Objects Of Transport Infrastructure Research Articles

Logistics potential to ensure the resilience of the Ukrainian economic system facing global challenges

The aim of this paper is to assess the logistics potential to ensure the resilience of the economic system of Ukraine in the face of global challenges. The methods used in the study include: structural-dynamic, determinological, correlation analysis, index method, graphical and cartographic methods. The calculations were based on open data from analytical studies on the development of transport and logistics, as well as data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine. The results of the study confirmed the hypothesis that high logistics potential, which is determined by the effectiveness of customs and border control, the quality of trade and transport infrastructure, the ease of organization of delivery, and the quality of logistics services, is the driver of the resilience of socio-economic systems of countries. The reduction of the logistical potential of the economic system of Ukraine in the conditions of a full-scale war is shown. This decrease resulted from blocked operation of a number of logistics routes and branches of the transport and logistics sphere and destroyed transport infrastructure objects as a result of hostilities and missile attacks.A change in the vector of export-import flows and their reorientation by means of transport was noted. Drivers of strengthening the logistics potential of the Ukrainian economic system are the transformation of the transport and logistics system, deepening cooperation with neighboring countries, systematic state support for the development of freight transportation by rail, compliance with European standards, and creation of Ukrzaliznytsia’s own freight carrier company that will work outside Ukraine. AcknowledgmentThis study was carried out within the framework of the international project “Increasing the capacity of freight transportation infrastructure on EU-Ukraine borders” (№ 22220189) implemented under the Visegrad Grant+ Programme.

Foreign Experience Review on Engineering Protection of Seashores and Hillslopes

Introduction. During design, construction and operation of buildings and structures in the coastal areas there arises a serious problem of engineering protection of coasts and hillslopes from the dangerous geological processes, which include the coastal erosion, underflooding of territories, hillslope erosion, gravitational (slope) processes, such as intensification of landslides, etc. These processes often result in significant economic damage usually related to the non-recoverable loss of valuable coastal territories, deformation of buildings and structures, damage and destruction of the objects of transport and engineering infrastructure. In this regard, the study of the advanced foreign experience in engineering protection of the coastal areas and the evaluation of the possibility of it to be implemented in Russia is a relevant scientific and engineering task.Materials and methods. To prepare the review, the following data was used: field observation data with photographic evidences of the objects of engineering protection of seashores and hillslopes obtained by the authors during a business trip to the People's Republic of China (PRC) in October–November 2023; study and analysis of literature sources in the subject area, including the methods and technologies implemented in the Netherlands, Japan, the USA, Great Britain, Italy; summary and systematisation of the coastal protection methods for further development of their classification and evaluation of the possibility of implementing thereof in the Russian Federation.Research results. The main principles of design, the advanced methods and technologies of coastal protection used in China have been defined. They include: construction of the multi-level protective structures, such as the multiple-row breakwaters of special shape in combination with the stepped retaining walls, the vertical walls consisting of the driven piles, anchoring and spray-concrete covering of the slopes in combination with the metal meshes; terracing in combination with the retaining reinforced concrete (horizontal and vertical) crossbeams; the sloping wave-absorbing reinforced concrete surfaces; the meshy structures and fences combating the Aeolian processes, etc.The main methods used in the Netherlands, Japan, the USA and Italy for comprehensive protection of the large territories have been defined. Such as: the network of dams, weirs, wave breakers, coast paving, regulation of the flows by water locks and barriers, creation of the artificial protective islands; artificial replenishment with sand; creation of the green spaces along the coast; forming the dunes — natural or artificial hills of sand or pebbles located along the coast; creation of the concrete structures, stone jetties, floating constructions and even artificial reefs.The importance of management was emphasised, including the early warning systems for storms and tsunamis, weather and marine condition monitoring systems, as well as dissemination of the warning messages and evacuation plans among the population in the areas of potential threat.Discussion and conclusion. Based on the results of the review, the main conclusions were formulated. The recommendations were given on the possible ways of improving the coastal protection of the Caucasian Black Sea Coast and other coastal areas of the Russian Federation based on the advanced foreign experience.

ПРОБЛЕМНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ, КАСАЮЩИЕСЯ ДЕЙСТВИЙ ОРГАНОВ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ПОЖАРНОГО НАДЗОРА НА СТАДИИ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ МЕТРОПОЛИТЕНОВ

The actual problem of improving the fire safety requirements that determine the actions of supervisory authorities at the stage of operation of subways is considered. The purpose of the work was to analyze issues related to the actions of federal state fire supervision. The research method was the analysis of statistics and problematic issues of the actions of the federal state fire supervision authorities. The distinctive features of subways from other objects of transport infrastructure are considered on the basis of statistical data relating, among other things, to the implementation of passenger transportation.
 As a result of the study, a list of problematic issues that arise in the implementation of supervisory activities at the stage of operation of subways was determined, and a scientific justification was made for approaches to the development of technical requirements necessary to solve them. Recommendations are given for improving supervisory activities and introducing changes to the current regulatory documentation.

THE SIMULATION MODEL OF AN AUTONOMOUS ENERGY SUPPLY SYSTEM FOR HIGHWAY INFRASTRUCTURE OBJECTS

The presence of a centralized power supply with the appropriate infrastructure and an extensive distribution network with significant technological losses not only causes increased risks, but also calls into question the quality and reliability of the energy supply of remote objects. The use of small power plants based on renewable energy sources can solve the problem of power supply of transport infrastructure objects (public transport stops, pedestrian crossings, traffic control elements, etc.). However, the expediency of using one or another energy source requires simulation modeling of the parameters of these power supply systems. The purpose of this study is to develop a simulation model of the autonomous energy supply system of road infrastructure objects and to check its functioning in real conditions. The article describes the structural simulation model and presents the characteristics of its components. The order of functioning of the constituent elements and the peculiarities of their interaction are given. Experimental modeling of the dependences of the output power of the photovoltaic module on the voltage maintained at its output was carried out, and the obtained results were summarized. The developed model makes it possible to implement the mode of maintaining maximum performance thanks to the introduction of feedback to control the value of the input voltage of the converter, which is compared with the calculated (set) value of the voltage, calculated from the data of the actual load current and short-circuit current of the photovoltaic module for different values of light flux. The result of the comparison, with the appropriate sign, is sent to the proportional-integral regulator, the output control effect of which is the regulation of the output voltage of the converter and, related to it, the charging current of the battery, which, therefore, leads to a change in the input current and ensures the maintenance of the set voltage at solar cell outputs. Under this condition, its output current is directly proportional to the amount of solar radiation. It is also established that the selection of the minimum required capacity of the photovoltaic panel must be carried out taking into account the most unfavorable scenario regarding weather conditions and the season of the year in order to ensure the maximum charge of the battery.

WAR AS A CHALLENGE TO ROAD SAFETY: DAMAGE TO SOCIETY AND THE ECONOMY OF UKRAINE

Purpose of the article. Russia's armed aggression against Ukraine has become a real challenge and threat to Ukrainian society in various aspects of life. The lack of financial resources due to the defensive nature of the economy caused by the war makes it difficult to ensure road safety in Ukraine and to prevent deaths and injuries on the roads. The topical issue of the state of road safety in Ukraine is also related to its European integration course, as road safety is a priority European policy task for EU member states. The aim of this article is to conduct a criminological analysis of the state of road safety in Ukraine during the war, and to determine the damage caused by road traffic injuries and fatalities to the Ukrainian economy and society as a whole, taking into account the war situation. Research conclusion. The assessment of the state of road safety in Ukraine is based on official statistical information from the General Prosecutor's Office and the Department of Patrol Police, and the theoretical conclusions are based on the results of an anonymous survey of Ukrainian drivers on their compliance with traffic rules. The study of the level of road traffic accidents with fatalities and injuries in Ukraine has shown that the state of road safety deteriorated during the war in comparison with the pre-war period. The impact of the war on this condition is diverse and depends on the dislocation of the region in Ukraine and the intensity of combat operations in a given area. It has been established that among the factors significantly influencing the quantitative and qualitative indicators of violations in the field of road safety during the war, the most significant are the destruction of objects of road and transport infrastructure, a decrease in the effectiveness of patrol police activities, the construction of road fortifications, etc. The article also reveals the characteristics of the road safety system in wartime, emphasising the inadmissibility of extrapolating the state of road safety from the pre-war period to wartime, including in the direction of preventing violations in this area.

CONCRETE ON QUARTZITE AGGREGATES

In the post-war period, Ukraine will need a large number of aggregates to repair and rebuild destroyed and damaged objects of transport infrastructure, including roads, airfields, and parking lots. To expand the raw material base of such construction, in addition to traditional high-quality aggregates from crushed granite, quartz sand and manufactured sand, it is advisable to use some types of waste and secondary products from various industries. They must meet the basic requirements for density, strength, frost resistance. These include a by-product of iron ore mining, quartzite. The use of quartzites as aggregates for cement concretes has certain difficulties due to their characteristics. This is reflected, first of all, on the strength of the concretes in which they are included. In this article, the features of the influence of quartzite aggregates on the strength of cement concretes are considered. Studies that have been carried out on mixtures of different mobility have shown that dusty particles, which are part of quartzite, have a positive effect on the structure of concrete.

Методологические подходы формирования перечней объектов застройки и объектов транспортной инфраструктуры на основе градостроительного анализа их совместного влияния

The method of forming a list of construction objects influencing the considered transport infrastructure object is discussed. Criteria determining this connection between a construction object and a transport infrastructure object are identified. The principle of forming this list based on the city's transport zoning is described. The concept of the connection between constructed construction objects and transport infrastructure objects is presented. The scientific and practical significance of this work lies in creating a tool to determine which construction objects will be considered in the analysis of transport infrastructure objects, their further ranking, and determining priority measures for developing transport infrastructure. The obtained results provide the opportunity to allocate budgetary funds more efficiently, forecast and adapt for the future challenges which is related to the development of cities and their transport environment. An example of using the proposed method in Moscow is provided.

Features of building a digital 3D model of the location of transportation infrastructure objects according to the results of measurements by a mobile laser scanner

Problem. Fast and high-quality development of project solutions for transport infrastructure objects and other linear artificial structures is based on the application of automated design systems. Modern automated design systems use digital 2D and 3D terrain models as input data. The development of digital terrain modeling is motivated by both the development of automated design systems and the development of specialized geodesic equipment. Functional capabilities of modern geodetic equipment in combination with systems for automated processing of geodetic measurement results make it possible to significantly reduce the time of measurement and processing of results and significantly improve the quality of the obtained results. Goal. The goal is to analyze the features of building a digital 3D model of the terrain of linear structures based on the results of measurements by a mobile laser scanner. Methodology. The technical parameters and functional capabilities of the Trimble MX2 mobile laser 3D scanner were analyzed. The Trimble MX2 mobile laser scanner is a high-speed and productive scanning system designed for installation in a vehicle. Results. The Trimble MX2 mobile laser 3D scanner allows you to perform laser scanning of the road surface and the surrounding area and create output data for building a digital terrain model. A digital terrain model using this technology can be created without stopping traffic flow. The Trimble MX2 mobile laser 3D scanner is mounted on the base of a passenger car and requires the involvement of one driver and one surveyor operator. The main elements of the system – an inertial sensor, GNSS receivers and scanning heads allow obtaining a cloud of points with high positioning accuracy. The system is managed through the operator's console in the car interior. With the help of systems for automated processing of measurement results, the cloud of points is transformed into a geospatial model of the area, which allows you to obtain a digital model of the area many times faster than using traditional measurement methods. Originality. Thanks to the available Trimble MX2 GNSS receivers in the scanning system and with the help of the Trident Imaging Hub software complex, the obtained measurement results are linked to the desired coordinate system and the scanning system route is visualized, which enables to link all the obtained results with absolutely clear positioning on the terrain. Practical value. With the use of the Trimble MX2 scanning system, road surveys of Ukraine are already being carried out, which allows to quickly and qualitatively develop capital repair and reconstruction projects and to determine the necessary measures for the proper operational maintenance of road sections.

The Economic Factor as a Key in Planning Activities of the National Road Network

Transport has a key role in economic and social development. It generates economic growth by increasing access to health, education, and other national and regional public services. On one hand, investment in the transport sector boosts economic growth by increasing the return on private investment. On the other hand, the improvement of the transport service helps to reduce the prices of resources and thus - to reduce the production costs, to increase the possibilities of access to different markets. An important problem in defining the need for the construction of transport infrastructure objects is consideration of the economic factor of the projects. It is necessary for making decisions on the implementation of transport policy at the national and international level. Bringing out the economic factor as a key factor in the planning of activities on the national road network has a wide public significance, this necessitates the improvement of coordination in terms of its implementation.

Modern methods for calculating transport infrastructure objects for progressive collapse

Modern Russian methods for calculating transport infrastructure objects for progressive collapse have been analysed and classified. An overview of the methods implemented in the SCAD and LIRA computer systems has been made. The transport infrastructure objects of the frame scheme have been calculated for progressive collapse with the removal of the supporting element. The results of the calculation of the frame scheme, taking into account additional parameters: damping of elements; joint work of the floor and steel structure elements; physical and geometric nonlinearity have been analysed. Analytical, statistical and mathematical methods were applied.It has been established that the existing software systems have sufficient functionality for calculating transport infrastructure objects in a static, dynamic, linear and non-linear problem setting. The results of calculations performed in different computer systems show different results in dynamic and quasi-static methods.The necessity of adjusting the existing Russian building codes, taking into account the calculation procedures in modern computer systems, is revealed.

UKRAINE IN THE INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT CAPITAL MARKET IN THE CONTEXT OF POST-WAR ECONOMIC RECOVERY

UKRAINE IN THE INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT CAPITAL MARKET IN THE CONTEXT OF POST-WAR ECONOMIC RECOVERY

SURVIABILITY OF THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM AND METHODS OF ITS INCREASE

The proposed concept of the survivability of the transport system as one of the important indicators of the functioning of the transport system in the conditions of emergency situations of a military, natural and manmade nature. The list of factors influencing the specified indicator of the transport system was analyzed and a list of measures aimed at increasing this indicator was proposed. The increase in the intensity of the combat use of air and space attack means and changes in the enemy’s views on the conduct of war, in particular the use of terrorist methods of attack on civilian transport infrastructure objects with the aim of intentionally causing damage and hindering the functioning of the transport system, require a significant review of issues related to the implementation of basic transport functions and ensuring a continuous transport process. The list of measures to increase the security and survivability of the transport system related to complex systems, ensuring its stability and, in particular, survivability, also require additional study.

Influence of financing water protection measures in the field of transport on water quality of water bodies

Transport is a major water consumer and source of environmental pollution, including water resources. In order to preserve and improve water quality in water bodies at industrial and transport enterprises, including railway enterprises, water protection measures entailing permanent signifi cant funding are required. The study is aimed to develop a methodology for determining dependence of water quality of the water body on the real financing of water protection measures; theoretical justifi cation of the choice of water quality of the water body from the quality of wastewater (WW) of water users, discharging them into the water body and amount of financing of water protection measures. The solution of the task of determining the best water quality in a water body under limited fi nancing of water protection measures and rational distribution of fi nancial resources between water users, including transport infrastructure objects, is proposed. Financing of water protection measures in Russia is less than abroad and has been decreasing over the last three decades. The limits for pollutant concentrations in pollutant discharges into water bodies and water disposal systems in Russia are often set very strict, sometimes more stringent than those for drinking water, which leads to unjustifi ed spending of investment costs. It is pointed out that at present in Russia market relations in the field of nature and, in particular, water use have not been formed. The basic diffi culties at realization of these relations in our country are designated. When using the proposed methodology, the rational quality of water resources of water users by limiting pollutants and the rational distribution of funds for water protection measures among water users within the limited amount of financing are determined. The extent to which water quality in a water body changes is also determined. The possibility of practical application of the proposed methodology is considered.

АНАЛІЗ ТА ОЦІНКА ОБСЯГІВ ФІНАНСУВАННЯ ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ ТРАНСПОРТНОЇ ТА ЦИВІЛЬНОЇ ІНФРАСТРУКТУРИ УКРАЇНИ

Introduction. Critical infrastructure, including transport and civilian infrastructure, is one of the determining factors for the stable and efficient functioning of the economy and development of the state. In this regard, in order to organize the restoration and modernization of Ukrainian infrastructure damaged as a result of Russian aggression, it is extremely important to determine the necessary amount of funding for these works, which will provide more favorable conditions for determining the sources of funding, timing and appropriate resources for their implementation. Problem Statement. A wide range of damage and destruction has been sustained by a fairly large number of transport and civilian infrastructure facilities, making it impossible to determine their exact extent. At present, generalized statistics on the scale of such losses are mostly known. Therefore, the development of methodological approaches to building approximation estimates of the required amount of funding for the restoration and modernization of Ukrainian transport and civil infrastructure is quite relevant from both a scientific and practical point of view. Purpose. To develop a mathematical model and an appropriate algorithm for calculating an approximation of the required amount of funding for the restoration and modernization of transport and civil infrastructure. To analyze the data on the extent of their destruction and damage caused by the Russian aggression. Materials and Methods. Statistical data and generalized estimates of the extent of damage and destruction of Ukraine's transport and civilian infrastructure. Expert estimates of the costs of restoring infrastructure. Methods of mathematical modeling, systematic and statistical analysis of losses to the country's economy. Results. The data on the volume of destruction and damage to the main objects of transport and civil infrastructure of Ukraine were analyzed. On the basis of the proposed approach, approximations of the amount of funding required for their restoration are calculated. Conclusion. The results of the study show that direct costs for the restoration of transport and civil infrastructure will amount to more than $ 252.2 billion, and, accordingly, indirect costs, taking into account the coefficient of 1.2 – $ 302.6 billion. Thus, in the coming years, it is necessary to ensure the implementation of modernization and restoration of Ukrainian infrastructure totaling more than $ 554.8 billion.

Problems of adaptation of the architectural environment of transportation infrastructure for people with disabilities

The article considers the problems of adapting the architectural environment of the transport infrastructure for people with disabilities. One of the tasks of modern urban planning and architecture is the creation of a humane barrier-free environment. When designing transport infrastructure objects, namely modern multimodal complexes, it is necessary to create equal conditions for receiving services for all categories of the population. People with disabilities in our country, unfortunately, do not have the opportunity to lead a full-fledged lifestyle due to infrastructural limitations. Moreover, after the war, the number of less mobile population groups will increase and will consist mostly of still young, active and ambitious people, full of desire to live and develop, and who will look for the possibility of affordable movement for their own fulfillment.
 Due to the existing aggressive urban environment with many obstacles, people with disabilities have practically become prisoners of their apartments and houses, which provokes depression, domestic conflicts, and prevents them from exercising their desire to be full members of society. Therefore, in a modern city, it is especially important to support the desire of people with disabilities to live actively and overcome the difficulties that life and war have put before them. For this, first of all, it is necessary to develop "accessible" transport for people with limited mobility, its accompanying environment, and also to ensure that there are no insurmountable obstacles on the way to them.
 The article presents an analysis of the legislative framework of Ukraine, which describes measures implemented since 2014 by the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine together with the National Assembly of People with Disabilities of Ukraine. The main requirements, which must be observed by projects of transport facilities and measures aimed at the organization of unhindered receipt of services, are indicated.

JUSTIFICATION OF A NEW MODEL OF MUNICIPAL DISTRICT MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF TERRITORIAL PLANNING

Since 2003, the administrative-territorial division in Russia existed as part of rural and urban settlements, municipal districts, urban districts, intracity territories. This system of territorial division showed its ineffectiveness in terms of the timeliness of solving local problems and the quality of territorial planning, since local authorities constantly experienced personnel "hunger," lack of funding. In addition, external and internal migration of the population contributed to the change in population density in certain territories, to the demand for existing objects of social, engineering and transport infrastructure. Since 2019, municipal districts have been introduced, which, according to the criterion of population density and with the consent of citizens, unite rural settlements. Accordingly, changes are predicted in the compilation of territorial planning documents - master plans for rural settlements. The main problems of drawing up and applying master plans for the development of territories were considered, the economic effectiveness of creating municipal districts in the context of territorial planning was justified on the example of one of the districts of the Udmurt Republic. Centralization of management will save budget funds, establish information collection and optimize territorial planning processes, update and create new master plans for the development of territories, and increase the investment attractiveness of territories.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Fire Robots for the Protection of Transport Infrastructure Facilities

The paper considers a methodology for modeling fire dynamics when evaluating the effectiveness of fire robots to protect various objects of transport infrastructure with a high fire load on the example of an aircraft hangar. It is shown that the simulation of fire protection means with varying parameters can distort the results of the evaluation obtained on the basis of simulation. A comparative analysis of different ways of simulating the work of fire robots in the simulation of a fire resulting from the spill and ignition of aviation fuel in an area of 200 sq. m., in a hangar has been carried out.

Сутність і рівні реалізації проєктів транспортно-логістичного забезпечення туристських центрів

Tourist center is a locality (village, city, landscape) that attracts tourists due to the availability of specific resources and is a tourist service center with stable tourist flows, the leading system for which is the appropriate transport and logistics system. Its components are transport and logistics infrastructure – roads, communications, railway stations (passenger terminals) and vehicles. In turn, transport and logistics provision of tourism, and directly of tourist centers, is manifested in the use of this infrastructure and vehicles and supply of the relevant services. The state of transport and logistics infrastructure of the tourist center provides a certain level of transport and logistics services for tourists, including cost, time, quality, and safety. The purpose of this study is to define the main types of projects for transport and logistics provision of tourist centers and establish their specifics as a basis for further development related to the management of this category of projects. The main types of projects of transport and logistics provision of tourist centers, which are related to the creation/modernization/development by types of transport: objects of transport and logistics infrastructure (roads, tracks, railway stations, passenger terminals); vehicle parks; relevant services (transport routes). It is determined that projects of transport and logistics provision of tourist centers are related to obtaining a product that can be important for different spheres (not only tourism) and at different levels, which substantiates the concepts of «multidimensionality» and «multilevelness» of these projects and determines the essence of their specificity. In addition, many projects in this category are implemented at the State level (or with partial provision by the State) and are not commercial. It is found that in many projects there is a need to coordinate the parameters of the transport and logistics infrastructure of adjacent tourist centers and transport hubs, which are basic for tourist flows of a particular tourist center or their combination. These properties lead to the need to assess the value of these projects, taking into account the existing specifics.

Investigation of the influence of negative temperatures on the technological properties of belite sludge

The paper describes the characteristics of belite sludge - a large-tonnage waste of alumina production. The influence of negative temperatures on the technological properties of the sludge was investigated. The regularities of sludge cooling during its excavation, long-term storage and in the technological process of structural layers’ construction in winter conditions have been studied. Recommendations have been developed for the construction of foundations (coatings) from sludge and sludge-mineral materials at temperatures below minus 20°C. The implementation of research results helps to prolong the construction season, reduce material consumption and increase durability during construction, reconstruction and repair of transport infrastructure objects.

DEVELOPMENT OF DETERMINATION METHODOLOGY OF THE EXTERNAL (ECONOMIC) DEPRECIATION INFLUENCE ON THE COST OF REAL ESTATE OBJECTS UNDER MODERN CONDITIONS

The purpose of the scientific work is to develop a methodology for determining the impact of external (economic) depreciation on the value of real estate. The essence of external (economic) depreciation is analyzed, in particular, the nature of its impact on the value of real estate over time is determined. Traditional methods of determining external (economic) depreciation were studied, their analysis and grouping were performed, and an algorithm for the use of traditional methods was developed. The necessary prerequisites for the application of these methods, their advantages and disadvantages were determined, and the results of practical testing were analyzed in the study [4]. It was concluded that for the effective application of traditional methods of determining external depreciation, it is necessary to have a sufficient amount of information about the real estate market and high liquidity of the property. It was found that it is problematic to apply the considered methods to specialized, illiquid or nonliquid property, which, in particular, includes transport infrastructure objects. Using the results of the study [4], it is proposed to additionally apply two specific methods (method of power dependence, object liquidation method), which take into account the lack of information about the real estate market and the specifics of specialized objects. Adaptation of methods of power dependence and object liquidation to real estate in the field of transport infrastructure has been carried out. Based on the proposed methodology, an algorithm for estimating the value of real estate, taking into account economic wear and tear, was developed. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The scientific novelty of the study is the development of a methodology and algorithm for estimating the value of real estate, taking into account economic depreciation, based on the determined liquidity of real estate. The practical value of the proposed algorithm and methodology is ensuring the possibility of their application to various types of objects, in particular, to specialized and non-specialized, liquid and illiquid, private and public. This becomes especially important in modern conditions, when there is a need to assess the property damaged by the war in order to carry out its recovery, repair, reconstruction or liquidation.