Turkish Verbs Research Articles

Semantic and Pragmatic Analysis of a Turkish Sadness Verb Hüzünlen-

This study provides a semantic and pragmatic analysis of the Turkish verb "hüzünlen-" which conveys the meaning of sadness. Following a corpus-driven approach, query sequences from the Turkish National Corpus (TNC) were analysed according to the Extended Lexical Units model proposed by Stubbs (2005). In this context, 284 query sequences found in real spoken and written language samples were examined to determine the lexical profile of the verb "hüzünlen-." The aim of the study is to reveal the semantic and pragmatic usage differences of the verb "hüzünlen-" compared to other verbs expressing sadness. In this regard, the syntactic features, collocational tendencies, and context-dependent semantic and pragmatic characteristics of the verb "hüzünlen-" were thoroughly investigated. As a corpus-driven study, this research is the result of an inductive examination. The study demonstrated that the lexical framework of the verb "hüzünlen-" implies a sudden, intense sadness often related to past events and circumstances. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the cultural and linguistic features of expressing sadness in Turkish, as well as to comprehending the cognitive aspects of the emotion of sadness. Furthermore, the results of the study offer significant insights into how expressions of sadness are shaped in linguistic and cultural contexts in Turkish, allowing for a broader perspective on the linguistic representation of sadness. This research suggests that the verb "hüzünlen-" should be examined not only in Turkish but also in comparison with similar emotional expressions in other languages. Thus, it can contribute to understanding the universal and culture-specific features of language and emotion.

LEXICAL PROFILE OF A TURKISH SADNESS VERB DERTLEN-: A CORPUS DRIVEN ANALYSIS

This Study employs a corpus driven approach to analyze the lexical profile of a Turkish verb that communicates sadness which is considered to be a negative emotion. The study focuses on the data obtained from Turkish National Corpus (TNC) within the framework of Extended Lexical Units offered by (Stubbs, 2005). Depending on the concordance lines of the verb dertlen- its syntactic properties, collocational tendencies, context dependent semantic and pragmatic qualifications were identified to understand the probable semantic value of it in terms of cognitive traits of sadness. It was found that dertlen- refers to a sadness which is derived from others’ troubles rather than self-related issues and this finding was discussed within the framework of empathy- altruism hypothesis (Batson,1991). From this respect, the verb gives some clues about the Turkish culture which is characterized with ‘altruistic’ behavior. The study also shows that dertlen- refers to past/present time negativities more frequently when compared to future related sadness concepts. Underlining the validity of corpus-driven approaches, the corpus data demonstrated that this sadness verb has its own cognitive patterns and this schematic nature of dertlen- dictates a particular linguistic environment which also shapes semantic and pragmatic load of the verb. Finally, thanks to this research, we were able to place dertlen- correctly inside Scherer's (2001) cognitive evaluation patterns for sadness.

On morphological requirements for auxiliary verb periphrasis in Turkish

This paper investigates auxiliary verb periphrasis in Turkish with a particular focus on its morphological requirements. The distribution of auxiliary verbs in Turkish shows the overflow pattern (à la Bjorkman 2011), where auxiliary verbs are present only in complex inflection forms. I argue that their pattern follows from a well-formedness constraint, which requires tense, aspect and modality suffixes be linearly adjacent to a verbalized M-Word under the definition in Embick (2007). The proposed analysis follows the previous literature in that it takes auxiliary verbs to be inserted at PF (Bjorkman 2011; Fenger 2020), but in addition assumes that the PF-insertion is driven by morphological requirements. The analysis is particularly supported by the behavior of the abilitative modality in Turkish. The present study thus suggests that languages may use different strategies for auxiliary verb periphrasis despite their surface similarity, and sheds light on the morphosyntactic nature of verb complexes formed under agglutination.

Kaçak | qaçax | قاچاق : fugitive forms of bureaucracy and economy across Southwest Asia

ABSTRACT Electricity and petroleum stolen from grids of distribution. Livestock, tea, and tobacco traded as contraband goods across national borders. An apartment building built without permits. A defendant who refuses to show up to his trial. What unites these seemingly disparate situations in Turkey, Kurdistan and Iran is that they are all described with the qualifier kaçak. Although conventionally translated into English as the equivalent of ‘smuggled good,' the semantic domain of kaçak in Turkish (loaned into Kurdish and Persian) is more capacious than ‘smuggled’ signifies: Derived from the Turkish verb kaçmak - to run away, flee, or be a fugitive - kaçak helps us recover the act of breaching the obligations of a social or legal contract as a constitutive field of politics, framed by the socio-cultural constructions of modern bureaucracy and economy. Each participant tracks kaçak as a good, as a tapped resource or a legally sanctioned person, and shows the many forms kaçak takes in the hands of concrete social actors under historically specific material conditions. Further, kaçak provides a historically and geographically more expansive windows into the politically instituted process that is the making of states and economies in cross-regional and cross-disciplinary ways.

Color Names with Compound Verbs in Turkish

Türkçede renkler üzerine yapılmış pek çok çalışma bulunmaktadır. Orhun yazıtlarından günümüze bu konu yerli ve yabancı araştırmacılar tarafından farklı sahalarda çeşitli yöntemlerle ele alınmış bildiri, makale, kitap, sözlük ve tez boyutunda incelenmiştir. Türkiye Türkçesinde renklerin sayısı, yazılı ve sözlü dilde kullanım özellikleri ve sistematiği, atasözü ve deyimlerdeki kullanımı, biçim, anlam ve kavram boyutu, yer, kişi, hayvan (at donu ve nişanları), bitki ve nesne adlarında kullanımı, söz varlığına katkıları, Türk lehçelerindeki kullanımı, inanış ve geleneklerdeki kullanımı, şiir ve romanlarda kullanımı, ödünçlemeler, yapım ekleri edebiyat, tarih, sosyoloji, gastronomi, psikoloji, tıp vb. alanlardaki kullanımı bunlardan yalnızca birkaçıdır. 
 Türkiye Türkçesi, bugün eksik ve tamamlanması gereken bazı kısımları olmakla beraber 7.158 madde başından oluşan küçümsenmeyecek nitelikte bir söz varlığını barındıran Türkçede Renkler Sözlüğü’ne (Eminoğlu, 2014) sahiptir. Temel söz varlığı içerisinde yer alan ve ait olduğu dili zenginleştirici unsurlardan biri olan renk adları, adbilim çerçevesinde ele alınıp incelenmekle birlikte birleşik fiillerle kullanımları yönünden Türkçede incelenmemiştir. Bu çalışmada Tarihî Türk lehçelerinde renklerin hangi birleşik fiiller ile birlikte kullanıldığı ve kullanım özellikleri üzerinde durulmuş, ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelenerek değerlendirilmiştir.

PHONETIC STATUS OF DUAL VOICES COMMON ROOT VERBS (BASED ON DLT, KYRGYZ, TURKISH)

The phonetic situations of common root verbs with two voices (VC and CV) in Kyrgyz and Turkish were examined. For the common root verbs discussed, first of all, two-voice common root verbs in Kyrgyz and Turkish were scanned. Then, it was checked whether there were verbs by comparing them with DLT (Дивану лугати’т-түрк). There is not only Kyrg.: ık- Turk.: ıh- in DLT. In the study, the consonant and vocal features of common root verbs are mentioned. Those that do not have any phonetic features are given under a separate heading on the basis of DLT only comparatively. The precise boundaries of the study were taken into account. Then, some determinations were made about the phonetic features of common root verbs in both languages. In order to determine the status of the related words, "Kâşgarlı Mahmud Dîvânu Lugâti't-Türk (2014)", "Kyrgyz Language Dictionary I-II (2011) and "Turkish Dictionary (2011)" were taken as basis.

Çağatayca pūye urmak fiili üzerine etimolojik bir deneme

Bu makalede Molla Muhammed Timur’un Âsâru’l-İmâmiyye adlı Çağatayca Kelîle ve Dimne Tercümesi’nde geçen pūye urmak birleşik fiili ile Ordu yöresi ağızlarında kullanılan puymak fiili arasındaki etimolojik ilişki üzerinde durulmuştur. Mevcut bilgiler ve kaynaklar ışığında pūye urmak fiilinin birinci kısmı pūye’nin Farsça, پوییدن pūyîden “koşma, hızlı hareket etme” mastarının müteradif biçimleri olan پوى pūy~پو pū “koşma, araştırma”, پوينده pūyende “koşan, koşucu”, پويه pūye “koşma, hızlı yürüme, koşarcasına gitme” پويان pūyân “koşan, koşarcasına yürüyen, hızlı yürüyen” kelimeleri ile aynı kelime olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Pūye urmak fiili zaman içerisinde fonetik değişikliğe uğrayarak Ordu yöresi ağızlarında puymak “uçmak, koşmak, hızla hareket etmek, kaçmak, eğimli bir yerden aşağıya doğru koşarak inmek, hızlıca gitmek” kök fiiline dönüştüğünü düşünmekteyiz. Fiilin köken değiştirerek Farsçadan Türkçeye dönüşümü pūye urmak isim+ yardımcı eylem biçiminden sonra kısalarak puymak biçimine dönüşmesiyle meydana gelmiş olmalıdır. Bu şekilde Farsça menşeli bir kelime köken değiştirerek hem Türkçeleşmiş hem de p>f değişimi sonucu görünüş olarak başka bir Türkçe fiil olan fıymak’a benzediği için teşhis edilmesi zor bir biçime dönüşmüştür.

Assigning meaning to light verbs in Turkish

Light verb constructions (e.g., give a kiss to somebody) syntactically reflect typical ditransitive structures (e.g., give a violin to somebody) yet it is not clear whether these two structures thematically similar as well. We tested Turkish-speaking adults on their construal of light verb constructions with respect to the number of thematic roles they perceive in the event structure in a rating study. The light verb give with a different noun phrase was used in all critical utterances (e.g., give a response or give an assignment). The noun phrases of these constructions denominalized either by -lA or -lAn+dIr morpheme (e.g., response-lA and assignment-lAn+dIr) were also used as control items. The study concluded that the light verbs with their noun phrase complements contribute to the semantic construal of the event structure and the thematic role assignment processes for the denominalized versions of these structures reflect this meaning construal.

A Contrastive Analysis of Turkish and Spanish Psych Verbs

This study aims at studying psych verbs in Spanish and Turkish. Psych verbs are analyzed in many languages because they generally behave different than other verbs. The study’s main aim is to compare and contrast psych verb categorizations in Turkish and Spanish and defining the similarities and differences between them. Doing so, it is possible to decide whether or not these structures have the same features that separate them from other verbs in two languages which are not typologically similar. In regard to degree, psych verb categorization is similar when looking at the experiencer roles. However, the number of categories is different based on the theta roles and case marking in two languages. Related to type, Spanish does not have dative and ablative themes in psych verb constructions unlike Turkish. However, the structures of gustar-type verbs, which requires the theme to agree with the verb untraditionally, have similar structures in two languages.

Unorthodox Agreement in Turkish Copular Sentences

Turkish verbs agree with the subject in almost all cases. The same goes for the copular adjectival or nominal structures. However, if a nominal predicate is 2nd or 1st person whereas the subject is 3rd person the agreement, the agreement takes place with the predicate instead of the subject. Some features had been proposed in order to account for the different behavior of the persons, most famous of which being Harley & Ritter’s (2002) three-way feature system. I will try to develop an economical argument using solely one feature: [ref]. It correctly explains some phenomena that previous feature-dependent accounts come short explaining. I will mostly build up on work of Ince & Aygen & Aydın (2015), spotting problems in their proposal and offering solutions.

Meaning of Turkish Verbs gel- and, git-

Bu çalışmada Türkçedeki gel- ve git- fiilleri edimbilimsel açıdan çözümlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Gel- ve git- fiilleri temel anlamları dikkate alındığında karşıt anlamlı gösterimsel hareket fiilleri olup ikincil anlamları sanılandan daha karmaşıktır. Gel- fiili temel anlamıyla hedefe yönelik bir fiil olup hareketin hedefi bilinen bir yerdir. Konuşmacı ve muhatabın konumundan bağımsız olarak gel- fiili genellikle git- fiilinden daha çok tercih edilir; kimi zaman gel- fiili git- fiili yerine kullanılabilir. Bununla birlikte her durumda gel- fiilinin git- fiili yerine kullanılamadığı da açıktır. gel- fiili (

Penerapan Pendekatan Word and Paradigm pada Proses Morfofonemik Verba Bahasa Turki

The Turkish language is one of the languages which people nowadays learn. The Turkish language belongs to agglutinative language with a slight border between words and their morpheme, yet it has a clear border amongst the morphemes. There is a vowel harmony in the Turkish language where the sound of the last vowel of the stem affects the vowel’s sound of the attached suffixes. The existence of the vowel harmony triggers the change of the sound of the attached morphemes which their function is as suffixes. This study analyzes the morphophonemic process of Turkish verbs using the Word and Paradigm approach. The data of this study are the oral data of Turkish verbs got from the social media of YouTube. The data are collected by observing and noting. The morphophonemic process affected by the change of the sound is later analyzed using the padan method and Word and Paradigm or WP approach from the data collection. Through the approach, the word-formation rules are made for later, the effectiveness of the Word and Paradigm approach is studied in the morphophonemic analysis of Turkish verbs. The results show that there are different kinds of word-formation, and the WP approach effectively analyses Turkish verbs.

Semantic and Modal Analysis of Some Verbs in Kurdish, Turkish and English

Dil, küresel varlığımızı bir arada tutan bir zamktır. Şiir ve yazılarla ufukta ilk kez ortaya görünen İngilizce; modern dönemdeki lingua franca (ortak dil)’dir. Disiplinler arası boyutuyla modern bir bilim dalı olan dilbilim, sadece modern dilleri değil, aynı zamanda Kürtçe ve Türkçe gibi eski dillere de uygulanmaktadır ve tüm dilleri kapsamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, üç dili karşılaştırmak makuldür. Bu çalışma, dilin başlangıç noktası olarak alınan fiil üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Zaman ve fiil anlamsal yapısı açısından bazı fiiller incelenmiş ve betimlenmiştir. Çalışmanın verileri çeşitli kitap, makale ve dergilerden toplanmıştır. Oluş, durum ve iş-kılış fiillerinin örnekleri; modern anlamdaki zamanın benimsendiğini ve evrensel olduğunu göstermektedir. İngilizce, zamanın anlamını iletmek için yardımcı fiiller kullanır.

Yüzyıla ait Bulgar Katolik metnindeki (Pavlikan) Türkçe unsurlar hakkında bir değerlendirme

Bulgaristan Milli Kütüphanesi “Sv. Kiril ve Metodiy” de bulunan ve Petar Kovachev Tsarski (Petar Fabri Imperiali) tarafından 1773 tarihinde yazılan eser, Bulgar Katolik Edebiyatının (Pavlikan) en eski el yazması metnidir. Yazar, eseri İtalyancadan Bulgarcaya çevirmiş ve Latin harflerini kullanmıştır. İki ana bölümden oluşan eserin birinci bölüm Katolik öğretileri ve dualarından oluşmakta olup ikinci bölümünde İncil hakkında yorumlara yer verilmiştir. Eserin en dikkat çeken yönü, Türkçe unsurların yoğun şekilde kullanılmasıdır. Yalın bir dil kullanan yazar, Bulgar Katolik cemaatine daha yakın hitap etmek için Türkçe sözcüklerden istifade etmiştir. Bu durum, XVIII. Yüzyılda Türkçenin Bulgaristan topraklarındaki varlığını ve işlevselliğini ortaya koymada önemli ipuçları vermektedir. Özellikle el yazmasının ikinci bölümünde Hz. İsa’nın hayatını anlatan yazar bu konunun daha iyi anlaşılması için Türkçe sözcüklere ağırlık vermiştir. Asırlarca Bulgar halk dilinde yer edinmiş binlerce Türkçe sözcüğün varlığını ve gücünü bilen Tsarski, daha geniş kitlelere ulaşabilmek ve anlaşılır olabilmek için Türkçe sözcükleri bilinçli tercih etmiştir. Ayrıca Bulgarca sözcükleri açıklarken Türkçe sözcüklerden istifade etmiştir. Eserde yaklaşık 700 Türkçe sözcük tespit edilmiştir. Türkçe sözcüklerin yanında farklı Türkçe gramatikal yapılar da görülmektedir. Bunların içinde Türkçe fiillerin kullanılması dikkat çekicidir. El yazmasında Latin harflerin kullanılması ve Türkçenin temel ünlülerinden “ö” ve “ü” seslerinin gösterilmiş olması 18. Yüzyıl Türkçe ses bilgisi açısından son derece önemlidir. Çalışmada Bulgar Katolik (Pavlikan) dinî metinlerinde geçen Türkçe unsurlar hakkında bilgi verilecek olup Türkçenin dönem itibarıyla önemine değinilecektir.

Impersonal Verbs in Turkish

The term of impersonal verb to be used to describe the verbs that do not need any subject to be realized. Until this time, there is no an examine in details about condition of impersonal verbs in Turkish. The reason for this is based on the idea that impersonal verbs are not available in Turkish. However, the results of this article has been revealing that previously mentioned the idea should be criticized. The topic was handled around three important questions: What is impersonal verb? What is the reason for being of impersonal verbs? Are impersonal verbs available in Turkish? We think, the answers given to these questions will contribute to both theoretical linguistics and grammar studies of Turkish.

Subcategorizational Insight into Collocational Verbs in Turkish

Son yıllarda yabancı dil öğretimine olan yaklaşımlar gelişme göstermektedir ve dil öğrenenlerin dilbilimsel edinçlerini arttırmak açısından Sözcüksel Yaklaşım büyük bir ilgi görmektedir (Schmitt, 2004 ve Granger, 1998). Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türk Dil Kurumunun resmî internet sitesinde yer alan Güncel Türkçe Sözlük’teki iki ve daha fazla sözcükten oluşan eşdizimli eylemlerin altulam özelliklerini belirlemek ve bu özelliklerin Türkçe sözlüklerde yer almasına yönelik bir öneri sunmaktır. Çalışmanın araştırma planı Chomsky’nin (1981) önerdiği Rol Kuramı’na (Theta Theory) dayanmaktadır. Eşdizimli eylemler, Türkçedeki toplam eylemlerin azımsanmayacak kadar büyük bir bölümünü (%36) kapsamaktadır. Bu eylemleri öğrenen bir kişinin Türkçeyi öğrenmesinin daha kolay ve hızlı olabileceği ön görülmektedir.

Turkish lexicon expansion by using finite state automata

Turkish is an agglutinative language with rich morphology. A Turkish verb can have thousands of different word forms. Therefore, sparsity becomes an issue in many Turkish natural language processing (NLP) applications. This article presents a model for Turkish lexicon expansion. We aimed to expand the lexicon by using a morphological segmentation system by reversing the segmentation task into a generation task. Our model uses finite-state automata (FSA) to incorporate orthographic features and morphotactic rules. We extracted orthographic features by capturing phonological operations that are applied to words whenever a suffix is added. Each FSA state corresponds to either a stem or a suffix category. Stems are clustered based on their parts-of-speech (i.e. noun, verb, or adjective) and suffixes are clustered based on their allomorphic features. We generated approximately 1 million word forms by using only a few thousand Turkish stems with an accuracy of 82.36%, which will help to reduce the out-of-vocabulary size in other NLP applications. Although our experiments are performed on Turkish language, the same model is also applicable to other agglutinative languages such as Hungarian and Finnish.

Locative verbs in Turkish: A psycholinguistic analysis

Locative verbs in Turkish: A psycholinguistic analysis

Mother Tongue of Turkish Immigrant Children in Berlin: to Be or not to Be?

How do bilingual Turkish children develop their mother tongue knowledge in German kindergartens and what are some of the difficulties they face? These are the questions which this paper tries to answer. For this purpose, a study with Turkish kindergarten children from Berlin, Germany was conducted. A total of 40 children were divided into two groups between 3 and 6 years old and tested twice in a year with the TEDIL Test . The test consists of pictures and measures the knowledge of Turkish nouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions, and syntax. All of the children were tested individually by a native Turkish speaker and by the researcher. The testing was done in the kindergarten setting. The results showed that the knowledge of both age groups on different grammatical categories in Turkish was equal on the first test and there were no statistical differences. However, during the second test the group of older children showed a decrease in their knowledge of the grammatical categories in their mother tongue. This paper discusses the factors that influenced the regression in the knowledge of Turkish. This study is one of only a few on bilingual Turkish children and it presents new information about mother tongue loss among kindergarten children, discusses the reasons, and suggests that kindergartens and families should cooperate and work together in order to prevent mother tongue loss from a very early age as well as its effect on the cognitive development of bilingual children.

Mother Tongue of Turkish Immigrant Children in Berlin: to Be or not to Be?

How do bilingual Turkish children develop their mother tongue knowledge in German kindergartens and what are some of the difficulties they face? These are the questions which this paper tries to answer. For this purpose, a study with Turkish kindergarten children from Berlin, Germany was conducted. A total of 40 children were divided into two groups between 3 and 6 years old and tested twice in a year with the TEDIL Test . The test consists of pictures and measures the knowledge of Turkish nouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions, and syntax. All of the children were tested individually by a native Turkish speaker and by the researcher. The testing was done in the kindergarten setting. The results showed that the knowledge of both age groups on different grammatical categories in Turkish was equal on the first test and there were no statistical differences. However, during the second test the group of older children showed a decrease in their knowledge of the grammatical categories in their mother tongue. This paper discusses the factors that influenced the regression in the knowledge of Turkish. This study is one of only a few on bilingual Turkish children and it presents new information about mother tongue loss among kindergarten children, discusses the reasons, and suggests that kindergartens and families should cooperate and work together in order to prevent mother tongue loss from a very early age as well as its effect on the cognitive development of bilingual children.