Transfer Switch Research Articles

Super-Resolution Mitochondrial Fluorescent Probe for Accurate Monitoring of Drug-Induced Liver Injury.

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) has emerged as an urgent clinical challenge. It is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction in liver cells, which leads to abnormal changes in H2O2 levels within the mitochondria. Super-resolution imaging allows for the observation of the fine structure of mitochondria at the nanometer scale, potentially enabling the detection of mitochondrial H2O2 levels during DILI at the subcellular organelle level. Here, we report the design and synthesis of a novel H2O2-activated probe for the detection of mitochondrial H2O2 levels. SML is a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe with a large Stokes shift (260 nm) and a sensing mechanism based on intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) switching. Super-resolution imaging of mitochondrial H2O2 was conducted using structured illumination microscopy (SIM). The improved accuracy in observing periods of mitochondrial dysfunction allows the SML probe to be effectively utilized for the rapid monitoring nanoscale upregulation of H2O2 during DILI and hepatic fibrosis, thus providing SML with the capability to screen for effective therapeutic candidates.

Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) for Floating Lift Net Powered by Hybrid Energy Source

The increasing demand for renewable energy as an alternative to fossil fuels has driven innovations in hybrid power systems. This study focuses on optimizing a hybrid energy system for a floating lift net utilizing solar panels (photovoltaic) and a backup generator managed by an Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS). The ATS system is designed to automatically switch to the backup generator when the primary photovoltaic system drops below a preset voltage threshold of 10V. Additionally, a Visual Basic monitoring system was developed to track key parameters, including battery capacity and the output voltage from both the main and backup systems. The results show significant fuel savings and reliable energy supply using the hybrid system on a floating lift net.

VMD‐Based Feature Extraction and Enhanced GWO‐DBN for Health Assessment of Automatic Transfer Switching Equipment

<scp>VMD</scp>‐Based Feature Extraction and Enhanced <scp>GWO</scp>‐<scp>DBN</scp> for Health Assessment of Automatic Transfer Switching Equipment

Application of inverter input rating method and standard AC voltage drop/over method on automatic transfer switch for hybrid powered e-bike charging station

Automatic transfer switch (ATS) is useful for integrating two different energy sources can be applied to e-bike charging stations. Renewable energy sources from sunlight using 2×100 Wp photovoltaic (PV) modules as the main source in this study, as well as grid energy sources functioned as backup energy. This ATS uses inverter input rating methods and standard AC voltage drop/over, a novelty of this study. The amount of current during testing is up to 14.09 A. The value of the inverter input voltage affects the quality of the inverter output voltage, there is a stability of the inverter output voltage from the AC voltage standard ±5% of the, lowest voltage value of (Vo_inv) = 223.9 V and the highest value (Vo_inv) = 226.1 V, at the time of (Vi_inv) max = 14.15 V and (Vi_inv) min = 12.66 V. It can be concluded that the ATS works in the PV position of the supply to the e-bike load, in the PV state it can produce power of a maximum value of 135.9 W at 11:25 am and is at the lowest power of 31 W at 03:31 pm. This ATS device in the switch mode successfully implemented a duration range of 10-21 ms, during the transfer of energy.

Ion Chemistry in Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization: Recent Advances in Direct Gas Phase Analyses.

Dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) sources, employing low-temperature plasma, have emerged as sensitive and efficient ionization tools with various atmospheric pressure ionization processes. In this review, we summarize a historical overview of the development of DBDI, highlighting key principles of gas-phase ion chemistry and the mechanisms underlying the ionization processes within the DBDI source. These processes start with the formation of reagent ions or metastable atoms from the discharge gas, which depends on the nature of the gas (helium, nitrogen, air) and on the presence of water vapor or other compounds or dopants. The processes of ionizing the analyte molecules are summarized, including Penning ionization, electron transfer, proton transfer and ligand switching from secondary hydrated hydronium ions. Presently, the DBDI-MS methods face a challenge in the accurate quantification of gaseous analytes, limiting its broader application in biological, environmental, and medical realms where relative quantification using standards is inherently complex for gaseous matrices. Finally, we propose future avenues of research to enhance the analytical capabilities of DBDI-MS.

Implementation of Solar PV Protection System in Indonesia: A Review

Conventional energy sources will run out if used continuously and damage the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop other energy sources that are safe, environmentally friendly, and inexhaustible known as renewable energy sources to meet energy needs in Indonesia. This article presents a review that discusses the protection of solar panels and PLTS. Solar panels are vulnerable to lightning strikes and other electrical disturbances, so an effective protection system is needed. This study uses a qualitative method through a literature study, reviewing various protection methods such as conventional and electrostatic lightning rods, good grounding systems, and overcurrent detection devices such as Solar Charge Controller (SCC) and Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). In addition, battery protection with Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) and Low Voltage Disconnected (LVD) is also discussed. Using Arduino Uno, ESP 32, and PLC, automation approaches offer real-time monitoring and control solutions for solar power plant performance. Innovations in the lightning protection zone concept and minimal quantity measurement schemes enable more cost-effective design of protection systems without reducing the level of protection. The results show that these various protection methods can provide effective and efficient protection for solar power plants, enabling optimization of system function and safety. In conclusion, the protection systems reviewed in this study offer a sustainable solution to Indonesia's energy challenges by utilizing the maximum potential of solar energy. The potential for further research is presented in this article to develop more efficient and effective protection methods.

Biochar coupling induced charge transfer switching of a NiAl2O4/NiCr2O4 photocatalyst to enhance photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride

A series of novel (NiAl2O4 (NAO)/NiCr2O4 (NCO)) (S1)/GL heterojunction photocatalysts, denoting as x%GL/S1 (x = 5, 10, 15 and 20), were prepared by the polyacrylamide gel method combined with low temperature sintering technique. Various characterizations confirm that there is special interfacial contact and charge transfer between NAO, NCO and GL. The 10 %GL/S1 heterojunction exhibited the best photocatalytic activity and cyclic stability for the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC). Compared to NAO, NCO and NAO/NCO, the degradation efficiency of 10 %GL/S1 was significantly improved, and the degradation percentage reached 83.2 % within 30 min. The activity of 10 %GL/S1 was studied in relation to catalyst content, drug concentration, pH value, water quality, and co-existing anion. Trapping experiments and free radical verification experiments confirmed that the holes, hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals played crucial roles in the photocatalysis process. Possible pathways for TC degradation were studied by HPLC-MS, and the ecotoxicity of TC and its degradation intermediates was evaluated by T.E.S.T. software. The charge transfer and photocatalytic mechanisms confirm that the introduction of GL enhances the interfacial interaction between the components, promotes the carrier migration efficiency, provides a large number of active sites for 10 %GL/S1 heterojunction, and produces active free radicals after redox reaction with photoinduced electrons, effectively improving the degradation efficiency of TC.

Solar Power Plant Optimization using Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) and Low Voltage Disconnect (LVD)

The automatic system model uses a Solar Charge Controller (SCC) to turn off the solar panel system at the minimum battery point so that the battery is safe and durable and an Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) to automatically transfer the electricity network from State Electricity Company or Grid or solar panels. In this study, Solar Panel Priority Grid electricity is used if the solar panel is insufficient and hybrid system with solar panel priority with 2 cut out battery usage. The results of this study are 450WP Solar Panel, 100A SCC MPPT, 12V/100Ah Battery, and 3000 Watt Modified Sine Wave Inverter, Miniature Circuit Breaker, Contactor, Relay Switch, Time Delay Relay and Indicators. The results of the switching process test between the Solar Power Plant source and grid with ATS control can run automatically in Grid Priority Mode, meaning Solar Power Plant as a backup, or Solar Power Plant Priority Mode where the grid source is used as a power backup system. In the Battery Capacity Optimization System, Low Voltage Disconnect (LVD) Protection can work well, namely it can cut off the voltage from the inverter if the battery is in a low voltage state at a rating below 10.8 Volts, Auto Cut Charging Protection testing can charge the battery up to 13.8 Volts and Cycle Use, namely the process of this system can work to store energy while releasing energy to run the load. The results of this study can be used as a reference for the best choice of the most efficient Solar Power Plant system.

Design and Realization of Plasma Treatment Auxiliary Device

Surface treatment, as a process to obtain specific components on the surface of a substrate, can significantly improve the surface properties, such as the plasma surface treatment process, which has the effect of cleaning the surface contaminants, improving the surface wettability and improving the adhesive strength, and has been widely used in automotive, aerospace, construction, intelligent manufacturing and other fields. Due to the complexity of the surface treatment process of the plasma process, specialized auxiliary devices are required in the treatment, however, the existing auxiliary devices are expensive and difficult to meet the demand for customized surface treatment process in the laboratory. To address the above problems, this paper designs a plasma processing auxiliary device with CS10-3 controller as the core, using the controller, stepper motor, driver and transfer switch as the control system, with the rack, fixed block, slide and adjustment block to realize plasma surface treatment operation, which can realize the purpose of quantifying process parameters (speed, distance, power, etc. ) on the basis of significantly reducing the development cost of the equipment. Practice and analysis results show that: the auxiliary device in less than 800 W power to achieve the processing speed in the range of 0~20cm/min range of adjustment, the processing distance in the range of 0~5cm adjustable, reduce labor intensity at the same time, improve the processing efficiency, processing quality and surface consistency.

Three phase microcontroller based automatic change-over selection switch

The significance of electricity in a developed country cannot be underestimated because power instability problem affects the economy growth, productivity and infrastructure development. The issues of phase failure, losses and phase imbalance earth fault are main causes that lead to unstable and erratic power supply. Most homes and office complexes where single-phase supply is needed are supplied with three phases of power supply to allow change from one phase to another when there is fluctuation or complete outage of power supply on a particular phase. This operation is normally done manually and has caused a setback in terms of time wastage, strenuous operation, susceptibility to fire outbreak, electric shock and high maintenance frequency. When voltage supply on a phase is below 220V or above 415V, this system automatically disconnects the load from the phase and connects to another where the required condition is met. Therefore, this paper presents a Microcontroller Based Automatic Transfer Switching System which is made up of voltage sensing circuit, Hall Effect current sensor, relays, LEDs and LCD of PIC16F877A microcontroller. A system flow chart was developed, programmed with MikroC software and simulated using Proteus electrical software design. A 10KVA single phase generator was used as alternate power source. The load capacity of the design was determined by decoupling Maxwell’s Equations of 8KW and power loss using pointing vector equation as 0.25% of the peak load. The switch is tested to have function optimally within ±5% nominal voltage of 220 - 415V supply and produced approximately 20 seconds elapses during the entire process of power supply changeover. Hence this device is suitable for Industrial and Domestic use where 3-phase power supply is available with a stand-by power source.

Seamless Solar-Powered Hydroponics Revolutionizes Urban Farming in Indonesia

This study explores the use of PLTS (solar power) as an alternative energy source for urban hydroponic systems. Due to PLTS's limited capacity, an automatic transfer switch (ATS) is utilized to seamlessly switch between PLTS and PLN (public electricity) based on sensor readings. The system uses an INA219 sensor to monitor PLTS voltage, a TDS sensor for water quality, and a NodeMCU microcontroller, with data displayed on an LCD and Blynk for remote monitoring. Testing showed a PLTS voltage of 12.0V, with sensor accuracies of 96% (INA219) and 98.59% (TDS). Overall, the system demonstrated reliable and optimal performance, providing a sustainable solution for urban hydroponic farming. Highlights: 1. PLTS and PLN integration ensures reliable power for urban hydroponics.2. High sensor accuracy supports precise system monitoring.3. Remote monitoring via LCD and Blynk enhances control and sustainability. Keywords: PLTS, hydroponic systems, automatic transfer switch, NodeMCU, sustainability

Pengaplikasian Panel Surya dan Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) untuk Menggerakkan Pompa Tanaman Hidroponik sebagai Sumber Energi Terbarukan

Solar panels are renewable energy which is very useful for agricultural needs to meet electricity needs, one of which is its application in agriculture, namely as a pump driver for hydroponic plants. Hydroponics is farming with an emphasis on meeting the nutritional needs of plants using water as a medium with a nutrient solution as fertilizer. In the hydroponic system the pump must be on continuously, for this reason the Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) tool is used to substitute the electrical energy of the State Electricity Company (PLN) with the electrical energy of solar panels in the event of a power outage from the State Electricity Company (PLN) which aims to drain nutrient water. This research aims to apply solar panels to a hydroponic plant system and apply the Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) tool as a substitute for the State Electric Company's (PLN) electrical energy and solar panels. This research was carried out on Jalan Polonia no.11 fresh water east, North Padang District, Padang City, West Sumatra in January – March 2024, with the initial stages (1) preparation, (2) solar panel assembly, (3) analysis of test results , (4) preparation of reports. The results of this research can determine the power output required by solar panels as a renewable energy source as well as the application of the Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) in hydroponic plant cultivation.

Design of Automatic Transfer Switch System Solar Power Plant – PLN

The utilization of solar power for generating energy is increasing in scale. The Solar Power Plant (SPP) operating system comprises On Grid, Off Grid, and Hybrid systems. To successfully execute a power supply transfer operation, it is important to do thorough study. The transfer process is automated by the utilization of voltage sensors. The voltage sensing is derived from the output of both the SPP system and the PLN (Indonesian State Electricity Company) system. This study involved conducting prime SPP (Self-Paced Reading) and prime PLN (Picture Naming) tasks. The stress analysis technique is conducted during transfer in both primes. When converting SPP to PLN and transferring from PLN to SPP, voltage measurements are conducted if the SPP is in its prime state. When the power line network (PLN) is in its optimal state, voltage measurements are conducted during the transition from PLN to the solar power plant (SPP) and vice versa. When the SPP is in its prime state, the average voltage during the transfer from SPP to PLN is at 217.8 V, as indicated by the measurement findings. The average voltage for transferring power from the power grid (PLN) to the power plant (SPP) is at 225.4 V. During the peak power load period, the average voltage transferred from the power grid (PLN) to the power plant (SPP) is at 220.18 V, whereas the average value when moving from SPP to PLN is at 220.12 V. At the prime PLN, there is a minor voltage variance due to the higher stability of the PLN voltage.

Hybrid solar power plant for lighting power source in the politeknik negeri jember engineering department building

The sun is one of the potential renewable energy sources in Indonesia. One use of solar energy is to generate electricity. The Politeknik Negeri Jember Engineering Building already has a hybrid type solar power plant. However, it has not been utilized optimally because it is not connected to the building’s electrical network. This research aims to plan the connection of a solar power plant with an engineering building lighting system. The electrical network for the Engineering Department building that will be supplied by the solar power plant is the electric lighting system on the 3rd floor. The cable chosen is 4 mm2 with a cable length of 81 meters. Electrical connection from the solar power plant to the engineering building electrical network is carried out via an automatic transfer switch. If the condition of the electricity generated is adequate, the electricity will be connected automatically to the building’s lighting electricity network. If the electrical energy produced is insufficient or has run out, the lighting electricity network will automatically connect to the main electricity source. The building’s solar power plant is equipped with an internet of things system to monitoring its performance. The daily lighting electricity consumption is around 2.55 kwh.

Automatic Transfer Switch Control Panel

Abstract: In Addressing the challenge of power outages, this paper introduces a diesel generator (DG) as a reliable backup power source. The centerpiece of the system is an automated transfer switch, meticulously engineered to transition power sources seamlessly. This automation is crucial for eliminating human error and ensuring swift action during power failures. The transfer switch, crafted predominantly from relays, underwent rigorous testing on a breadboard to ensure flawless operation. The design process was methodically segmented into three distinct phases: the power supply unit, the voltage comparator, and the switching mechanism. Each phase was individually tested and then meticulously assembled onto a printed circuit board (PCB). This innovative paper delivers a cost-effective and high-performing solution, ideal for both urgent and routine standby applications, ensuring continuous power supply with minimal interruption.

Enhanced charge separation via ZnIn2S4@S-doped-C3N4 S-scheme heterojunction for efficient photocatalytic water splitting under visible light

Heterojunction photocatalysts possess high efficiency in photogenerated electron-hole separation, which give significant advantages in the field of solar hydrogen production. Herein, a novel ZnIn2S4@S doped g-C3N4 (ZIS@SCN) heterojunction with mesoporous structure was prepared for photocatalytic water splitting under visible light. Characterization showed that the element of S was successfully introduced into g-C3N4 (CN) by replacing N to form C–S–C bonds and significantly enhanced the visible light absorption ability. The constructed heterojunction exhibited excellent photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible light. The best performance belonged to the sample of ZIS@100SCN. The corresponding H2 production rate reached 9.3 mmol h−1 g−1, which was 1.87-fold higher than that of the undoped one. More importantly, the heterojunction realized overall water splitting of H2 and O2 evolution simultaneously with good stability. The mechanism analysis indicted that introducing the element of S could regulate the band structure of CN and induce the charge transfer switching of a ZnIn2S4@g-C3N4 (ZIS@CN) photocatalyst from Ⅰ-type to S-scheme, which promoted the efficient spatial charge separation and maintained the high redox ability of the ZIS and SCN. This work provides an insight in construction high performance S-scheme heterojunction for water splitting with a doping method.

Application of Automatic Transfer Switch at Solar Power Plant in Langgar Nurul Hikmah North Banjarbaru in Support of Green Energy

The use of PLTS electrical energy is still hampered by the condition of the batteries which are often damaged. If the PLTS battery capacity is unable to support the load or is empty, then the electricity must be immediately transferred to the PLN source. Because these frequent delays cause PLTS batteries to quickly become damaged. Therefore, automatic control uses the Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) to optimize the use of green energy in Langgar and increase solar cell power to become Langgar's main electricity source. It is hoped that this service activity can become a pilot project for independent energy sources for places of worship in wetland environmental areas. The implementing team has accommodated the activity targets set by LPPM in the form of optimizing TTG and renewable energy. Based on the survey results, understanding about socialization and education on the application of ATS in PLTS increased by 73%.

RANCANG BANGUN PROTOTIPE SISTEM MONITORING ATS-AMF DAN BATTERY CHARGER MENGGUNAKAN TELEGRAM DI PERUMDA AIR MINUM TIRTA SANJIWANI UNIT PRODUKSI BLANGSINGA

The monitoring system of the Automatic Transfer Switch - Automatic Mains Failure (ATS-AMF) and battery charger is necessary to facilitate operators in remotely monitoring the system, thus ensuring the continuous supply of water to consumers. An Internet of Things (IoT)-based monitoring system does not require operators to always be on standby at the location, operators can monitor the system remotely outside their working hours. The prototype system is designed using the NodeMCU ESP32 DEVKIT V1 microcontroller and Telegram application for sending and receiving messages remotely, as well as providing spam notifications when disruptions occur in the ATS-AMF and battery charger systems. Data sent from the ATS-AMF includes voltage, frequency, current, power, the power source being used, and disruption data from both the PLN electricity source and the generator. Data sent from the battery charger includes voltage, current, battery charging stages, battery state of charge, and disruption data. Test results show a 100% success rate in data transmission through the Telegram chatbot, with an average delay ranging from 4.8 seconds to 5.7 seconds. This monitoring system ensures effective remote monitoring to maintain the smooth flow of electricity and the continuous supply of water to consumers.

RANCANG BANGUN PROTOTIPE SISTEM ATS-AMF BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER DI PERUMDA AIR MINUM TIRTA SANJIWANI UNIT PRODUKSI BLANGSINGA

The continuity of electricity supply from generators to consumers cannot always be guaranteed due to various factors such as planned outages, distribution failures, and the impacts of natural disasters. The Regional Public Water Company (Perumda) Tirta Sanjiwani has adopted generators as Backup Power Sources to ensure the availability of water supply to consumers. However, the Blangsinga Production Unit of Perumda Tirta Sanjiwani faces challenges in switching electricity supply between PLN and the generator set (genset), especially in operations requiring uninterrupted continuity. To overcome the instability of the electricity supply from PLN, the use of automatic systems such as ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch) and AMF (Automatic Main Failure) is necessary. The function of ATS is to switch from PLN to the backup power source (genset) when there is a disturbance or outage in PLN. AMF is responsible for detecting failures in PLN and initiating the genset as well as transferring the load to the backup power source when there is a failure in the main power supply. The ATS-AMF system prototype is designed using voltage sensors, frequency sensors, current sensors, and relays to ensure optimal performance and responsiveness to environmental conditions and power supply conditions.

AI‐enabled bumpless transfer control strategy for legged robot with hybrid energy storage system

AbstractDesigning Hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for a legged robot is significant to improve the motion performance and energy efficiency of the robot. However, switching between the driving mode and regenerative braking mode in the HESS may generate a torque bump, which has brought significant challenges to the stability of the robot locomotion. To address this issue, an AI‐enabled control strategy for bumpless transfer switching is proposed, which is composed of a Proximal Policy Optimisation (PPO)‐based non‐linear active disturbance rejection controller and Deep neural network (DNN)‐based bumpless transfer strategy. We indicate that the proposed intelligent strategy solves bumpless transfer by reducing the torque bump during the system switching process. Meanwhile, the authors analyse the energy driving subsystem and the energy regenerating subsystem based on operational modes and the energy flow. Via the parameters tuning criterion, the authors adopt a PPO algorithm to adaptively tune the parameters of the non‐linear active disturbance rejection controller, which can improve the performance of the primary torque control. A DNN‐based intelligent bumpless transfer strategy is proposed to set the initial value of two switching controllers at a switching moment. Simulations and experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.