Tuber Formation Research Articles

Effect of Paclobutrazol concentration on initial formation stolon in potato plants by in vitro at different temperature conditions

The increase in potato production is constrained condition in Indonesia grow in the area with an altitude of 1500m above sea level. It is known that at high temperatures the gibberellin acid (GA) content in plants will increase, thus inhibiting tuber formation. The use of growth retardants such as paclobutrazol can inhibit GA biosynthesis so that it can stimulate tuber formation. In this study, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of paclobutrazol concentration on the initial formation of potato plant stolons by in vitro applied at different temperatures. The seeding stage was carried out on potato explants that had been kept for 4 weeks under 16 h of radiation. Paclobutrazol was given by pouring it into an explant bottle and keeping it in dark conditions at different temperatures for 8 weeks. From the results of the study, it is known that the application of paclobutrazol concentration and different temperatures affect the formation of micro tubers. where at a concentration of 3 ppm (P1) paclobutrazol was able to inhibit stolon elongation, stimulating subapical stolon and tuber swelling. The interactions between the application of paclobutrazol concentrations and different temperatures affected subapical stolon and tuber swelling.

Plant growth and water economy of Solanum tuberosum in response to doubled CO2: Interaction between potassium and phosphorus

AbstractPotassium (K) and phosphorus (P) are essential macronutrients for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.); they play crucial roles in photoassimilate production that can also be affected by elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (e[CO2]). However, the interactive effects of K and P nutrition under e[CO2] in potato have not been investigated. A pot experiment was carried out on potato plants in 1‐L pots with five K supply rates at two P supply rates in controlled‐environment chambers with ambient CO2 concentrations (a[CO2]) and an e[CO2] level of double a[CO2]. There was a significant interaction between K supply and P supply, but not between CO2 and K supply on total plant biomass, water use as well as water‐use efficiency (WUE). K supply could remarkably enhance the accumulation of plant biomass under e[CO2] by promoting tuber formation. The maximum total plant biomass increased by approximately 1.3‐fold under e[CO2] in this study, while the effect of CO2 was dependent on both P and K supply. Additionally, WUE was increased by e[CO2] and P and K supply. Both CO2 enrichment and K supply increased WUE by stimulating biomass accumulation and reducing water consumption. We concluded that the CO2‐fertilization effect and WUE were dependent on both P and K supply. Less biomass accumulation in response to K supply in plants with P deficiency indicates that a balanced nutrient status is crucial for crop production under e[CO2].

The Improvement of Mini Tuber Production of Granola Potato Cultivar in Aeroponics System

Potato is an important food crop in both developed and developing countries and it is the fourth most important food crop after wheat, maize, and rice. Potato production in Indonesia has decreased in recent years, mainly due to the use of low quality tuber seed. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of plant materials, types of nutrients, and planting density on mini tuber formation, as well as to determine the best aeroponics conditions for mini tuber formation of Granola cultivar of potato. This research has been carried out experimentally using a Split-split Plot Design. The main plot was planting materials which consisted of plantlet and knol. The subplot was the type of nutrition media which consisted of Farran nutrition, Otazu nutrition, and AB-commercial mix. The sub-sub-plot was planting density which consisted of 50, 75, and 100 plants/m2. The research results showed that knol planted in aeroponics system on AB-commercial mix at a planting density of 75 plants/m2 resulted in the best mini-tuber production. In this study, for the first time three important factors for potato mini-tuber production have thoroughly been investigated in Indonesia. This finding will be used by Kledung Horticultural Seed Garden, Temanggung, for mass production of high-quality mini-tuber seed, which in turn will provide sufficient tuber seed for the farmer in its surrounding areas. By increasing the production of high-quality tuber seed, it is expected that it will contribute to the improvement of potato productivity and increase Indonesian potato production.

Influence of Growing Medium on the Parameters and Yield Capacity of the Mini Tuber Potato of the Charoite Variety

The creation of original seed grains of the Charoite variety, healed of pathogenic infections of various etiologies, was carried out through reproduction of the certified meristematic material of the microplants class. Mini tubers microplants were grown in 5.5 liter vessels on a “Agrobalt S” soil (control) mixed with peat and supplemented with 10% and 20% (of the volume) of the “ORVI” substrate. The use of the substrate “ORVI” mixed with peat and “Agrobalt S” soil positively influenced the growth, development and formation of tubers. The appliance of 10% of the “ORVI” substrate significantly increased the quantitative yield of mini tubers by 17% and the weight of tubers by 12.3%. The increase in the total number of mini tubers was due to the increase in tuber fraction from 10 to 30 mm. The appliance of a 20% “ORVI” substrate also led to an increase in the total number and mass of mini tubers. According to the EIA results, the mini tubers grown from microplants did not contain any latent viral infection. Tests on the seeds did not reveal symptoms of fungal diseases.
 Keywords: breed, potatoes, mini tubers, mass of tubers, peat fertilizer, substrate

Botany is the root and the future of invasion biology.

Botany is the root and the future of invasion biology.

English

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between ambient temperature during growing season on tuber β-carotene content and yield of four orange-fleshed sweetpotato varieties; Orange Chingovwa, Olympia, Kokota and Zambezi. A split plot experiment design with the environment (main plot) and variety (subplots). The environments were: High-temperature site (HTS) (average temperature of 38.5°C) and moderate temperature site 1 (MTS 1) and moderate temperature site 2 (MTS 2) (average temperature 32.2 and 31.2°C, respectively). Results suggested that assimilate partitioning between below ground components (tubers) and above ground components (leaves and vines) were inversely related and influenced by ambient temperature during development. Low temperatures favoured tuber formation. The HTS had lower yield (0.97 ton ha-1) compared to the two moderate temperature sites that had tuber yield between 11.96 and 9.41 ton ha-1. The HTS at 7.23 mg/100 g had lower β-carotene contents compared to the MTS sites (≈15.5 mg/100 g). Zambezi and Orange Chingovwa had higher β-carotene content at 21.21 mg/100 g and (18.85 mg/100 g). Kokota had the least β-carotene (3.28 mg/100 g Vine Yield (VY) was significantly different for sites. HTS had the highest VY and leaf area (23.6 t/ha) while the two MTS had low VY of 8.7 and 12.9 t/ha. Key words: Partitioning, tuber, leaf area, vine, yield.

Propagation by Stem Cuttings of Tropaeolum pentaphyllum Lam. (Crem): An Alternative for Production of Seed Tubers

The herbaceous vine Tropaeolum pentaphyllum Lam. (Tropaeolaceae), popularly known as crem, has great potential for use, especially its tubers. However, there is still a lack of studies regarding this species. The objective of this study was to test the viability of propagation by stem cuttings for the production of T. pentaphyllum seed tubers. Two experiments were carried out in a greenhouse under controlled conditions. In both experiments, experimental design was completely randomized. In the first one, five treatments were evaluated (stem cuttings with 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 cm) with three replicates, each one with 10 stem cuttings. In the second experiment, three treatments were evaluated (stem cuttings positions: apical, middle and basal), with four replications, each one with 10 stem cuttings. Data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means were compared by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). Stem cuttings with 15 cm length had the highest rate of tuber formation (20.0%) and produced tubers with highest mass (3.2 g). Cuttings from the middle portion of the stem had the highest rooting (52.5%) and tuber formation (45.0%) rates. Thus, cuttings with 15 cm length from the middle portion of the stem are indicated for propagation by cuttings of T. pentaphyllum. Considering the potential for the use of this species in the future, the results found in this study are very important, since the propagation by cuttings would enable the production of a large amount of seed tubers in a short period of time.

The recombination landscape and multiple QTL mapping in a Solanum tuberosum cv. \u2018Atlantic\u2019-derived F1 population

There are many challenges involved with the genetic analyses of autopolyploid species, such as the tetraploid potato, Solanum tuberosum (2n = 4x = 48). The development of new analytical methods has made it valuable to re-analyze an F1 population (n = 156) derived from a cross involving ‘Atlantic’, a widely grown chipping variety in the USA. A fully integrated genetic map with 4285 single nucleotide polymorphisms, spanning 1630 cM, was constructed with MAPpoly software. We observed that bivalent configurations were the most abundant ones (51.0~72.4% depending on parent and linkage group), though multivalent configurations were also observed (2.2~39.2%). Seven traits were evaluated over four years (2006–8 and 2014) and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping was carried out using QTLpoly software. Based on a multiple-QTL model approach, we detected 21 QTL for 15 out of 27 trait-year combination phenotypes. A hotspot on linkage group 5 was identified with co-located QTL for maturity, plant yield, specific gravity, and internal heat necrosis resistance evaluated over different years. Additional QTL for specific gravity and dry matter were detected with maturity-corrected phenotypes. Among the genes around QTL peaks, we found those on chromosome 5 that have been previously implicated in maturity (StCDF1) and tuber formation (POTH1). These analyses have the potential to provide insights into the biology and breeding of tetraploid potato and other autopolyploid species.

Potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum L.) formation due to the application of different concentrations of coconut water in in-vitro

This study apply coconut water to support the process of formation of potato tubers in vitro. The study was conducted at the laboratory of tissue culture, Experimental Garden of Vegetable Research Center, Berastagi, North Sumatera. The experiment used Completely Randomized Design with single treatment factor, the coconut water concentration of 0; 75; 150 and 225 ml L−1. The results show that the application of coconut water provides a significant effect on the number, diameter and fresh weight of potato micro tubers, but the effect is not significant at the time of potato micro tuber formation. The application concentration of coconut water 225 mL L−1 affected the potato micro tuber formation in in vitro.

Morphotechnological parameters and analysis of microplants of potato varieties with accelerated reproduction (in vitro) in a selection nursery

The studies were carried out with in vitro test-tube micro plants at the Smolensk State Agricultural Academy in a research laboratory and in protected ground (frame greenhouses) under standard conditions and protection measures during the period of their cultivation. The article analyzes and presents data on the growth and development of potato varieties during their growing season. The object of research was micro plants of potato varieties Fritella, Grand, Mayak, Violet, Vympel, Vasilek, Meteor and Gulliver. The data obtained showed that test-tube micro plants of potato varieties by the end of the phase of intensive growth - the beginning of the phase of slow growth had a well-developed root system, 4-5 internodes, a plant height of 9.5-13.1 cm, a green color, a sufficiently developed leaf apparatus and planting them in flowerpots, survival rate was 100%. The duration of the growing season depended on the variety of micro plants and ranged from 82 to 107 days, height from 46.8 to 66.8 cm, the number of tubers from 3.5 pcs. up to 8.26 pieces, the yield of the seed fraction is from 44 to 92%. In terms of yield, the following potato varieties were distinguished: Gulliver (10.5 t / ha); Lighthouse (10.0 t / ha); Grand (9.24 t / ha); Meteor (9.20 t / ha); Purple (8.16 t / ha). The rest of the studied varieties had a lower yield level (5.5-7.35 t / ha), which is associated with both the high presence of fine-fraction tubers and the number of tubers in the nest. These circumstances necessitate additional seed reproduction of micro tubers (<15-20g) in the autumn-winter period in greenhouse conditions. In terms of morphobiological characteristics, the nature of setting, the formation of tubers, the structure of the clone, each variety, even one ripeness group, had its own varietal specificity, which should be taken into account when cultivating them in nurseries of original and elite seed production.

Features of potato tuber formation depending on the feeding area and the application of fungicides in the conditions of the Middle Urals

Potato is the most important agricultural crop in the world and in Russia. Currently, in production are used varieties of domestic and foreign selection. Along with the yield, the products obtained are of great importance, according to which the intended purpose of a particular variety is determined. The study of the quality indicators of potato tubers is an integral part of the development of varietal cultivation technology. The purpose of the research is to study the qualitative indicators of potato tubers of the Gala variety at different plant densities and the use of fungicides in the Middle Urals. The research was carried out in 2018-2019 on the experimental field of the educational and experimental farm of the Ural State Agrarian University. The object of research is a medium-early high-yielding potato variety Gala. When conducting biochemical and agrochemical studies, gravimetric, extraction, ebuliostatic, ionometric and photometric methods were used. The electrical conductivity of tubers was determined with a conduct meter in mSm, the concentration of cell juice with a refract meter in %, nitrates in tubers – with a nitrate tester in mg/kg, the acidity (pH) of tubers – with a pH meter. The research results showed that the concentration of potato tubers cell juice decreases from 7.0 to 2.65% with an increase in the feeding area from 1400 to 2800 cm2. The use of fungicides shirlan and infinito reduces the electrical conductivity. The specific weight of potato tubers increases with an increase in the feeding area from 0.92 to 1.16 grams. The nitrate content decreased with an increase in the feeding area and the use of fungicides from 340 to 326 mg/kg. During the growing period, the content of carbon dioxide (CO2) of the potato plant in the control variant was 775, and with the use of shirlan it was 1043, which is an increase of 1.5 times. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time in the conditions of the Middle Urals, an assessment of tubers was carried out according to physiological, agrophysical and agrochemical indicators with new devices during the periods of storage of tubers (April) and vegetation of potato plants, depending on the feeding area and the use of fungicides.

Validation of molecular response of tuberization in response to elevated temperature by using a transient Virus Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) in potato.

Temperature plays an important role in potato tuberization. The ideal night temperature for tuber formation is ~17 °C while temperature beyond 22 °C drastically reduces the tuber yield. Moreover, high temperature has several undesirable effects on the plant and tubers. Investigation of the genes involved in tuberization under heat stress can be helpful in the generation of heat-tolerant potato varieties. Five genes, including StSSH2 (succinic semialdehyde reductase isoform 2), StWTF (WRKY transcription factor), StUGT (UDP-glucosyltransferase), StBHP (Bel1 homeotic protein), and StFLTP (FLOWERING LOCUS T protein), involved in tuberization and heat stress in potato were investigated. The results of our microarray analysis suggested that these genes regulate and function as transcriptional factors, hormonal signaling, cellular homeostasis, and mobile tuberization signals under elevated temperature in contrasting KS (Kufri Surya) and KCM (Kufri Chandramukhi) potato cultivars. However, no detailed report is available which establishes functions of these genes in tuberization under heat stress. Thus, the present study was designed to validate the functions of these genes in tuber signaling and heat tolerance using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). Results indicated that VIGS transformed plants had a consequential reduction in StSSH2, StWTF, StUGT, StBHP, and StFLTP transcripts compared to the control plants. Phenotypic observations suggest an increase in plant senescence, reductions to both number and size of tubers, and a decrease in plant dry matter compared to the control plants. We also establish the potency of VIGS as a high-throughput technique for functional validation of genes.

The efficiency of different methods of growing sweet potato (Ipomoea batаtas) planting material

The purpose of the study was to determine the efficiency of different methods of obtaining sweet potato planting material (through potted seedlings or unrooted cuttings) in the conditions of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Research methods: field, laboratory, calculation and statistical. The potting method facilitates the formation of more developed plants (with an increased number of shoots per plant and their total length). Slips as a method of obtaining planting material for sweet potatoes provides more intensive growth rates, the formation of tuber yields at the level of 14.8 t/ha with a high content of dry matter (13.8%), starch (10.7%) and vitamin C (5.33 mg/100 g). When using potted seedlings, some sweet potato bushes are found to have deformed tubers (3.5%), but the proportion of bushes that do not form tubers at all decreases (8.3% compared to 10.0% when using slips)

Food for thought – how tuberization and drought tolerance are linked in potato

Food for thought – how tuberization and drought tolerance are linked in potato

Optimize of emergence speed and productivity of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) by using different cover treatments

This study was conducted at Tikrit University, Iraq during the spring season of 2019 to investigate the effect of different cover treatments 1. Plastic cover for 45 days from planting. 2. Plastic cover for 45 days from planting, then cover with saran only 45 days before harvest. 3. Cover with saran only for 45 days before harvesting. 4. Control treatment (without cover) on speed emergence, growth and yield of two potato cultivars (Montreal an Laperla). The obtained data indicated that the highest values for tuber length, tuber weight and tuber hardness were achieved for Laperla. However, Plastic cover gave significantly increment in speed emergence and plant height reach up 37% and 33%, respectively. Whereas, Saran cover showed significantly increment in total yield and percentage of marketable yield reach up 15.57% and 11.60%, respectively. In a view of the interactions between cultivars and the other treatments, saran interacted with Laperla reflected the highest increment in total yield per hectare was 31%, compared to interaction treatment between same cultivar but without cover. In general, results declared that using saran treatment in top side only, during formation of tuber, for Laperla cultivar led to the highest productivity of potato.

Assessment of environmental plasticity of new potato varieties of the Komi Republic, Russia

Environmental plasticity is an important indicator of new varieties. This assessment should be carried out prior to their implementation in production in order to more accurately determine the compliance of the variety and its cultivation conditions. At the Institute of Agrobiotechnology of the Federal Research Center of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia, Komi Republic, Syktyvkar) two new potato varieties (Zyryanets and Vychegodsky) were developed. The characteristics of these varieties meet all the requirements that were set for them viz. the formation of grocery-ware tubers during three months of summer vegetation, with an average of not more than 12 tubers per plant, high field plant resistance to various diseases of both the potato tops and the tubers. The plasticity of these varieties was evaluated based on three years of field resistance. The potatoes were planted on experimental sites of the Institute. On those fields, six-field crop rotation was maintained to ensure high soil fertility without the use of either mineral or organic fertilizers. The sod-podzolic soil had 3.4% of humus. The content of main nutrients was as follows: Ntot. - 90 mg/kg, P2O5 - 597.5 mg/kg and K2O - 103.7 mg/kg of soil. The potatoes were planted on the 70 × 30 cm spacing plan to a depth of 8-10 cm. The area of the test plot was 52.5 m2 (250 tubers) in quadruple repetition. The studies were conducted from 2017 to 2019. A comprehensive assessment of weather factors (precipitation and temperature) in 2017 to 2019 showed their influence on the studied potato varieties was conducted by calculating the environment index. This indicator allowed the authors to obtain the βi linear regression coefficient, which in this case shows the dependence of the yield of the varieties on the conditions in which they were grown. Two varieties were selected as controls: Nevsky (middle-early) and Udacha (early). The Nevsky variety bears a linear dependence of its yield changes on environmental conditions (Bi = 1.0). On the contrary, the Udacha variety was non-plastic, and its yield varied slightly as environmental conditions changes (βi = 0.5). It was found that the Zyryanets variety bears high responsiveness to environmental conditions (βi = 1.7). In favourable years, it was capable of producing very high yields, although the yield drops sharply during unfavourable years. The Vychegodsky variety was more stable (βi = 1.2) as far as its responsiveness to environmental conditions. Therefore, it suits agro-climatic conditions of the Komi Republic better. In terms of its characteristics, this variety is similar to the Nevsky one, which has long been recommended for cultivation in the Komi Republic but has a higher yield by 1.7 t/ha. These studies have shown that in order to strengthen the country’s food security and further promote potato varieties to northern territories of the European part of Russia, especially in polar latitudes, obtaining high yield and disease resistance indicators is not enough - one also needs to take environmental stability into account. This will allow cultivating varieties with predictable yield under risky farming conditions.

Efficiency of phosphorus use in potato clones in two contrasting growing seasons

In Rio Grande do Sul the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) can be grown in fall and spring. However, due to the contrasting weather conditions between these two seasons, which directly influence the growth of plants and the formation of tubers, it is necessary to identify potato clones adapted to such growing conditions. Thus, this work was carried out to characterize the efficiency of P use in potato clones grown in two contrasting seasons, in an off-soil growing system using sand as a substrate. The treatments were combined in a 2 x 4 x 2 factorial, consisting of two levels of P in the nutrient solution (2.32 and 23.2 mg P L-1), four potato clones (Asterix, Atlantic, SMIC 148-A and SMINIA 793101-3) and two growing seasons (spring and fall). The number of leaves and tubers per plant, the fresh and dry mass of the tubers, fresh mass of the shoot, P concentration in shoot and tubers, and efficiency of P use were determined. There is a difference between the potato clones in terms of the efficiency of P use in the spring and autumn crops of Rio Grande do Sul. Asterix and SMINIA 793101-3 clones show higher productivity in the spring growing and without P. restriction. SMIC 148-A clone was not influenced by the growing season, as long as the availability of P is not a limiting factor. Atlantic clone shows good production when grown in the fall, regardless of the level of P used

Impact of Climate Change on Horticultural Crops Production and Quality: A Review

Climate change decreases the global agriculture production and also affects production of Horticulture crops. Horticultural crops are highly perishable and very sensitive to unpredictable climate change. Abiotic stress includes temperature, drought, flooding, outbreak of insect increase and Carbon dioxide concentration. During recent years many research showed impact of climate change on horticultural Crops production and quality. It was found that temperature leading apple flowering subsequently fruit setting qualitatively as well as quantitatively, increase of sun burn, and cracking in apple which marked decrease the fruit quality, lower tomato yield, in orange and mandarin poor quality, fruit drop, lose great ratio of total yield, in Cashew drying of flower resulting in yield reduction, in potato hinder the growth of root and stolon, delays the formation of tubers and starch accumulation, eventually lead to decrease yield. Drought stress cause in apple tree transpiration rate and photosynthesis rate reduce by the decrease stomata conductance. Flooding in China 47.5% of vegetable production damaged onion 30-40% yield loss and In India Kerela 25,138 production of spice loss. A major economical pest Tomato leaf minor (TLM) of both out door and greenhouse tomato causes yield loss about 80-100% under heavy infestation, changes color and fall tomato from stem and also out break infestation of sucking insects in banana. Carbon dioxide enrichment is impact on growth flower of greenhouse environment and also on coffee been quality but negative impact when the concentration is high. In the present review, impact of climate change on horticultural crops production and quality has been summarized.

Ефективність різних способів вирощування посадкового матеріалу батата (Ipomoеa BatаtaS)

The purpose of the study was to establish the effectiveness of different methods of obtaining sweet potato planting material (through potted seedlings or unrooted cuttings) in the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Research methods: field, laboratory, statistical.The use of pottedseedlings method as a method of obtaining sweet potato planting material provides the formation of more developed plants of the culture (with an increased number of shoots per plant and their total length).The use of slips as a method of obtaining sweet potato planting material provides more intensive growth rates, the formation of tuber yields at 14.8 t / ha with a high content of dry matter (13.8 %), starch (10.7 %) and vitamin C 5.33 mg / 100 g).Using potted sweet potato seedlings occur with deformed tubers (3.5 %), but decreases the proportion of shrubs that do not form the tubers (8.3 % compared to 10.0 % for the use of the slips).

Downregulation of the photosynthetic machinery and carbon storage signaling pathways mediate La2O3 nanoparticle toxicity on radish taproot formation

The molecular and physiological mechanisms of how rare earth oxide nanoparticles (NPs) alter radish (Raphanus sativus L.) taproot formation and cracking were investigated in the present study. We compared plants that received suspensions of 10, 50, 100, 300 mg L−1 of La2O3 NPs, 300 m L−1 La2O3 bulk-particles (BPs), 0.8 m L−1 La3+, or only water for six days during their tuber formation period. 100 and 300 mg L−1 La2O3 NPs exposure decreased storage root biomass by 38% and 60%, respectively, and they both induced visible root cracking. Physiological analyses showed that La2O3 NPs exposure (>100 mg L−1) significantly inhibited leaf net photosynthetic rate, cell wall pectin synthesis of both storage root epidermis and xylem parenchyma tissues, but increased the contents of cellulose and hemicellulose 1 in root epidermis cell walls. Moreover, transcriptome analysis further found that La2O3 NPs changed root cell wall structure by down-regulating core genes involved in cell wall pectin and IAA biosynthesis, which coincided with the observed La2O3 NPs-induced root cracking. Our results revealed the molecular mechanisms related to cell wall carbohydrate metabolism in response to NPs stress, providing a step forward for understanding the causes of NPs phytotoxicity on edible plant taproot formation and cracking.