Transfer Switch Research Articles

Simulations of a possible configuration of Premium Power Park

The voltage dip and the sudden electrical energy interruption are, probably, the most important disturbances of the power quality in the electrical system. Several technical solutions exist to mitigate voltage dips, respectively at plant or system level as for example: • the installation of Custom Power (CUSPO) for a single customer; • the Premium Power Park (PPP) for a group of customers. According to the PPP concept, the tenants of an industrial or commercial office park would be provided with a guaranteed level of electrical service quality made possible by Custom Power devices, such as the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), the Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM – Distribution STATCOM), the medium voltage Static Transfer Switch (STS). The paper summarizes the Premium Power Park idea and a possible configuration of it, studied by ERSE, including the system aspects and the analysis of the combined operation or interaction of the Custom Power.

Application of Automatic Transfer Switch at Solar Power Plant in Langgar Nurul Hikmah North Banjarbaru in Support of Green Energy

The use of PLTS electrical energy is still hampered by the condition of the batteries which are often damaged. If the PLTS battery capacity is unable to support the load or is empty, then the electricity must be immediately transferred to the PLN source. Because these frequent delays cause PLTS batteries to quickly become damaged. Therefore, automatic control uses the Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) to optimize the use of green energy in Langgar and increase solar cell power to become Langgar's main electricity source. It is hoped that this service activity can become a pilot project for independent energy sources for places of worship in wetland environmental areas. The implementing team has accommodated the activity targets set by LPPM in the form of optimizing TTG and renewable energy. Based on the survey results, understanding about socialization and education on the application of ATS in PLTS increased by 73%.

PLANNING AND FEASIBILITY STUDY OF A HYBRID SOLAR POWER PLANT WITH AN ADDED AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH (ATS) FOR AN OFFICE BUILDING

The Office of the Regent of Sidenreng Rappang (Sidrap), situated on Harapan Baru Street, Batu Lappa, Watang Pulu District, Sidrap Regency, South Sulawesi, consumes 200 kWh of electricity daily for lighting, resulting in substantial energy costs. Recognizing the potential for renewable energy, especially with a daily solar radiation potential of 5.8 kWh/m2, this study proposes the implementation of a hybrid solar power plant system. The system incorporates Photovoltaic (PV) as the primary energy source, with the Grid and Generator serving as backup sources through an AC Coupling configuration utilizing Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS). The research employs a simulation approach using HOMER Pro software for system modeling, SketchUp software for solar panel layout, AutoCAD software for ATS circuit modeling, and theoretical calculations for financial analysis. The results indicate a solar power plant capacity of 39.6 kW, producing 75,701 kWh/year with an impressive 83.3% renewable penetration. From an economic standpoint, the project requires an investment of IDR 642,714,960, with a net present cost of IDR 1,573,177,823, and a cost of energy value of IDR 1,401.38/kWh. In terms of feasibility, the project demonstrates a net present value exceeding zero (IDR 216,680,041), a profitability index greater than one (1.33), an internal rate of return surpassing the credit interest rate (12.488%), and a payback period of 7 years and 7 months. These findings affirm the feasibility of the hybrid solar power plant planning project for the Sidrap Regent's Office, showcasing its economic viability and potential for sustainable energy solutions.

Optimalisasi Generator Dan Panel Kontrol Pada Alat Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Sampah (Pltsa) Kapasitas 5 Kg

Part of the Waste Power Plant (PLTSa) is the control panel. In the previous research on its use, namely the type of generator with a power output of 500 W, with a voltage output of 11.9 V and the duration of charging the battery by the generator for 8 hours with the direct jumper method to the battery. The purpose of this study is to determine the process of obtaining current and voltage from the generator to the battery & to determine the battery charging speed. The research method for this PLTSa device is to consider the type & weight of the waste, vapor pressure, and the current voltage of the electric power generated using 2 blowers with 40 watts of power each. The results of calculating the battery charge for 8.8 hours. Based on the measurement results, with a mass of 5 kg of waste and a pressure of 6 bar, the burning time for firewood is 25 minutes, wooden blocks are 31 minutes and coconut shells are 35 minutes. At the maximum point, the current in the generator when it reaches 1243 rpm is 9 Ampere and the resulting voltage is 12.9 V, so the power obtained is 115.2 VA which can rotate two blowers. The conclusion of this study is that the charging speed of the battery in PLTSa equipment can be increased by changes to the specifications of the generator and SCC MPPT, eliminating Auto cut and Automatic Transfer Switch to streamline current loads.

Revitalisasi Sistem ATS: Integrasi Smart Relay dan Teknologi Otomatisasi Suhu.

This research delves into the intricacies of an Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) system anchored on the Zelio SR2A101BD smart relay. The exploration primarily centers on the functionality and performance metrics of the system's components, notably the PZEM-004T sensor for electrical data acquisition and the DS18B20 for temperature sensing. Through meticulous experimentation and testing, the research underscores the system's capability to seamlessly transition between primary (PLN) and secondary (PLTS) power sources during interruptions or failures. Utilizing the Zelio Soft 2 software as an analytical tool, the research gauges the system's efficiency and responsiveness. Noteworthy findings highlight an average transition time of 4.39 seconds from PLN to PLTS and 1.06 seconds in the opposite direction. This research culminates in affirming the ATS system's reliability and its potential as a pivotal component in modern electrical infrastructures.

Modeling of Cross-Coupled AC–DC Charge Pump Operating in Subthreshold Region

This paper proposes a circuit model of a cross-coupled CMOS AC–DC charge pump (XC–CP) operating in the subthreshold region. The aim is to improve the efficiency of designing XC–CPs with a variety of specifications, e.g., input and output voltages and AC input frequency. First, it is shown that the output resistance (Ro) of XC–CP is much higher than those of CPs with single diodes (SD–CP) and ultra-low-power diodes (ULPD–CP) as charge transfer switches (CTSs). Second, the reason behind the above feature of XC–CP, identified by a simple model, is that the gate-to-source voltages of CTS MOSFETs are independent of the output voltage of the CP. Third, the high but finite Ro of XC–CP is explainable with a more accurate model that includes the dependence of the saturation current of MOSFETs operating in the subthreshold region on the drain-to-source voltage, which is a function of the output voltage of CP. The model is in good agreement with measured and simulated results of XC–, SD–, and ULPD–CPs fabricated in a 250 nm CMOS.

Smart Home System With Battery Backup and Internet of Things

This research enhances Smart Home Systems by integrating an Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) for seamless power source switching between the grid and a backup battery, ensuring uninterrupted operation during power disruptions. An Automatic Battery Charging (ABC) system optimizes battery charging based on its condition, improving energy storage and efficiency. The system provides on-site electrical equipment control and sensor data access via a Human Machine Interface (HMI). Remote monitoring and control through the Blynk app offer convenience. Additionally, an energy consumption estimation feature allows users to estimate billing costs, with the Battery State of Charge (SoC) indicating the remaining battery capacity. Hardware testing showed the system's reliability with a 2-4 second ATS response and ±2-second ABC response. This research offers homeowners reliable power continuity and energy optimization. It contributes to IoT-based smart home systems, demonstrating ATS and ABC effectiveness, advancing both theory and practice for modern smart living.

Automatic Transfer Switch Kontrol Menggunakan Internet Of Thing (IoT)

This research aims to develop and implement an Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) control system using the Internet of Things (IoT) within the Nurul Jadid University environment. ATS is an important device in an electrical distribution system that allows automation of switching between primary and backup electrical power sources in fault situations. By utilizing IoT technology, this research aims to improve the efficiency, performance and monitoring of ATS at Nurul Jadid University, The research methodology involves designing, manufacturing, and testing a prototype of an IoT-based ATS system. Smart sensors will be installed on ATS devices to monitor parameters such as voltage, current, temperature and device status. Data collected by sensors will be sent via the IoT network to a monitoring platform that can be accessed in real-time by operators and maintenance personnel. It is hoped that the results of this research will increase the availability and reliability of electricity supply at Nurul Jadid University, by enabling early detection and quick action in disturbance situations. In addition, this system will also help optimize the use of electrical resources and reduce unnecessary energy consumption.
 By combining IoT technology with ATS control, this research presents an innovative solution to increase the efficiency and reliability of electricity supply in university environments. The results of this research can be a guide for other institutions interested in adopting similar technology in their electricity resource management

Preliminary study of the dual power source system for 11kV manufacturing substation’s battery charger

In the future, renewable energy sources will be a more sustainable solution. Solar energy can be used by the factory to charge a substation’s battery charger. The plan is to use solar energy to charge a battery charger in a factory. Solar energy is more efficient than coal, petroleum, and natural gas. This paper demonstrates the design or reconstruction of an existing circuit drawing to achieve the goal of this project. The design incorporates a changeover switch to perform the power supply changeover for solar energy in order to compare the efficiency of the battery charger using solar power energy to the existing loads. The solar simulation will be built and performed by the MATLAB Simulink model for the simulation part. The PV array represents solar energy by stimulating the I-V and P-V for various irradiance (W/m2) and temperatures (oC). This project aims to improve the circuit design in the substation’s battery charger, develop a solar energy harvesting system, and create an efficient prototype of an energy storage automatic transfer switching system. As a result, this project helps to reduce the rate of global electricity consumption, which has an impact on the environment. Commercials’ pollution is significantly reduced by solar energy. We can demonstrate the global benefits and relevance of implementing this concept, particularly in our industry, by preparing this study. Solar energy is a dependable and cost-effective energy source. The sun is a renewable energy source. While fossil fuels will eventually run out, sunlight will not.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A SMART BLUETOOTH BASED AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH CHANGEOVER FOR SMALL HOUSEHOLD GENERATORS

The necessity to develop a cost-effective, smooth, and secure method to automate switching between different power sources resulted in this study. The paper proposes the use of an automatic transfer switch, which automatically switches between the utility power supply and a backup generator, to ensure uninterrupted power supply. The study aims to develop a cost-effective and secure system that utilizes an android device for remote control and monitoring of the power-generating unit. By employing Bluetooth technology, the study eliminates the delays and errors associated with manual source switching. The research specifically focuses on creating an automatic transfer switch compatible with 5 KVA key starter power generators and developing an android application for remote control within a 10-meter Bluetooth range. The system uses electromechanical and solid-state relays for the generator's start/stop sequence and power transmission, respectively.

IoT Monitoring for PV System Optimization in Hospital Environment Application

Purpose: The objective of this study is to implement IoT monitoring to remotely monitor PV system output and efficiency to ensure the continuous supply to ventilators and monitors in the ICU Room of RSI Siti Khadijah Palembang.
 Methodology/approach: The approach implemented in this study is by installing IoT Monitoring as an automatic transfer switch to ensure the continuous supply for the load.
 Results/findings: The IoT monitoring shows the real-time production of PV panels, battery capacity, and inverter output. Hence, the operator can monitor the PV system output and decide whether to keep using sources from PV panels or switch to grid utilities during cloudy/rainy days.
 Limitations: The IoT monitoring system has supervised the system's reliability, but it is necessary to improve the output and efficiency of the PV system by adding artificial intelligence algorithms and installing active cooling to prevent overheating.
 Contribution: This study shows the effectiveness of implementing IoT monitoring for the On-Grid PV system installed on the rooftop of RSI Siti Khadijah Palembang.

Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) Using Omron CP1L PLC and Human Machine Interface

Airports in aviation services are required to use facilities with the latest technology. This requires a stable and uninterrupted electricity supply to operate correctly. The Automatic Transfer Switch design based on the CX-Designer Human Machine Interface moves the electrical power supply source from PLN to the Generator Set or vice versa. There are two operating modes, namely manual mode and auto mode. In operation, it is also equipped with an interlock function between the PLN contactor and the generator and a PLN phase loss sensor for the R, S and T phases. For auto mode, it uses a timer with a setting for PLN of 12 seconds and for the generator of 15 seconds. The control system uses an Omron CP1L-L20DR-D PLC with CX-Programmer programming for Human Machine Interface with CX-Designer. The Automatic Transfer Switch test was successful in system testing, starting from manual and auto mode, PLN phase loss testing, and timer testing; 100% of the entire hardware and software system ran well.

Integration of Home Automation and Security System Controller with FPGA Implementation

A home automation system is essential for promoting a safe and comfortable living environment and notable energy conservation for the user. However, the system’s favour had been obstructed by cost, power usage, inadequate security, complexity, and no emergency backup power. Current home automation systems with controllers were limited by their number of ports, fixed architecture, non-durable and non-parallel executions. Keeping this in view, integration of home comfort system, security system, and the automatic load transfer switch features are proposed using the base of Cyclone IV E: EP4CE115F29C7 FPGA Board (DE2-115). The top-level module is developed via Verilog Hardware Descriptive Language (HDL) with the bottom-up technique and used test bench for functional verification via ModelSim-Altera. The PWM method was applied to the lighting system to control the dimming of light through its digital signals via a maximum 500000 counter to improve energy efficiency for the proposed design. In this project, 200Hz pulses are successfully simulated to prevent visible flickering of lights in duty cycle generation. The light intensity of 40% and 100% are verified and successfully generated according to the inputs provided by the status of the LDR sensor and IR sensor. The proposed controller gives correct corresponding outputs to the 13 actuators based on the detected input stimuli. The proposed design utilized a total of 162 (<1%) logic elements, 32 registers, and total pins of 74 (14%). The proposed design successfully integrated the three-sub module and provided control on comfort and security system operations to prevent service failure during power blackout conditions at the top-level and utilized a low ratio of the FPGA.

Conformational coupling of redox-driven Na+-translocation in Vibrio cholerae NADH:quinone oxidoreductase

In the respiratory chain, NADH oxidation is coupled to ion translocation across the membrane to build up an electrochemical gradient. In the human pathogen Vibrio cholerae, the sodium-pumping NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (Na+-NQR) generates a sodium gradient by a so far unknown mechanism. Here we show that ion pumping in Na+-NQR is driven by large conformational changes coupling electron transfer to ion translocation. We have determined a series of cryo-EM and X-ray structures of the Na+-NQR that represent snapshots of the catalytic cycle. The six subunits NqrA, B, C, D, E, and F of Na+-NQR harbor a unique set of cofactors that shuttle the electrons from NADH twice across the membrane to quinone. The redox state of a unique intramembranous [2Fe-2S] cluster orchestrates the movements of subunit NqrC, which acts as an electron transfer switch. We propose that this switching movement controls the release of Na+ from a binding site localized in subunit NqrB.

Hardware Realization of an Innovative Disturbance Detection Algorithm for Control Strategy of Solid-State Transfer Switch

An accurate and fast Solid-State Transfer Switch (SSTS) has the potential to automate conventional utility network. Presently, It consumes most of the transfer time in detecting the condition for initiating the transfer process. Recent developments in the power semiconductor devices technology have reduced the switching time to the tune of nanoseconds. Hence, time consumed by the disturbance detection is significant in SSTS. IEEE Std. 1100-2005 and IEEE Std. 446-1995 requires fast load transfer for SSTS. Realization of an innovative machine learning technique is implemented on three AVR microcontrollers for each of three phases. The microcontroller executes segmentation of acquired signal and calculates derivative of each segment. From each pre-processed 10-sample segment, mean absolute deviation (MAD) and energy (E) features are extracted. On the basis of feature values, SVM classifier with the linear kernel detects disturbance. Logical OR gate generates transfer enable signal to initiate the transfer process. Results of case studies appreciate the ability of proposed hardware to detect common disturbances in power system under different operating conditions. The hardware provides a feasible solution for solid state transfer switch with required accuracy and speed.

Coordinated Control for Seamless Integration of Wind Energy Conversion System With Small Hydrogenerator Through Modified Notch Filters

This paper deals with the seamless integration of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind energy conversion system (WECS) with local grid constituted by a permanent magnet based small hydrogenerator (PMHG). The seamless integration is carried out using a solid state static transfer switch (SSSTS). The WECS-PMHG system is operated using a coordinated control strategy based on modified notch filters. The modified notch filters are adopted for the computation of (a) sensorless speed and position of the DFIG rotor, (b) fundamental constituents of unbalanced/nonlinear load current and (c) filtered DFIG stator voltages and phase angle. Moreover, the notch filters are also used for mitigating the effects of unbalance/nonlinearity in load currents on the stator and rotor currents of DFIG as well as PMHG currents. Additionally, the control methodology ensures no power interaction between the WECS and the PMHG during the synchronization process. This enables transient-free WECS and PMHG currents. Further, the coordinated control regulates the amplitude and frequency of system voltages even amidst wide variations in wind speed and load. The DFIG stator and wind currents are injected at unity power factor with the system voltages, while the excitation requirement of the DFIG is met by its machine side converter. The validness of the control is demonstrated experimentally through a developed laboratory-scale test bench.

Synchronizing Control of Wind Turbine Driven Doubly Fed Induction Generator System With DG in Remote Area Involving Solar PV-Battery Energy Storage

This paper presents a synchronizing control for wind turbine (WT) driven doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) system with DG (Diesel Generator) in a remote area consisting of solar photovoltaic (PV) array and the battery energy storage. The DFIG is operated with two voltage source converters (VSCs) namely VSC on rotor side (VSCR) and VSC on load side (VSCL) by sharing common DC link with a battery. Moreover, the solar PV array is connected to the DC link through a boost converter, which is used to acquire peak power from the PV array. The microgrid is designed with minimum power converters with enhanced reliability and reduced intermittency especially for islands. Moreover, two controls are presented for successful and smooth operation of microgrid. An additional frequency loop is added in the control of VSCR for minimizing the power fluctuations and for smooth connection of DG to DFIG-solar-battery based isolated microgrid with static transfer switch. Moreover, the VSCR control is framed to build the rated voltage at the DFIG stator with control over ON/OFF operation of VSCR. It is also designed to harness the maximum power from wind. The control of VSCL is framed to regulate the DG power to operate it in optimal fuel consumption zone whenever it is synchronized. Simulations are performed at steady and varying wind speeds, varying PV insolation and at unbalanced connected loads. Moreover, a prototype of isolated microgrid is developed in the laboratory and its experimental performance is investigated at different operating scenarios to evidence its robustness.

Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm Based Fuzzy Controller for Solid-State Transfer Switch Toward Fast Power Transfer and Power Quality Mitigation

Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm Based Fuzzy Controller for Solid-State Transfer Switch Toward Fast Power Transfer and Power Quality Mitigation

Research on high-speed railway vehicle emergency braking control based on rail surface foreign matter identification

In order to improve the operation stability of high-speed railway vehicles, an emergency braking control method for high-speed railway vehicles based on the identification of foreign matters on the track surface is proposed. The dynamic frame scanning method is used to build the image acquisition of abnormal objects on the high-speed rail track surface, and the visual sensor and vibration sensor are used to identify and process the features of foreign objects on the high-speed rail track surface. According to the abnormal feature extraction results, the command signal in case of foreign objects is transmitted to the terminal command library of the braking control system. According to the transfer switch of the emergency braking system to display the main emergency disposal output states such as the train emergency disposal information reception, emergency disposal level, emergency disposal type and other information, the joint control method of contact pressure distribution and non-uniform heat flux is adopted, and the joint control method of control system, drive system, disc friction system and signal acquisition system is adopted. The emergency braking control module is established to realize the emergency braking control of high-speed railway vehicles according to the feature recognition results of foreign matters on the rail surface. The test results show that the control module is less affected by the vehicle wheelbase characteristics, track structure characteristics and other factors when using this method for high-speed railway vehicle emergency braking control, and has a strong ability to identify the characteristics of foreign matters on the track surface, which improves the stability and real-time performance of emergency braking.

Penerapan Sistem ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch) sebagai Pengendalian, Pemantauan, dan Perawatan Berbasis IoT (Internet of Things)

The need for electricity is increasing along with population growth. The main electricity supply (PLN) is not always continuous in its distribution, so alternative power is needed, namely generators. The ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch) system can transfer the voltage source to the load. The ATS system is equipped with IOT in the form of a Blynk application on Android which functions as a controller and can send ATS damage notifications. This research was conducted to meet the electricity needs. Users can monitor, control and maintain the ATS system in the event of a breakdown. The method in this study uses a quantitative method, namely data collection by testing the ATS system and testing the IOT Blynk application function as a notification of damage to the ATS system. The result of transferring the PLN voltage to the generator is only 7 seconds and 3 seconds vice versa. There was damage to the lamp cable 1 time, the relay 1 time, and the fan cable 2 times. The results of measuring the current and voltage of the PLN source: lamp load 0.02A, 3.4V; fan 0.04A, 3.5V; AC motor 0.04A, 4V. Generator current and voltage measurements are as follows: lamp load 0.02 A, 9.1V; 0.03A, 9V fan; AC motor 0.05A, 4.5V.