Turkish Loanwords Research Articles

Turkish loanwords in the language and minds of young Croatians (based on survey research)

The presence and status of Turkish loanwords in modern Croatian are issues that have not been described in detail in the scholarly literature to date. When this topic was addressed, it was usually in a broader context, particularly in discussions concerning so-called Serbisms. The focus of this article is on the attitudes of young Croatians towards Turkish loanwords. To investigate this issue, a survey was conducted, which was completed by 589 respondents born and residing in Croatia. The opinions of young Croatians regarding the phenomenon of borrowing from foreign languages and especially the use of specific Turkish loanwords were compared with corpus data and information provided in dictionaries and language guides. The research revealed a high level of tolerance among young Croatians towards foreign borrowings, including those from Turkish. Moreover, contrary to the prescriptive recommendations formulated in dictionaries and language guides, respondents use Turkish loanwords on a daily basis, and consider some native synonyms to be artificial and marked.

The Influence of Turkish on Cypriot Greek

When Cyprus was conquered by the Ottomans in 1571, the majority of the local population were Orthodox Greek Christians. After the conquest, Muslim Turks who migrated from Anatolia also settled on the island. Thus, Greeks and Turks, who constituted the two largest communities of the island's population, lived together under Ottoman rule for nearly three centuries. As part of this, the phenomenon of bilingualism was inevitable. Because of inter-community relations, there were interactions between the Turkish and Greek languages spoken on the island. Both communities borrowed words from each other's languages. In the studies conducted to date, the general opinion is that Turkish has not had much influence on the Greek spoken in Cyprus, since the Greeks outnumber the Turks on the island. However, it cannot be said that sufficient studies have been carried out on this subject. The present study focuses on Turkish loanwords in the island's Greek language. Words of Turkish origin, the new forms they have taken, and the words derived from them have been identified. In the light of the findings, and using a sociolinguistic approach, the influence of Turkish on Cypriot Greek is discussed.

TURKISH COLOR TERMS AS A LINGUISTIC CHOICE OF ALBANIAN SPEAKERS

: It has been ascertained that Turkish loanwords have an important place and status in the Albanian language. Color terms are an interesting part of this category of the Albanian lexicon, which plays an important role as a carrier of cultural and lingual inheritance. This paper studies color names and their meanings as well as their role as a linguistic choice of different varieties of the Albanian language. Lexicalization patterns of color naming in Albanian are examined with special emphasis on Turkish loanwords. The meaning, function, and role of Turkish loanwords are observed based on relevant dictionaries and the Albanian National Corpus. The attitude of Albanian speakers towards Turkish loanwords was investigated based on a survey conducted with students at the University of Prishtina. This study presents valuable data collected from different sources. Their analysis has shown that Turkish loanwords are used to name different categories of the color spectrum; they fit all lexicalization models of Indo-European languages, they can be the only term used to name the focal color category in different dialects, and the change in the meanings of these words has led to the emergence of new focal colors. Therefore, this paper argues that the existence of Turkish color terms in Albanian cannot be explained only with the universalist approach and that the relativist approach should not be ignored, due to the linguistic choice speakers make in different varieties of Albanian language.

The use value of Turkish loanwords in contemporary Serbian standard and colloquıal language

Turkish loanwords are an indispensable part of the Serbian vocabulary, represented in literary language as well as in everyday communication. After the interlinguistic contact between the Serbian and Turkish language has ended, some turkisms became archaic; others remained unchanged, while some began to develop their semantic meanings according to the nature and logic of the Serbian language. The period of Serbian history as part of the Ottoman Empire has left deep traces, not only in the language, but also in the collective memory of the Serbian people. For those very reasons, the use of turkisms is of great importance for the stylistic and emotional-expressive markings of language utterances. The use values of lexemes of Turkish etymology are present at all levels of the language, and manifest itself especially in the non-standard language varieties, such as: vernacular, colloquial and slang. Also, a large number of those varieties have a slightly or completely different meaning from their equivalent in the standard Serbian language, and some of those semantic values are not even listed in dictionaries. These, and other characteristics that are outside the scope of normative standards of the Serbian language, are indicators of the complexity for the usage of turkisms and their value.

Using Graph Mining Method in Analyzing Turkish Loanwords Derived from Arabic Language

Loanwords are the words transferred from one language to another, which become essential part of the borrowing language. The loanwords have come from the source language to the recipient language because of many reasons. Detecting these loanwords is complicated task due to that there are no standard specifications for transferring words between languages and hence low accuracy. This work tries to enhance this accuracy of detecting loanwords between Turkish and Arabic language as a case study. In this paper, the proposed system contributes to find all possible loanwords using any set of characters either alphabetically or randomly arranged. Then, it processes the distortion in the pronunciation, and solves the problem of the missing letters in Turkish language relative to Arabic language. A graph mining technique was introduced, for identifying the Turkish loanwords from Arabic language, which is used for the first time for this purpose. Also, the problem of letters differences, in the two languages, is solved by using a reference language (English) to unify the style of writing. The proposed system was tested using 1256 words that manually annotated. The obtained results showed that the f-measure is 0.99 which is high value for such system. Also, all these contributions lead to decrease time and effort to identify the loanwords in efficient and accurate way. Moreover, researchers do not need to have knowledge in the recipient and the source languages. In addition, this method can be generalized to any two languages using the same steps followed in obtaining Turkish loanwords from Arabic.

“STELELE ȘI LALELELE”: SAGGIO DI MICROMONOGRAFIA STORICO DESCRITTIVA DI UNA CLASSE FLESSIVA DELLA LINGUA ROMENA (II)

“Stelele și Lalelele”: Micromonography of an Inflectional Class in the Romanian Language (II). This article is part of a series aimed at reconstructing the history, and discussing the current state of what has been considered, from a Romance perspective, a peculiarity of Romanian language: the existence of an inflectional class of feminine nouns ending in tonic vowel (in short: f√v́‑Ø), which form the plural with the addition of the ‑le morpheme. The present paper, the second in the series, discusses some morphological traits of f√v́‑Ø on the basis of a lexicographical corpus of contemporary standard Romanian: division in subclasses, internal morphological structure of its members (primitive and derivatives nouns, in particular diminutives, internal formations), and morphological variability. REZUMAT. “Stelele și lalelele”: încercare de micromonografie istoric‑descriptivă asupra unei clase flexionare a limbii române (II). Acest articol face parte dintr‑o serie care vizează discutarea istoriei și stării actuale a ceea ce s-a considerat, din perspectivă romanică, o particularitate a limbii române: existența unei clase flexionare de substantive feminine în vocală accentuată (pe scurt: f√v́‑Ø), care formează genitiv-dativul singular și pluralul prin adăugarea morfemului ‑le. Prezentul articol, al doilea al seriei, discută câteva aspecte morfologice ale acestei clase pe baza unui corpus lexicografic de română contemporană standard: împărțirea ei în subclase, structura morfologică internă a substantivelor care fac parte din această clasă (substantive primitive și derivate, mai ales diminutive; formațiuni interne) și variabilitatea lor morfologică. Cuvinte‐cheie: morfologie nominală, plural romanic, limbă română, împrumuturi turcești, morfologie flexionară

Nâlî’nin Kürtçe Divanında Türkçe Unsurlar

Kurdish is a widely spoken language in many countries. It has been influenced by Persian and Arabic a lot through the history. Kurdish has been enclosed and interacted with Turkish right after Ottoman invasion in Iraq. There is no study about Turkish influence on Kurdish so far according to our scanning so that this study will be the first one ever. We have scanned, the Divan of Nali, a book by Nali who wrote poems in Sorani Kurdish in 19th century. In his Divan, there were 40 words in total: 33 Turkish words, 3 words carried into Kurdish by Turkish, and 4 words that have Turkish prefixes or suffixes. The outcomes have been categorized by phonetic, thematic, semantic, and etymologic respectively. After the evaluations, we have found out that there is a significant Turkish influence in Nali`s Divan. We have used a combined method in this study. Keywords: Nali, Nali`s Divan, Classical Ottoman Poetry, Kurdish Divan, Turkish Loanwords in Kurdish

Modern Bulgarian Literature and the Turkish Loan Words

To the Turkish words in the official Bulgarian Language today there is a negative attitude. The presence in the Bulgarian literary language of great number of lexemes of Turkish origin, which are not recognised from the big part of society, even specialists, as Turkish and which do not have Bulgarian counterparts, is not acknowledged as a valuable contribution to the basic lexical fund. The interest is focused on the usage of some Turkish words with pejorative meaning in journalistic and everyday speech. The function and the stylistic-emotional characteristics of the Turkish loan words in the present artistic texts are not researched.In the paper the Turkish words in the artistic debut of the contemporary writer Hasan Efraimоv „Dervis’ Karakondzhul“(evil ghost) presenting the representatives of Turkish cultural and linguistic environment, having specific national colour, are analysed. To the Turkish words in the official Bulgarian Language today there is a negative attitude. The presence in the Bulgarian literary language of great number of lexemes of Turkish origin, which are not recognised from the big part of society, even specialists, as Turkish and which do not have Bulgarian counterparts, is not acknowledged as a valuable contribution to the basic lexical fund. The interest is focused on the usage of some Turkish words with pejorative meaning in journalistic and everyday speech. The function and the stylistic-emotional characteristics of the Turkish loan words in the present artistic texts are not researched. In the paper the Turkish words in the artistic debut of the contemporary writer Hasan Efraimоv „Dervis’ Karakondzhul“(evil ghost) presenting the representatives of Turkish cultural and linguistic environment, having specific national colour, are analysed.

Improving Loanword Identification in Low-Resource Language with Data Augmentation and Multiple Feature Fusion.

Loanword identification is studied in recent years to alleviate data sparseness in several natural language processing (NLP) tasks, such as machine translation, cross-lingual information retrieval, and so on. However, recent studies on this topic usually put efforts on high-resource languages (such as Chinese, English, and Russian); for low-resource languages, such as Uyghur and Mongolian, due to the limitation of resources and lack of annotated data, loanword identification on these languages tends to have lower performance. To overcome this problem, we first propose a lexical constraint-based data augmentation method to generate training data for low-resource language loanword identification; then, a loanword identification model based on a log-linear RNN is introduced to improve the performance of low-resource loanword identification by incorporating features such as word-level embeddings, character-level embeddings, pronunciation similarity, and part-of-speech (POS) into one model. Experimental results on loanword identification in Uyghur (in this study, we mainly focus on Arabic, Chinese, Russian, and Turkish loanwords in Uyghur) showed that our proposed method achieves best performance compared with several strong baseline systems.

Slavic languages in contact: Turkish -ı- > Serbian, Croatian -r-

Even though there is no sonantic r̥ in Turkish, some Croatian and Serbian reflexes of Turkish loanwords display an r̥. Such examples form two typologically different groups. One of them can be explained by a purely Slavic phonological proportion. The other group, however, can only be characterised in terms of Turkish phonetics, but its full explanation escapes our analyses.

Adaptation of Turkish Loanwords Originating from Arabic

This study investigates the phonological and morphological adaptation of Turkish loanwords of Arabic origin to reveal aspects of native speakers’ knowledge that are not necessarily obvious. It accounts for numerous modification processes that these loanwords undergo when borrowed into Turkish. To achieve this, a corpus of 250 Turkish loanwords was collected and analyzed whereby these loanwords were compared to their Arabic counterparts to reveal phonological processes that Turkish followed to adapt them. Also, it tackles the treatment of morphological markings and compound forms in Turkish loanwords. The results show that adaptation processes are mostly phonological, albeit informed by phonetics and other linguistic factors. It is shown that the adaptation processes are geared towards unmarkedness in that faithfulness to the source input—Arabic—is violated, taking the burden to satisfy Turkish phonological constraints. Turkish loanwords of Arabic origin undergo a number of phonological processes, e.g., substitution, deletion, degemination, vowel harmony, and epenthesis for the purpose of repairing the ill-formedness. The Arabic feminine singular and plural morphemes are treated as part of the root, with fossilized functions of such markers. Also, compound forms are fused and word class is changed to fit the syntactic structure of Turkish. Such loanwords help pave the way to invoke latent native Turkish linguistic constraints.

Turkish Suffixes Used in the Novel Impure Blood Written by Borisav Stanković

The subject of this work is to determine the suffixes of Turkish origin present in the novel Impure blood written by Borisav Stanković. Turkish suffixes will be considered based on the word formation principles of the Serbian language, having in mind that the analysis will be conducted by examining the examples of the lexemes derived by applying the Turkish suffixes, which have been determined both by the principles of word formation and semantic and gathered based on the insight into the standard and specialised language dictionaries. We used a descriptive method – the Turkish suffixes will be described based on the accumulated material. A monography, Turkish suffixes in Serbian language (with the reference to the context of the Macedonian and Bulgarian language), written by Prvoslav Radić, represents the basis for the classification of the material. The semantics of the lexemes was presented based on the insight into the six-volume edition of The Dictionary of Serbo-Croatian Literary Language, published by Matica Srpska and the dictionary written by Abdulah Škaljić – Turkish loanwords in Serbo-Croatian language. Our aim is to determine the suffixes of Turkish origin based on the gathered material and to give their examples found in the novel. The main goal is to perceive the hybrid lexemes, that is, the compound of domestic and foreign morpheme created by applying the word formation principles. In this work we will give the examples of the usage of the Turkish suffixes present in the wholly alive literary works written by Borisav Stanković.

The Percentage of Italian and Turkish Loanwords in the dialect of Knin

The dialect of Knin – whose ikavian component is stressed here – has historically embraced many Turkish and Italian loanwords. The Italian loanwords can be seen as the basic stratum of borrowings, since they were borrowed at large during the longer Italian rule, with Turkish loanwords having been decimated as the society advanced, which can be seen in comparison to the landscape in Imotski-Bekija dialects, where they comprise a large part of vocabulary. Overall, both the Italian and the Turkish loanwords comprise all kinds of borrowings from the respective languages, as documented in the text. There I distinguished Italian loanwords from Romance loanwords – which are not herein included – representing, unlike Italian loanwords, early borrowings from the local, eastern Adriatic Romance dialects, now extinct.

Words of Turkic origin in ancient Greek

The article notes the functioning of turkisms in many languages of the world, including Greek, English, French, Russian and other languages. It is known that the Turks established socio-political and cultural ties with many ancient peoples, and sometimes settled on the territories of these peoples or in areas close to them. Such areal contacts caused language and lexical borrowings.N.A. Baskakov in the book “Russian surnames of Turkish origin”, wrote that the origins of 300 noble Russian families go back to Turkic roots, including genealogy and the scientist A.Kh. Khalikov notes numerous Turkic words in the Russian language. In the book “500 generations of Turkish-Bulgarian-Tatar origin, known as Russian”, he explores 500 surnames of Turkic origin. In the book “Turks in the ancestral roots of the Russians” also gives information about the origin of the Turks and the Turkic generations, known as the Russian generation. According to Chingiz Aitmatov, one third of Russian words are Turkic.Similar language Turkish loanwords are observed in ancient Greek and modern Greek, which is the subject of this article. According to some researchers, the Indo-European languages on the territory of the Balkan Peninsula appeared thanks to the Greeks. Even in ancient times, researchers noted that in the territory of modern Greece once lived people who did not speak the Indo-European language, which is approximately 2500 BC. The era of 2500-1600 BC is associated with the Hittites, later the Greeks settled on the territory of Hellas.According to some researchers, the most ancient inhabitants of the territory of Ancient Greece were the traki, whose language was later assimilated with the language of the hittites, and then the Greeks. In ancient scandinavian sources, there are relics of the language of tracts belonging to the Western branch of the proturks, which is confirmed by the praturkian vocabulary and onomastics. The Greek-Turkic language substrata and units imprinted in ancient Greek confirm the presence of Turkic loanwords, which have not lost their relevance in modern language contacts between Turkish and Greek

Some examples of Croatian dialects’ influence on the lexical diversity of the contemporary linguistic idiom of Zadar among non-native elderly speakers

The synchronic linguistic situation of the urban idiom in the city of Zadar is a result of several strands of dialectal influence: Neo-Shtokavian dialect spoken in the hinterland, Chakavian ikavian (“ikavski”) idiom spoken in the coastal region of Croatia, Central Chakavian ikavian-ekavian (“ikavski-ekavski”) dialect and standard Croatian. Lisac established that the contemporary Zadar idiom consists of a mixture of two Croatian dialects, Chakavian and Shtokavian, each in turn further subdivided into Central Chakavian and South Chakavian, Bosnian-Herzegovinian and East Herzegovinian, respectively. Due to varied historical circumstances, within these dialects we find a number of loanwords, mostly Turkish in Shtokavian and Romance borrowings in the Chakavian dialect. To this end the paper uses linguistic contact theory, applied in research on dialects, and explores influence in one direction only: it explores the presence of Turkish loanwords in Croatian idiom of Zadar (in its Shtokavian dialectal component) and Romance loanwords in the Zadar idiom (in its Chakavian component) but not the influence of Croatian on either Turkish or Romance languages. Hence the recipient language is Croatian (here specifically its Zadar idiom) while the donor languages are Turkish and Romance languages, mainly Venetian Italian but also standard Italian, and in some cases we are dealing with linguistic relics of Romance Dalmatian language in Croatian. We have selected to analyse Turkish loanwords in the Shtokavian dialect and Romance loanwords in the Chakavian dialect (within the Zadar idiom) because they are the most frequent foreign borrowings in the Zadar idiom, especially Romance elements that pervade the varieties of Croatian spoken in the coastal region (they often remain on a regional level only but some have passed from Chakavian into Croatian standard).

Further Turkish Loanwords in the Cretan Dialect of Modern Greek

Further Turkish Loanwords in the Cretan Dialect of Modern Greek

Khuzestani Arabic

Khuzestani Arabic (ISO 639-3) is a minority language spoken in the southern west of Iran, in Khuzestan province (see Figure 1). The majority of its speakers live in Ahwaz, Howeyzeh, Bostan, Susangerd, Shush, Abadan, Khorramshahr, Shadegan, Hamidiyeh (Balawi & Khezri 2014: 107), Karun, and Bawi. According to Blanc (1964: 6), this variety of Arabic is closely related to the Gelet subgroup of Mesopotamian dialects.1This dialect is in contact with Bakhtiyari Lori and Persian (Iranian languages of the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European language family), as well as Iraqi Arabic. The lexis of the dialect predominantly contains Arabic words, but it also has several Persian, English, French, and Turkish loanwords.

Slavic languages in contact, 2: are there ottoman Turkish loanwords in the Balkan Slavic languages?

It would not be an easy task to find a Slavic linguist who had never heard about the Ottoman Turkish influence upon Balkan Slavic. Nevertheless, this author argues that caution should be exercised with the term which is inconsistent with the Turkological understanding of “Ottoman”. In the final part of the paper some terminological suggestions are made.

Croatian in the Mediterranean context: language contacts in the Early Modern Croatian lexicography

AbstractThis paper offers an insight into the way language contacts in the Mediterranean context were dealt with in the Croatian lexicography of the 16th and 17th centuries. The first part provides the historical background of the contact situations from the 7th century up to the end of the 17th century, focusing on Dalmatia. The second part represents an analysis of Dalmatian-Romance, Italo-Romance and Turkish loanwords in five dictionaries (Vrančić, Kašić, Mikalja, Tanzlingher-Zanotti, and Ritter Vitezović), reflecting the results of the language contacts on the eastern shores of the Adriatic Sea and in its immediate hinterland. Positive and negative attitudes of the five authors towards language-borrowing are discussed, as some important differences can be observed, particularly with regard to Italo-Romance loanwords.

About the Stylistic Adaptation of Turkish Loanwords in Macedonian

In a long period of their developmental paths, the Balkan languages have been in continuous contact with each other and have had mutual interference, by which their linguistic structures in a large extent have approximated with the aim of a better intelligibility among the speakers of those languages. Within the lexis, the Turkish language played a dominant role primarily because of the 500-year reign of the Ottoman Empire. All the Balkan languages, especially the Macedonian language, enriched their lexical fund with a large number of Turkish loanwords from all domains of human life. Some of the words made one's way into the domain of archaic and dialectical lexis, however one group of words remained functional in contemporary expressions. Within this text, several Turkish lexical loanwords in the Macedonian language are scrutinized, as well as by analyzing examples, their shift in the stylistic register and increased expressiveness within the contemporary Macedonian language are analyzed. The analyzed examples are from author's personal corpora and are collected through the oral communication, print and digital media. Selected examples will serve to analyze and to prove semantic and stylistic shift in the spoken register of the contemporary Macedonian language.