Turkish Loanwords Research Articles

THE ROLE OF SKARLATOS VIZANTIOS IN GREEK LEXICOGRAPHY AND TURKISH LOANWORDS AS DETERMINED FROM HIS DICTIONARY PUBLISHED IN 1835

<p class="ql-align-justify">After Greece gained independence from the Ottoman Empire, the Phanariot scholar Skarlatos Vizantios (1798-1878) wrote the first modern Greek dictionary, which was published in 1835. This article provides a general overview of Greek lexicography and language studies in ancient Greek while also mentioning medieval, Byzantine, and modern Greek lexicography. Following this approach,&nbsp;we examine the contributions of Vizantios to Greek lexicography and his dictionary To Leksiko tis Kath’imas Ellinikis Dialektu (1835) lexicographically with emphasis on micro and macro structure. The other issues addressed are the loaning process, Turkish loanwords (Turkisms) in Greek, and relevant studies conducted specifically in Greece. A total of 581 Turkish loanwords are identified in the dictionary. These words are categorized under conceptual fields such as human, administration/organization, plant, animal, food/nutrition, materials, goods, space, and modes of transportation. Over a period of more than 180 years, approximately 310 words have been preserved in the Greek vocabulary and appear in current Greek dictionaries as keywords. Although phonological differences raise difficulties on the grounds that Greek and Turkish belong to different language families, Turkish loanwords seem adapted to Greek morphology and are intertwined with Greek literature, history, and social and cultural life.&nbsp;

Croatian in the Mediterranean context: language contacts in the Early Modern Croatian lexicography

Abstract This paper offers an insight into the way language contacts in the Mediterranean context were dealt with in the Croatian lexicography of the 16th and 17th centuries. The first part provides the historical background of the contact situations from the 7th century up to the end of the 17th century, focusing on Dalmatia. The second part represents an analysis of Dalmatian-Romance, Italo-Romance and Turkish loanwords in five dictionaries (Vrančić, Kašić, Mikalja, Tanzlingher-Zanotti, and Ritter Vitezović), reflecting the results of the language contacts on the eastern shores of the Adriatic Sea and in its immediate hinterland. Positive and negative attitudes of the five authors towards language-borrowing are discussed, as some important differences can be observed, particularly with regard to Italo-Romance loanwords.

Identification of the Phonological Modifications of Turkish Loanwords Borrowed into Basri Arabic Dialect: A Sociolinguistic Study

Identification of the Phonological Modifications of Turkish Loanwords Borrowed into Basri Arabic Dialect: A Sociolinguistic Study

БАЛКАНИЗМЫ В ЧУШМЕЛИЙСКОМ ГОВОРЕ (БЕССАРАБИЯ)

The article deals with the grammatical and lexecal balkanisms (old adoptions from the Greek and Turkish language) in the dialect of the village Krinichnoe (previous name of the village is Chushmeliy), which belongs to the so-called «syrtsky» dialect (the name of its dialect comes from the name of the Bulgarian region Syrta). The article deals with one of peculiarities of grammatical system of Bulgarian transmigratory dialects of the Ukraine - grammatical balkanism (definite article, grammatical status of lecseme one, reduplication) in comparison with Bulgarian language, wich belongs to Balkan language union. The names of the clothes are unique and not registered in any other Bulgarian dialects in Bessarabia. A significant part of the Turkish loanwords in Bulgarian are integrated in the Bulgarian dialect system. The Turkish component variant is usually driven to the passive word stock.

Словники турцизмів болгарської мови: історія укладання

Background: In Bulgarian and Turkish lexicography, Bulgarian-Turkish and Turkish-Bulgarian dictionaries occupy a significant place due to the historical peculiarities of the mutual relations of both nations. Dictionaries of Turkisms are a kind of dictionaries of foreign words, that, unlike conventional dictionaries of foreign words, include borrowed vocabulary from one language and allow to represent it in a wider scope. The Compilation of Dictionaries of Turkisms has a long tradition and in recent years there has been an increase of lexicographical work in this area, both in Bulgaria and in Turkey. Purpose: This article aims to trace the history of compilation of the dictionaries of Turkisms of Bulgarian language in the Bulgarian and European lexicography, outline the reasons that led to the necessity of such lexicographic manuals and to analyze a number of publications published in the past and at the present stage. Results: Due to the prolonged rule of the Ottoman Turks in Bulgaria, many borrowings from the language of the oppressors entered the Bulgarian language. Therefore, during the Bulgarian national revival, Bulgarian enlighteners tried to replace the Turkish vocabulary with words from dialects, Slavic and Western European languages, or authorial neologisms. With that end in view, in the 30’s and 40’s of the XIX century some enlighteners began to add to their works the vocabularies of the Turkisms with their equivalents offered. During the XX century, the lexicographic processing of Turkisms to different extents was carried out in dictionaries of different types – explanatory, translation, dialect, etymological, dictionaries of foreign words, slang dictionaries. The return to the compilation of dictionaries of Tukisms of the Bulgarian language was caused by intensive use of Turkish loanwords in Bulgarian media language after the fall of the communist regime (1989). Dictionaries of Turkisms as full-fledged lexicographical manuals appear in the twenty-first century. An overview of lexicographical publications showed that the dictionaries of the past differ from the modern dictionaries of Turkisms in their puristic orientation. Modern dictionaries are complied in order to explain the meaning of Turkish loanwords, since for not all Bulgarians, Turkisms make a semantically understandable layer of vocabulary. Key words: dictionary of Turkisms, Ottoman Turkisms, the Bulgarian national revival, the Bulgarian language, Ottoman Turkish, lexicography, dictionary compilation.

Ottoman legacy and Oriental Self in Serbian opera

Serbia was an Ottoman province for almost four centuries; after some rebellions, the First and Second Uprising, she received the status of autonomous principality in 1830, and became independent in 1878. Due to the historical and cultural circumstances, the first stage music form was komad s pevanjem (theater play with music numbers), following with the first operas only at the beginning of the twentieth century. Contrary to the usual practice to depict “golden age” of medieval national past, like in many other traditions of national opera, the earliest Serbian operas were dedicated to the recent past and coexistence with Ottomans. Thus the operas Na uranku (At dawn, 1904) by Stanislav Binički (1872–1942), Knez Ivo od Semberije (Prince Ivo of Semberia, 1911) by Isidor Bajić (1878–1915), both based on the libretti by the leading Serbian playwright Branislav Nušić, and also Zulumćar (The Hooligan, librettists: Svetozar Ćorović and Aleksa Šantić, 1927) by Petar Krstić (1877–1957), presented Serbia from the first decades of the nineteenth century. Later Serbian operas, among which is the most significant Koštana (1931, revised in 1940 and 1948) by Petar Konjović (1883–1970), composed after the theatre play under the same name by the author Borisav Stanković, shifts the focus of exoticism, presenting a life of a south-Serbian town in 1880. Local milieu of Vranje is depicted through tragic destiny of an enchanting beauty, a Roma singer Koštana, whose exoticism is coming from her belonging to the undesirable minority. These operas show how the national identity was constructed – by libretto, music and iconography – through Oriental Self. The language (marked by numerous Turkish loan words), musical (self)presentation and visual image of the main characters of the operas are identity signifiers, which show continuity as well as perception of the Ottoman cultural imperial legacy.

Giovan Antonio Menavinoʼs account of his captivity in the Ottoman Empire: a revaluation

The study deals with Giovan Antonio Menavinoʼs account on his captivity in the Ottoman Empire (from 1504 through about 1514). A manuscript version (“Liber de rebus et moribus Turcarum”), dated 1519, is kept in the Biblioteca dellʼAccademia Nazionale dei Lincei e Corsiniana in Rome (Fondo Nicola Rossi 35 E 18). Despite the Latin title, the text is in Italian. The work was printed for the first time in 1548 in Florence. In the same year a pirated edition with a lot of stylistic adjustments, prepared by Apollonio Campano, appeared in Venice. In contrast to what has often been assumed, Menavino was no longer alive when his work came to print. This fact is proved by the large number of mistakes contained in the printed versions and especially by the dedication of the edition Florence 1548. A detailed analysis makes it unambiguously clear that it has been written during the reign of Sultan Selim I (1512–1520), and thus long before 1548. As between 1519 and 1548 no historical information on Menavino can be found, it may be assumed that the author had died soon after having finished his account. Besides the vicissitudes of Menavinoʼs biography and the peculiarities of the textual tradition, the “Liber de rebus et moribus Turcarum” is of great interest for historical linguistics and lexicography. This fact is illustrated by an exemplary analysis of the Turkish loanwords that appear in the text.

Turkish loan words (in Serbian) in the novel 'Impure Blood' by Borisav Stankovic

In the paper we do the analysis of the Turkish loan words in Serbian that appear in the novel 'Impure Blood' by Bora Stankovic, a writer who is closely linked to Vranje of the period under the Ottoman rule through the themes and language of his writings. This is why there are a lot of Turkish loan words in his works used as an effective stylistic device to create the ambience, and better express the mentality, character and the rich inner life of Bora 's characters. Turkish loan words give Bora 's works a specific flavor, warmth, Eastern spirit, which can be felt in Vranje even today. We would hardly be able to understand the literary work of Bora Stankovic without the knowledge and understanding of Turkish loan words. The analysis of the subject matter is based on the dictionary by Abdulah SkaIjic 'Turkish Loan Words in Serbo-Croatian', as the most reliable source for studying Turkish loan words. Considering the fact that there was no confirmation for some Turkish loan words in the dictionary by Skaljic (buklija, doksat, djakonija, djeram, kerpic, meter, pistimalj, saltanatluk, terevenka, tersena, cosalija, cap 'k), for the sake of confirmation and as a supplement, we used the Dictionary of SANU (Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts), 'Dictionary of Matica Srpska, and Dictionary of Subdialects of South Serbia' by Momcilo Zlatanovic. The Turkish loan words are presented in their base form, and divided into groups according to different criteria: semantic, morphological, formation. This kind of approach required a comparison of Turkish loan words with their original forms in Turkish, which we can find in the dictionary by Skaljic. It was necessary to view the words in context due to possible semantic shifts from the source. This kind of examination and analysis of the subject matter from multiple aspects was necessary for the purposes of getting a clearer and more complete perspective of Turkish loan words in the novel.

Analysis of the Usage of Turkish Loanwords in Modern Russian

Analysis of the Usage of Turkish Loanwords in Modern Russian

Turkish Loanwords in Albanian Language

According to today's Dictionary of the Albanian language, loanwords are the words or other linguistic units that are taken from another language and used in native language. Continuous contacts of the Albanian people, with other peoples have left their mark in our language, especially in the lexicon. The lexicon of Albanian language has loanwords from Ancient and Modern Greek, from Latin, from Turkish and later on from Italian, the Balkan Slavic languages etc. Geographic factors (many conquests, proximity to other countries), the subsequent globalization (the spread of scientific terms, technical and new words) is factors that have contributed to the spread of loanwords and their incorporation into the Albanian language vocabulary. In the vocabulary of Albanian language there is a substantial number of words form Turkish sources. (Contacts between Albanian and Turkish have lasted for more than five centuries. They have already started in the second half of the fourteenth century and have become intense after the Turkish invasion in Albania. The objective of this paper is to outline the impact of Turkish language into Albanian language, through Turkish linguistic borrowings, which have entered in Albanian language vocabulary in different periods. We also aim to identify Turkish lexemes that have been used and continue to be used in the Albanian language, and their replacement with words from the Albanian dictionary. Turkish has exerted much influence on the Albanian language, especially in the vocabulary, leaving intact the phonetic system and the structure of Albanian, except of the penetration of some Turkish suffixes. Even so, Albanian language has succeeded to maintain its authenticity. Nevertheless, efforts to clearing the Albanian language vocabulary from foreign words in general and Turkish loanwords especially, have started since the time of the conquests and continue until today in a struggle to keep our language's uniqueness.

On the importance of studying turcizms from the pre-standard epoch of the Serbian language: On the selected material from Stari srpski zapisi i natpisi by Ljubomir Stojanovic

Turcizms attested in written sources from the pre-standard epoch of the Serbian language are significant for studying the chronology of this type of loanwords, as well as for the insight into the history of language and cultural contacts between the Serbs and the Ottoman Turks. Ljubomir Stojanovic?s six volume book Stari srpski zapisi i natpisi often presents the first written evidence of turcizms in the Serbian language. Relevant lexicographic resources including this material in its corpora, and thus offering the historical linguistic data for the Turkish loanwords in the Serbian language, are very few (RJA, STACHOWSKI 1967 and MIHAJLOVIC) and not always reliable. The paper analyzes sixteen Turkish loanwords from the Stojanovic?s book, not included in these three manuals: arsin, deserme, juzeli, kesa, mal, masrapa, milc, tefter (absent from all the manuals), rakija, sinik (absent from RJA and STACHOWSKI 1967), kavga, kapicija, kujunzija, ortak, caus, coha (absent from STACHOWSKI 1967). The importance of studying Turkish loanwords from the pre-standard epoch is presented through the etymological analysis of the word deserme, hitherto not mentioned in a single dictionary of the Serbian language, descriptive nor etymological.

Turkish Loanwords İn Persian Language

Turkish Loanwords İn Persian Language

Sobre catalanismes al turc baixmedieval

Summary: The social and cultural frame which enabled the Catalan language to play a central role in the Mediterranean area between the 13th and the 15th century can also explain several problematic aspects related to the history of its different languages – of course not only of the Romance languages. This paper must be seen in the context of our research in the literary Catalan culture towards the Low Medieval Age, and presents a revisited view on the Roman loanwords in Turkish and on the linguistic contact between both languages. Several terms in particular must be classified as direct borrowings from Catalan. Methodologically, attention will be paid first of all to the phonomorphological analysis of the variants attested in the different Romance languages, in order to establish the origin of the corresponding terms in Turkish. Turkish loanwords attested in Catalan and Spanish contemporary texts will also be examined in order to verify our theory. [Keywords: Catalan-German dictionaries; Italian lexicography; history of printing].

Code-switching among Muslim Roms in Bulgaria

This article presents the language of Muslim Roms, who form a trilingual community in the northeastern part of Bulgaria, discussing language mixing between Romani, Turkish, and Bulgarian, applying the model of Myers-Scotton (1993). Two different Roma linguistic groups are observed: speakers of Vlax (Zagondzi) and non-Vlax (Xoraxani). The non-Vlax language, which is full of Turkish loanwords, is more prestigious than the Vlax language, which is more conservative, but both show almost the same patterns of language mixing. The study argues for the connection between language mixing and language prestige and looks at the question: Why do Roma speakers use elements from other languages when speaking Romani?

Gedanken und Beobachtungen zu den griechischen Lehnwörtern in der bulgarischen Literatursprache

The article deals on the Greek loan words in the Bulgarian standard language. The main target of the article is to show in which fields of life the use of the Greek loan words is dominating and in which not. We excepted the loan words in the Bulgarian dialects, because the situation is too different from that in the standard language, and also the loan words, which came by Greek mediation into the Bulgarian language. So we found out, that only ten percent of the Greek loan words are common for all Bulgarian dialects. The existence of the Greek loan words is only to compare with the Turkish loan words. The comparison of both groups shows, that the influence of the greek group is quite different from that of the Turkish. The Greek language took the longest influence on the Bulgarian, however there are lots of Greek words, which are not genuine Greek.

Persian and Turkish Loan-Words in Malay

Persian and Turkish Loan-Words in Malay

Greek Reactions to an Ancient Greek Primer for Turks

In the simplest of all possible worlds, an Ancient Greek (AGk) primer for Turks would be of only moderate interest to (modern) Greeks. Americans do not normally get into fits of laughter when leafing through an American English textbook for Spanish speakers, and neither do Finns break into hysterics over the glossary of a Finnish reader for Russians. In this paper I will try to show why all the Greeks whom I invited to examine GrekCe: gramer ve syntaks [sic] [Ancient Greek: Grammar and syntax], by Zafer Tahlklio'lu ([Istanbul]: Edebiyat Fakiiltesi Matbaasi, 1968), burst out laughing at several points. There were two reasons for their amusement: (a) the stylistic specialization' which many Turkish loanwords have undergone in standard Modern Greek (MGk), and (b) the state of diglossia which exists in the Greek-speaking world.2 I have discussed elsewhere3 the stylistic demotion which a number of Turkish loanwords have suffered in MGk. As a result of (mostly) nineteenth-century efforts to purge the Greek language of its Turkisms, several Turkish loanwords were replaced by Ancient Greek or Ancient Greek-sounding terms. Although this replacement was particularly successful in elevated styles, everyday speech was also profoundly affected. The Turkisms thus replaced did not always join the ranks of obsolete words, but were often simply relegated to what are commonly regarded as lower styles. The new stylistic labels of those Turkisms range from merely familiar and expressive, through ironic and slangy, to pejorative and vulgar. What such labels have in common is that terms characterized by them are not likely to occur in the speech or the writings of people who are on their best linguistic behavior. One effect of the stylistic specialization (read demotion) of so many Turkisms in Greek has been a stylistic discrepancy between such words and their Turkish models. One example will do for many: to the stylistically unmarked (i.e., neutral) Turkish araba 'carriage, wagon, cart; car, automobile; carload, wagonload'4