empire, and in particular in Northern Gaul, a series of items was revealed — primarily fibulae and combs that belonged to the East German, and primarily Cherniakhiv tradition. Among them there are two braided crossbow brooches with an extended stem, found in one of the burials (No. 94) of the Saint-Cheron burial ground in Chartres (France), and two braced crossbow brooches with an expanded stem. They are derivatives of the Ambros 16/4-III type fasteners from the late Roman period. Similar fasteners in the late Roman time are quite well represented in a wide geographic zone from the Baltic to the Black Sea. Such fibulae are especially typical for the Cherniakhiv culture, that is, for the German and non-German population, identified with the Goths and their allies. In the Cherniakhiv area, such fasteners are best represented in its western part, to the west of the Dniester. That is, in the territory where, according to written sources, Visigoths are localized. These brooches are also found, although much less frequently at the sites of the Wielbark and Przeworsk cultures in the Vistula basin, which also belonged to the East Germans. These fasteners in Eastern and Central Europe are dated by the 3rd—4-th centuries. The fibula from the Saint-Chiron burial ground differs from the «eastern» analogs of the Roman time by the rounded section of the back, while in Eastern and Central Europe similar fibulae have a back in the shape of a flattened faceted rod or plate. It seems that the Cherniakhiv, Welbark and Przeworsk brooches are the prototypes of agrafes from the Northern Gaul. Concerning the time of the Great Migrations, mainly for the 5th century, crossbow fibulae derived from those of Ambroz 16/4-III are rare and attested outside of the main area of distribution of their prototypes: in the North-East of the Black Sea (1 site), in Spain (1 site), in Italy (1 site) and especially in Gaul (3 sites). Fibulae of the Ambroz 16/4-III type and their derivatives were found mainly in the area of activity of the Goths during the Roman Period and the Great Migrations, between the Vistula, the Black Sea and the Iberian Peninsula. The few fibulae of this type discovered elsewhere, in the Northern Gaul, for instance, probably attest to the displacement of isolated individuals. Indeed, in the tomb of Saint-Chéron, the position of the pair of fibulae, on the thorax, is entirely in accordance with that adopted by the Eastern Germans in Roman times.

APPLICATION OF FUNCTIONAL-TARGET ANALYSIS TO CHOOSE THE CLASSIFICATION FEATURES OF A SELF-TAPPING SCREW

Classification and systematization of metal products with a wide range of standard sizes and numerous design features, in particular, various types of hardware products, is a necessary condition for the regulation of their indicators in normative and technical documentation and one of the key aspects to use the computer technologies to solve tasks of modern manufacturing. Analysis of the domestic market of hardware products indicates a significant content of fasteners, including self-tapping screws manufactured by European and Asian companies, which are not subject to mandatory certification and are supplied either according to foreign standards (ISO, DIN, DIN EN, etc.), or in branded versions, which enhances the relevance of activity for their systematization and classification. To select classification features, it is proposed to use a functional-target analysis based on the definition of useful functions of the analyzed object. As classification features of self-tapping screws, it is proposed to use their main structural elements: the shape of the head, the type of thread and point, the shape of the slot, etc. The main structural elements of the self-tapping screw, regulated in the actual normative and technical documentation, are presented in the form of general classification schemes. The proposed classification of self-tapping screws can be used as for the development of normative and technical documentation of this type of fasteners and for technological processes of its production, designing new types of screws.

Load transfer mechanism of concrete screws

Even though the market and development for concrete screws has been increasingly rising in recent years, the load transfer mechanism of concrete screws has not yet been fully investigated. Therefore, different tests of concrete screws made of galvanized and stainless steel were performed in concrete C20/25 and C50/60. The main aim is to measure the strain along the embedment depth. This will be achieved by using strain gauges that get placed in a centrically drilled borehole through the concrete screw. To get a comparison to the mechanism of the screws the same process will be executed in threaded rods used as a part of bonded anchors. Due to the fact that the threaded cuts of concrete screws have geometrical similarities to bonded anchors, it was examined if the load transfer of both fasteners is related and may be compared. The results of the testing have shown that the load transfer mechanism of both fastener types is similar in low-strength concrete showing a concrete cone failure. In high strength concrete due to the mainly occurring steel failure the maximum measured strains at the maximum load step are not comparable. However, at lower load steps where the steel does not exceed the yield strength the results show a similar load transfer mechanism, too.

Shake table tests of concrete anchors for non-structural components including innovative and alternative anchorage detailing

In recent years, the growing need for reducing non-structural damage after earthquakes has stimulated a dedicated effort to develop innovative types of fasteners for anchoring non-structural components (NSCs) to reinforced concrete (RC) host-structures. To contribute to such need, and building on previous research, this paper presents the results of a series of uni-directional shake-table tests of simulated NSCs anchored to concrete via: (1) expansion, and (2) chemical anchors; post-installed into: (a) uncracked, and (b) cracked concrete. Considering different construction details, the experimental investigation focused on traditional anchorage systems, alternative solutions comprising mortar filling into the gap clearance, and a low-damage system relying on supplemental damping devices, capable of reducing the acceleration of the NSCs as well as the force of the anchorage during seismic shakings. The experimental tests provided significant evidence on the beneficial effects of a dissipative anchorage protecting both the non-structural component and the anchorage itself, even during strong earthquakes. Moreover, when construction details allow to close the fixture clearance with a mortar filling, this stiffer solution provide an additional reduction of NSCs seismic accelerations and forces. Therefore, suggestions for further improvements of the adopted low-damage solution are also proposed.

An Approach to Variation Simulation of Final Aircraft Assembly With Presence of Sealant

Abstract The article discusses the process of aeronautical structure assembly in the presence of a sealant between the parts to be joined. An attempt to estimate the influence of sealant on assembly quality in terms of variation analysis is presented. The sealant is considered a highly viscous liquid that is applied to the surfaces of the assembled parts before the start of the final assembly. The modeling approach is based on the simulation of two-way coupled fluid–structure interaction between fluid sealant and compliant structural parts. Reynolds lubrication approximation is used in the fluid dynamics problem and variational formulation of contact problem combined with static condensation is used in the structural one. The joining of two aircraft panels is used as a numerical test for demonstration of the developed approach. Various phenomena connected with the presence of sealant are demonstrated. In particular, the difference in the fastener loosening due to sealant flow between different types of fasteners is investigated. Results of variation simulation show that the presence of sealant should be considered among determining factors in the analysis of assembly quality.

Measurement of Pull-Through Resistance of Substrate Boards for Commercial Roofing Using Different Techniques

Abstract The substrate boards of commercial roofs are secured with mechanical fasteners and plates. The pull-through resistance (PTR) of the substrates depends on the material composition and fastener/plate configuration. Three different testing apparatuses are available for determining the PTR: universal testing machine Instron pull-through (IP), automated pull-through (AP), and manual pull-through (MP). To quantify the accuracy of these three test apparatuses, the National Research Council Canada completed an experimental program. The test matrix consisted of four types of substrate boards: gypsum-based board (GB), perlite-based board (PB), wood-fiber based board (WB), and polyisocyanurate insulation based (IB), two fastener plate geometries (round and hexagonal), and two types of fasteners (#12 and #14). In addition, the effect of operator ability and loading mechanisms were respectively examined for the MP and IP by employing three different operators and two different loading mechanisms, respectively. Experimental error, deviation error, and total deviation values are calculated. The findings are, respectively summarized as follows: (1) Data obtained using IP and AP showed no significant difference in the PTR values. However, the MP results varied with operators. (2) Similarly, neither the size of the specimen, the type of fasteners, nor the fastener plates resulted in significant variation in the PTR values obtained from the three apparatuses. (3) Failure analysis of the substrate boards confirmed that larger specimens absorbed energy elastically by deflecting across the board's longer span whereas smaller specimens dissipated energy by cracking across the board.

Quality monitoring of blind fasteners installation: An approach from the manufacturing chain and visual analytics

Fastening is a recurrent assembly operation at the aerospace industry. Among the many different types of fasteners being used blind ones offer particular advantages but there is yet a lack of reliable installation monitoring methods for their massive adoption. The present paper proposes an installation evaluation solution for blind fasteners that integrates the effect of the previous drilling operation and allows the visualization of the relationships between hole quality parameters, installation variables and installation quality. The results show high precision values of 0.95 and accuracy of 0.9.

DETERMINING THE PATTERNS OF STABILITY OF MINE WORKINGS FOR CALCULATION ROOF BOLTING PARAMETERS

Purpose. The published studies are aimed at determining the mechanism of deformation of the rocks of the contour around the workings in terms of the parameters of the emerging fracturing and their dependence on the indicators of the strength of the rocks and the depth of occurrence in the massif. The tasks of the study include the installation of fracture indicators, the determination of the parameters of the development of the deformation process around the working, including the effect of longwall mining and taking into account the possibility of reuse of the workings.
 Methodology. To solve the set tasks, the method of field observations was used together with the use of regression dependencies to determine the dependences of the parameters on the influencing factors. In addition, the method of full-scale pull-out tests of anchor support was used, which made it possible to determine the clamping forces of the anchors.
 Originality. In the course of the research, the dependences of stresses and deformation along the K7 coal seam in the conditions of the mine named after Kuzembaev CD JSC "ArcelorMittal Temirtau" for the massif around the mine with fastening. Rational parameters for the use of roof bolting in preparatory mine workings have been established. This type of fastening provides direct contact between rocks and lining. Analysis of the results of calculating the parameters of the roof bolting showed that to maintain the roof in the development workings, it is necessary to take into account the parameters of the roof bolting. The main parameters include the length of the anchors, the total resistance of the roof bolting and the density of the anchors. Anchor support forms laminated rock beams in the roof rocks, which ensure the stability of the workings.
 Conclusions and practical significance. The results of studies devoted to the establishment of the influence of mining-geological and mining-technical factors on the formation of zones of inelastic deformation in the host rocks were considered. Significant dependences of the deformation processes of rocks in the massif around the workings were obtained, and the parabolic zone of destruction of rocks was determined. The practical significance of the research consists in determining the actual indicators of the required bearing capacity of the anchorage at two levels in the conditions of the development of the coal seam k7 of the Kuzembaev mine. 

Experimental investigation on the effect of accelerated ageing conditions on the pull-out capacity of compressed wood and hardwood dowel type fasteners

Abstract The widespread use of adhesives in timber construction has negative implications for the end-of-life disposal or re-use of the structural timber components. To promote the circular bioeconomy, it is preferable to substitute adhesives with more sustainable alternatives such as wood-based connectors. Today, robotic fabrication technologies facilitate the development of dowel-laminated timber (DLT) products whereby hardwood dowels are used to connect timber laminates as a substitute to adhesives. In recent years, thermo-mechanical densification of wood has resulted in significant improvements in the mechanical performance of the wood. This modified product often termed compressed wood (CW) has a shape-recovery effect which may be beneficial for the development of DLT products and timber-timber connections with improved friction fit with time. To test the hypothesis, accelerated ageing tests were carried out on CW-timber and hardwood-timber dowel type connections subjected to variable climate conditions. Finally, the capacity of the connections or friction fit was assessed using pull-out tests. Results show that the shape-recovery effect leads to the continuous expansion of the CW dowels and facilitates a friction fit with the timber substrate yielding higher pull-out loads when compared to hardwood dowels.

Numerical investigation of buildings point thermal bridges observed on window-thermal insulation interface

Practices to avoid thermal bridges in the building shell, consists one of the key elements in the comprehensive assessment of the energy behaviour of buildings. As we are moving fast to the era of nearly zero energy buildings, both the use of non-invasive measurement techniques as well as the use of analytical and numerical models, have intensified research and substantiated best practices around this interesting issue. The sole criterion of the energy assessment of thermal bridges is the reduction of the heat losses, thus heat transfer analysis dominates the field.This short technical note presents and analyses the thermal behaviour of point thermal bridges, observed in areas of higher thermal transmittance at the joints of windows and supporting structures through different types of fasteners. Specifically, the method of direct support of windows in a layer of stone wool is considered, and the energy performance of three alternative ways of supporting the construction is examined. The heat transfer assessment of the investigated solutions is conducted with the use of numerical analysis, performed with the use of two analytical tools (THERM and HEAT3), in two- and three dimensional domains. The work concludes with substantiated suggestions in relation to the solutions that are proposed, always guided by the reduction in energy consumption. The paper aspires to provide informed answers to engineers and researchers in the field of energy efficiency of buildings, thus creating the field for future developments in the field of point thermal point bridges in window.

Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Timber Portal Frame with Semi-Rigid Knee Joints

The problems related to development of rotational deformations of a knee joints and crack propagation in rafter elements of timber portal frames were discussed in this article. The rotational displacement, which develops between the rafter and column members due to the bending deformations of the bolts in the knee joint with a simultaneous embedment into the wood, increases the global deformations of the portal frame. Additionally, to axial force and bending moment the rafter elements are heavily loaded with shear force at the sections near knee joint especially. All effects together create very complicated complex of affecting factors. In the current study the design methodology of timber portal frames has been revised with the purpose to develop a more comprehensive set of design conditions for timber portal frames with dowel type fasteners in the knee joints. It is suggested to use the Hoffman failure criterion taking into account the difference of strength in tension and compression to manage the effects of plastic yielding combined with the crack development in wood assumed it as an orthotropic material. It has been proved by case studies of timber portal frames under service loads, as well as by tests and theoretical considerations. The set of design conditions must be supplement by additional clauses comprising Hoffman failure criterion regarding timber sections heavily loaded in shear and cross grain tension. Also, it is recommended that the design capacity of dowel type fastener should be decreased when shear force transferred by the bolt acts perpendicular to the grain direction inducing tension cross grain direction. Other measure may be application of some surface strengthening method.

An improved and robust finite element model for simulation of thin-walled steel bolted connections

Thin-walled cold-formed steel (CFS) structures are widely used in low-storey buildings and are seeing increased applications in multi-storey buildings as well as long-span structures. The bolted connection is one of the most common types of fasteners employed in CFS structures. The bolt slippage and load-bearing mechanism in CFS connections have a significant influence on the structural behaviour of cold-formed steel construction assemblies, which are typically numerically simulated using spring/connector elements. However, the determination of input parameters for the spring/connector elements generally requires load-deformation characteristics obtained from physical tests of lap joints, which are costly and time-consuming. Moreover, the use of spring/connector elements fails to explicitly capture the bolt bearing behaviour, resulting in inaccuracy in the simulation of CFS connections. In this paper, an accurate, efficient and robust numerical method that can fully replicate the behaviour of CFS connections considering both the effects of bolt slippage and bearing has been introduced. In the proposed numerical methodology, the cold-formed plates are modelled using the conventional shell elements, while a number of solid elements are introduced around the bolt holes, enabling the bolt-plate interaction to be explicitly accounted for, with contact pairs defined between the bolts and their surrounding solid element surfaces. The proposed numerical method could find a convergence solution using dynamic implicit solver in the general-purpose finite element (FE) software ABAQUS. Good agreement between the FE models using the proposed method and the available test results of CFS bolted connections were achieved, which sheds light on the promising application of the proposed method for simulating CFS assembled using bolted connections.

The European Yield Model (EYM) for laterally loaded timber connections with smooth nails

ABSTRACT The European Yield Model (EYM) is a commonly accepted procedure to calculate the capacity of laterally loaded connections with dowel type fasteners. The standard procedure is specified in EC5 (EN 1995-1-1 2004) and uses characteristic values as input parameters for the calculation of characteristic values of the resistance of the connection. These characteristic values are the basis for an engineering design of structures. Nevertheless, there are situations, e.g. the design of a test set-up or a pushover analysis in earthquake engineering, when mean values of the resistance of a timber connection are needed. In this context, analytical equations and mechanical models were assessed on two levels by comparing theoretical values to experimental results. The first part of the research considered all the input parameters. The mechanical definition of the plastic moment proved to be more appropriate than the definition of a modified plastic moment according to EC5 for the determination of the yield moment of nails. On the other hand, it was confirmed that the embedment strength of Norway spruce softwood can be predicted reliably and slightly conservatively according to code regulations given by EC5. The definition for the withdrawal strength according to EC5 also seems to define a conservative lower boundary. The situation is not so clear for the embedment strength of oriented strand board (OSB). Test results are very scarce and do not account for the inhomogeneity regarding the thickness of the boards with higher density at the surfaces, which is the section where contact forces are transferred. In the second part, over 110 specimens considering eight different types of nailed connections were tested to assess different calculation procedures. The study focused on nailed connections with OSB and solid timber. This combination together with smooth nails as fasteners is very common in Europe for light-frame structures, especially in areas of low and medium seismicity because they exhibit large deformation capacity without losing strength. On the level of mean values, relationships are found between 1.00 and 1.47 for experimental results over calculated resistance, and it was found that the EYM is more conservative when the thickness of the sheathing is 10 mm instead of 18 mm, which means, that the expected failure mechanism changes from one to two plastic hinges. The findings are approximately the same if the relationship is studied on the level of characteristic values. Here, the relationship of values from experimental investigations over analytical calculation lays between 1.27 and 1.58 for a mechanism with one plastic hinge and between 0.90 and 1.12 for a mechanism with two plastic hinges. Based on these results, the question arises, if the EYM is the appropriate tool to predict the capacity of laterally loaded connections if comparatively large deformations occur between the connected parts. This question should be studied more detailed in the future.