Transesterification Method Research Articles

Biodiesel production performance by transesterification from used soybean oil.

The objective was to evaluate the yield of biodiesel production from used soybean oil for a better use of used oils by the transesterification method, Calcium Oxide (2 and 6%) and the Molar Ratio of ethanol were evaluated: oil (9:1 and 15:1). A 22 factorial experimental design with five central points was proposed to evaluate the effect of the ethanol:oil molar ratio parameters and the percentage of Calcium Oxide concentration on biodiesel yield. The highest biodiesel yield was 60.9%, with a 15: 1 ethanol:oil molar ratio and a 6% calcium oxide concentration. It should be noted that this performance could be optimized by applying the responsesurface methodology, the viscosity was 8.70 centistokes, a result that was close to the ASTM D6751-09 standard. Finally, the control variables with molar ratios greater than 15:1 and catalyst concentrations close to 6% are applicable to optimize the yield of biodiesel production.

Experimental analysis of energy, performance and noise emissions for biodiesel fuel obtained from animal waste fat

AbstractAnimal fats are one of the biodiesel raw materials. In this study, biodiesel was produced from horse fat by transesterification method and the produced biodiesel was mixed with euro diesel at 5% by volume, and experimental fuels in the form of D100 and D95B5 were obtained. Fuel properties of test fuels were determined. In addition, using the experimental fuels in a single‐cylinder, four‐stroke, water‐cooled diesel engine, the data obtained by investigating the engine performances, energy analysis, and noise emissions were presented with graphics and interpreted. In the experiment results; D95B5 fuel produced 0.68% more torque than D100 fuel at maximum torque value and D95B5 fuel produced 4.06% more power than D100 fuel at maximum engine power. In the minimum specific fuel consumption values, D100 fuel consumed 4.70% less fuel than D95B5 fuel. In terms of energy analysis, results are given for the maximum torque speed 1200 rpm, minimum specific fuel consumption speed 1200 rpm, and maximum power speed 2000 rpm for the experimental fuels. In terms of noise emissions, the engine made 0.56% less noise in the use of D95B5 fuel compared to the use of D100 fuel and 0.20% less noise at the maximum torque speed values, according to the average values of the maximum power cycle. As a result, adding 5% horse fat biodiesel to diesel fuel has yielded positive results in terms of engine performance, energy analysis and noise emission. This type of fuel can be used in diesel engines without any modification.

Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester) from Chlorococcalean Chlorella vulgaris by single step in-situ transesterification

Objectives: To study the single step in-situ transesterification process for synthesis of fatty acid methyl ester (biodiesel) from microalgae biomass Chlorococcalean Chlorella vulgaris. Methods: The growth and lipid productivity of an isolated microalgae C. vulgaris were studied under Chu‘s 10 modified media under phototrophic cultivation conditions. In-situ transesterification of this dry biomass with methanol in presence of base catalyst at 60 º C was carried out to investigate the fatty acid methyl ester’s biochemical composition by FTIR & analysis performed using GCMS technique. The cetane number was also calculated. Findings: The biodiesel fraction from C. vulgaris biomass was found to be 85.58%. The 43.40% lipid fraction was obtained from the biomass of C. vulgaris. In the in-situ transesterification process, the optimal concentration of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and methanol yields an 85.58 percent biodiesel fraction. The presence of lipid compounds and the biochemical composition of fatty acid methyl ester were verified with the help of FTIR spectral analysis. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis explores the fatty acid methyl ester profile, which comprises 29.05% and 56.54 percent saturated and unsaturated FAMEs. Through GCMS, the fatty acid methyl ester composition of C. vulgaris microalgae species was revealed through six types of fatty acid methyl esters, of which 54.95%, 11-octadecenoic acid methyl ester, is the dominant one. The cetane number of C. vulgaris biodiesel was determined to be 67.726; this is comparable to diesel fuel according to ASTM-D613, and the presence of a higher fatty acid methyl ester composition indicates favourable biofuel qualities. Novelty: The calculation of cetane number by theoretical method and affirmation of ecofriendly single step in-situ transesterification method for biodiesel production. Keywords: Chlorococcalean Chlorella vulgaris; Biodiesel; GCMS; FTIR; Cetane Number

Enhanced production of biodiesel using nanomaterials: A detailed review on the mechanism and influencing factors

The deterioration of fossil fuel supplies, combined with growing environmental concerns about fossil fuel extraction and consumption, has prompted worldwide communities to focus on renewable energy. Biodiesel production from various biomass feedstock is identified as an environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative. The application of nanomaterials as catalysts in the synthesis of biodiesel has enhanced the yield due to the selectivity. This review article is focused on the applications of potential nanoparticles in biodiesel production and their mechanism of action. The effect of operating variables, namely nanomaterial type, concentration, temperature, methanol to oil ratio, and water content on biodiesel production have been summarized. Under microwave-assisted transesterification, both sodium hydroxide and strontium oxide catalysts, produced highest yield (99%). For calcium oxide nanocatalyst, the highest biodiesel conversion obtained was 98.2% through microwave-assisted transesterification method of waste cooking oil. The optimal conditions for such a high conversion yield were methanol to oil ratio, reaction temperature, time, and catalyst loading of, 1:8, 65 °C, 76 mins, and 4 wt% respectively. The maximum biodiesel conversion yield achieved using KOH nanocatalyst was 96.44% in a microwave-assisted transesterification of waste cotton-seed cooking oil, at optimum conditions of 9.6 min, 0.65 wt% catalyst loading, and 7:1 methanol: oil ratio, respectively. Future perspectives on nanocatalysis for biodiesel production are explained.

Leucaena–Derived Biochar for Biodiesel Production

Giant leucaena wood was utilized to prepare heterogeneous catalysts through a fast pyrolysis method and chemical activation for transesterification. The obtained catalysts were investigated using SEM, CHNS/O analyzer, XRF and XRD. The influence of the concentration of KOH (3-9 M), catalyst amount (0.25-2.0 g), methanol to oil ratio (4:1-10:1), and reaction time (30-75 min) on FAME yield was also studied on transesterification reaction carried out at 60ºC under a 750 rpm stirring speed. The experiment results demonstrate that chemical activation was required to improve the porosity of the catalyst. The result showed that a well-developed porous structure was observed, as the concentration of KOH increased activated biochar become more porous. 7M-KOH for chemical activation was the best condition to obtain a porous catalyst. It was found that the main factors affecting the FAME yield were dependent on various parameters including methanol: oil ratio, catalyst loading, reaction time and stirring speed via transesterification process. The highest yield of 94.06% was achieved on 0.5g of the catalyst activated by 7M-KOH, a methanol:oil ratio of 6:1 and a 1-hour reaction. The obtained biodiesel mainly composed of different fatty acid in follow order C18:1 > C16:0 > C18:2 > C18:0. Properties reached the ASTM D6751-12 and EN 14214:2012 standard, indicating that leucaena-derived biochar is potentially utilized in biodiesel production.

Low-Cost 3D-Printed Reactionware for the Determination of Fatty Acid Content in Edible Oils using a Base-Catalyzed Transesterification Method in Continuous Flow

A low-cost flow system was designed, manufactured, and tested to perform automated base-catalyzed transesterification of triacylglycerols to determine the fatty acid content in edible oils. In combination with traditional gas chromatographic analysis (GC-FID), this approach provides a semi-automated process that requires minimal manual intervention. The main flow system components, namely syringe pumps, connectors (i.e., flangeless fittings), and reactors, were manufactured using 3D-printing technology, specifically fused deposition modeling (FDM). By fine-tuning 3D-printer settings, high-quality leak-tight fittings with standard threading were manufactured in polypropylene (PP), which reduced the overall cost of the flow system significantly. Due to the enhanced reactivity in flow, lower catalyst concentrations (≤ 1.5 wt.%) were needed compared to traditional batch reactions (5 wt.%). The suitability of the automated flow method was determined by comparing results with the certified fatty acid content in sunflower seed oil from Helianthus annuus. Acceptable levels of accuracy (relative errors < 5%) and precision (RSD values ≤ 0.02%) were achieved. The mostly 3D-printed flow system was successfully used to determine the fatty acid content of sunflower and other commercial edible oils, namely avocado oil, canola oil, extra virgin olive oil, and a canola and olive oil blend. Linoleic acid (C18:2) was the major component in sunflower oil, whereas all other oils consisted mainly of oleic acid (C18:1). The fatty acid content of the edible oils was comparable to certified and literature values.

Optimization and Kinetic Studies on Biodiesel Conversion from Chlorella vulgaris Microalgae Using Pyrrolidinium-Based Ionic Liquids as a Catalyst

This study describes the potential conversion of dried microalgae. Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) into fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) using the direct transesterification (DT) method and using ionic liquids (ILs) as a catalyst. In this work, the performance of monocationic IL, namely 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bromide (IL 1), and dicationic IL, namely 1,4-bis(1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl) butane dibromide (IL 2), as catalysts was compared for DT of C. vulgaris under microwave irradiation. The results revealed that IL 2 showed a better performance in catalyzing the DT reaction by producing 87.9 mg/g% of FAME, while the use of IL 1 led to 74.3 mg/g% of FAME under optimum conditions. The kinetic study for direct transesterification of C. vulgaris showed that the reaction followed a first order kinetic reaction where the activation energies were calculated to be 22.2499 kJ mol−1 and 22.0413 kJ mol−1 for IL 1 and IL 2, respectively.

Coconut oil and fermented palm wine biodiesel production for oil spill cleanup: experimental, numerical, and hybrid metaheuristic modeling approaches.

This paper for the first time synthesizes novel biodiesel experimentally using low-cost feedstocks of coconut oil, caustic soda, and fermented palm wine contaminated by microorganisms. The alkaline catalyzed transesterification method was used for biodiesel production with minimal glycerol. The produced biodiesel was biodegradable and effective in cleaning a shoreline oil spill experiment verified by our developed oil spill radial numerical simulator. For the first time, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was hybridized with invasive weed optimization (IWO), imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA), and shuffled complex evolution (SCE-UA) to predict biodiesel yield (BY) using obtained Monte Carlo simulation datasets from the biodiesel experimental seed data. The test results indicated ANFIS-IWO (MSE = 0.0628) as the best model and also when compared to the benchmarked ANFIS genetic algorithm (MSE = 0.0639). Additionally, ANFIS-IWO (RMSE = 0.54705) was tested on another coconut biodiesel data in the literature and it outperformed both response surface methodology (RMSE = 0.72739) and artificial neural network (RMSE = 0.68615) models used. The hybridized models proved to be robust for biodiesel yield modeling in addition to the produced biodiesel serving as an environmentally acceptable and cost-effective alternative for shoreline bioremediation.

Ultrasonication Assisted Catalytic Transesterification of Ceiba Pentandra (Kapok) Oil Derived Biodiesel Using Immobilized Iron Nanoparticles

The embedded immobilized enzymes (Rhizopus-oryzae) on the magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) is a new application for the sustainable production of high-quality biodiesel. In this study, biodiesel is derived from Kapok oil via ultrasonication (US)-assisted catalytic transesterification method. A novel attempt is made to prepare magnetic nanoparticles embedded by an immobilized enzyme to solve the problem of enzyme denaturation. This innovative method resulted in optimum biodiesel conversion of 89 ± 1.17% under reactant molar ratio (methanol: oil) of 6:1, catalyst loading 10 wt% with a reaction time of 4 h at 60 °C. The kinetic and thermal study reveals that conversion of Kapok oil to biodiesel follows a pseudo first-order reaction kinetic with a lower ΔE of 30.79 kJ mol−1. The ΔH was found to be 28.06 kJ mol−1 with a corresponding ΔS of −237.12 J mol−1 K−1 for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester formation. The ΔG was calculated to be from 102.28 to 109.40 kJ mol−1 for temperature from 313 K to 343 K. The positive value of ΔH and ΔG is an indication of endothermic and non-spontaneous reaction. A negative ΔS indicates the reactant in the transition state possesses a higher degree of ordered geometry than in its ground state. The immobilized catalysts provided great advantages towards product separation and efficient biodiesel production. Highlights: 1. Effective catalytic transesterification assisted by the ultrasonication method was used for bi-odiesel production. 2. Magnetite nanoparticles synthesized by the co-precipitation method were used as heteroge-neous catalysts. 3. An immobilized enzyme (Rhizopus-oryzae) was embedded in the heterogeneous catalyst, as it is reusable and cost-effective. 4. The maximum biodiesel yield obtained from Kapok oil was 93 ± 1.04% by catalytic trans-esterification reactions.

Simultaneous determination of monochloropropanediol esters and glycidyl esters in vegetable oils by acidic transesterification-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

建立了一种气相色谱-质谱同时测定植物油中3-氯丙二醇酯、2-氯丙二醇酯和缩水甘油酯的方法。称取0.25 g样品,依次加入内标工作液、四氢呋喃和酸性溴化钠溶液,50 ℃水浴反应15 min,加入6 g/L碳酸氢钠溶液终止反应,使用正己烷提取,上层液经氮气吹干后用四氢呋喃溶解。随后加入1.8%(v/v)硫酸-甲醇溶液于40 ℃恒温水浴中反应16 h,加入饱和碳酸氢钠溶液终止反应。样液再经过净化、衍生、提取、氮吹后,以1 mL正己烷定容,过膜,进样测定。采用毛细管气相色谱柱DB-5MS(30 m×0.25 mm×1 μm)分离,程序升温,电子轰击电离(EI)源检测,在选择离子扫描模式下,以保留时间和特征离子信息进行定性分析,内标法定量。结果表明,3-氯丙二醇酯、2-氯丙二醇酯和缩水甘油酯在0.01~0.80 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r2)均在0.999以上,方法的检出限(S/N=3)和定量限(S/N=10)分别为25、25、20 μg/kg和75、75、60 μg/kg。选取4种不同基质类型的样品,在低、中、高3个不同添加水平下的平均回收率为89.0%~98.7%,相对标准偏差(RSD)在2.05%~7.81%之间。采用该方法测定了市售112份植物油样本,其中有84份样本检出3-氯丙二醇酯、2-氯丙二醇酯和缩水甘油酯。与已建立的国家标准方法(GB 5009.191-2016)和行业标准方法(SN/T 5220-2019)相比,该方法所采用的酸性酯交换法可避免副反应(碱性条件下3-氯丙二醇、2-氯丙二醇及3-溴丙二醇向游离态缩水甘油转化)的发生,同时该方法也弥补了国家标准和行业标准无法对3-氯丙二醇酯、2-氯丙二醇酯和缩水甘油酯同时进行测定的缺失。该方法实验操作更高效,结果更准确、重复性更好,对我国植物油中3-氯丙二醇酯、2-氯丙二醇酯和缩水甘油酯污染水平的控制、检测标准的制定和生产工艺的优化具有一定的理论和现实意义。

Investigation of the effects of high-carbon alcohol addition to camelina oil methyl ester on the performance parameters and soot emission of a diesel engine

Abstract Reasons such as environmental problems and price instability have increased the interest in alternative energy sources. Biodiesel, which is a renewable alternative to diesel fuel, is among the most popular alternative fuels. Biodiesel is a biofuel obtained from the esterification of various oils such as vegetable, animal, waste frying and microalgae oils. In this study, the camelina plant, which has great potential in biodiesel production with its outstanding economic and agricultural characteristics, was preferred. The biodiesel was obtained from the camelina oil by the transesterification method, and the effects of adding different amounts of high-carbon alcohol (n-pentanol) to the biodiesel on the performance and formation of soot emissions of a diesel engine were investigated. High-carbon alcohols exhibit better fuel properties compared to low-carbon alcohols such as methanol and ethanol. Due to the increase in the number of carbons in the structure of alcohol, the cetane number and heat value increase, while the self-ignition temperature and the tendency to knock decrease. The engine experiments were carried out with four different fuels, namely diesel fuel (D100), biodiesel (B100), 10% pentanol added biodiesel (B90P10) and 20% pentanol added biodiesel (B80P20), at full-load variable-speed conditions. The experimental results revealed an improvement in the engine performance with the addition of 10% pentanol to biodiesel, while the performance parameters get worse with increasing pentanol ratio. In addition, due to the oxygen content of pentanol, it has been determined that it has positive effect on reducing the smoke emissions.

Advancements in Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Seed Oils for Biodiesel Production.

With the increasing demand for fossil fuels, decreasing fossil fuel reserves and deteriorating global environment, humanity urgently need to explore new clean and renewable energy to replace fossil fuel resources. Biodiesel, as an environmentally friendly fuel that has attracted considerable attention because of its renewable, biodegradable, and non-toxic superiority, seems to be a solution for future fuel production. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), an industrial crop, is traditionally used for manufacturing cigarettes. More importantly, tobacco seed is also widely being deemed as a typical inedible oilseed crop for the production of second-generation biodiesel. Advancements in raw material and enhanced production methods are currently needed for the large-scale and sustainable production of biodiesel. To this end, this study reviews various aspects of extraction and transesterification methods, genetic and agricultural modification, and properties and application of tobacco biodiesel, while discussing the key problems in tobacco biodiesel production and application. Besides, the proposals of new ways or methods for producing biodiesel from tobacco crops are presented. Based on this review, we anticipate that this can further promote the development and application of biodiesel from tobacco seed oil by increasing the availability and reducing the costs of extraction, transesterification, and purification methods, cultivating new varieties or transgenic lines with high oilseed contents, formulating scientific agricultural norms and policies, and improving the environmental properties of biodiesel.

Performance of Waste Insulating Mineral Oil-Based Biodiesel in a Direct-Injection CI Engine

Mineral oil has been used as an insulating fluid in the power industry. However, surplus waste oil poses serious environmental threats because of disposal concerns. Waste to biofuel is an excellent way to deal with waste material from various sources. In this study, the trans-esterification method was utilised to convert the waste-insulating mineral oil into a quality bio-fuel. Waste-insulating transformer oil was converted to biodiesel, and it was tested according to ASTM standards. Four different blends of waste-insulating biodiesel with diesel in 25 per cent (WIOBD25), 50 per cent (WIOBD50), 75 per cent (WIOBD75), and 100 per cent fractions (WIOBD100), were used for performance testing in a direct injection compression ignition (DICI) engine. The combustion parameters such as BSFC, EGT, and BTE were evaluated with varying crank angles and constant engine speed. The waste-insulating biodiesel performance results are then compared with diesel fuel. BSFC increased as the biofuel mixture in diesel was raised, and the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was significantly reduced compared to diesel for all WIOBD diesel mixtures. Due to the combustion process, a high pressure and heat release rate (HRR) were noticed inside the cylinder with the waste-insulating oil-derived biodiesel samples. WIOBD biodiesel blends produced lower levels of hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and smoke emissions than diesel fuel, but greater levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx) were produced than diesel fuel. In addition to lower emissions combined with improved engine performance, the WIOBD25 fuel blend has been found to be experimentally optimal for practical application. As a result, the test findings indicated that WIOBD biodiesel might be used as a substitute for conventional diesel fuel.

Biodiesel Generation from Palm Kernel Biomass via an In-situ Transesterification Approach

This study investigated an in-situ transesterification of palm kernel biomass at variable reaction times (4 h, 5 h and 6 h) and catalyst loading (2 wt%, 3 wt.% and 5 wt.%). The biodiesel yields were observed to vary with these parameters. GC-MS analysis showed high fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) contents for all the prepared biodiesel samples (C-18:1, C-14:0, C-16:0, and C-18:0). 2 wt.% catalyst loading and 4 h reaction time were observed to be the best reaction conditions from the experimented parameters that gave the best biodiesel yield at 300 rpm mixing intensity. The in-situ method recorded a higher degree of oil extraction and efficient conversion of oil to biodiesel (93.93%) compared to the conventional transesterification method which gave 89.45%. The kinematic viscosity, acid value and iodine value of 3.96 mm2/s, 0.56 mg KOH g–1 and 120 g 100 g–1 were found to be within the limits of ASTM D6751-09 and EN14214 standards. These results confirm that efficient production of biodiesel from palm kernel biomass could be possible through an in-situ acidic transesterification process.&#x0D; Keywords: Biodiesel, fatty acid methyl ester, palm kernel biomass, transesterification

Analysis of RSM Based BBD and CCD Techniques Applied for Biodiesel Production from Waste Cotton-Seed Cooking Oil via Ultrasound Method

Biodiesel was produced from the waste cotton-seed cooking oil with methanol in presence of the calcium oxide catalyst by the ultrasound-assisted transesterification method. The ultrasonication approach was used for biodiesel production as it significantly lower reaction time and is highly energy-efficient. This paper-work focused on the optimization of biodiesel production parameters methanol: oil molar ratio (A), CaO amount (B), process temperature (C) using the two different response surface methodology (RSM) such as box-behnken design and central composite design (CCD). Also a comparison of the results of the box-behnken design (BBD) and central composite design (CCD) has been carried out. Quadratic polynomial equations are obtained by investigating the experimental yield of the transesterification process. The impact of process parameters on biodiesel yield is discussed by various plots. It was found that the foremost influential parameter on biodiesel production was the CaO amount based on both BBD and CCD methods. A critical relationship with experimental results in BBD method R2 value is 97.73%, while within the case of the CCD method R2 value is 99.90%. The Optimized process parameters for the CaO catalyst were determined as Methanol: oil molar ratio: 12:1; CaO amount (w/w)%: 1%; reaction temperature: 50°C; and the corresponding yield: 96.45% for BBD and CCD methods, respectively.

Methyl Ester Type Produced by Catalytic Transesterification: From Various Oil Feedstock to Biodiesel Products

Biodiesel research has been carried out via transesterification. However, biodiesel products (methyl esters) have not encountered new insights, because feedstocks have been explored and studied. Various optimum conditions on transesterification reaction could produce different methyl ester type with different compound. So, this review describes various oil feedstock that were to find new insights about methyl ester type. The review took the results of study that has been published with experience for 10 years. The results of the study reviewed on the transesterification method, characterization of methyl esters, and its components. The component reviewed and correlated to the literature, structure, and GC-MS analysis. The review can provide challenges for methyl ester research in future research.

MICROALGAL BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND OIL EXTRACTION FOR SUSTAINABLE BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

Knowing the limitations caused by fossil fuels various researches are being conducted in search of a substitute fuel. One such substitute fuels are biodiesel. A microalgal feedstock is considered as the ideal third generation biodiesel as they are a highly efficient and sustainable source of fuel due to their high accumulation of lipid and are cultured without agricultural land or ecological landscapes, they help withglobal warming and treatment of wastewater. Even though they provide us with all these benefits, they pose various challenges. This review paper focuses on the important aspects of the production of biodiesel and addresses the challenges posed in the process. We discuss the process in detail from the efficient way to select the microalgal strain, effects of biotechnology and genetic engineering in improving the efficiency of the microalgae, the most efficient culture system and bioreactor used, and the optimum conditions that help the accumulation of the most amount of oil, detailed harvesting methods where both the physical, chemical, and biological methods are discussed in detail. The details of oil conversion to biodiesel by transesterification method followed by the recent developments to increase the oil production by the addition of nano-particles, advantages, and prospects have been discussed.

Waste rubber seeds as a renewable energy source: direct biodiesel production using a controlled crushing device.

A multistep and high-cost biodiesel production could be simplified using the direct transesterification (DT) method. A controllable device has been developed and applied to study the effects of the ratio of rubber seeds to methanol, catalyst concentration, reaction time and rotational speed on biodiesel conversion and fatty acid (FA) yield extraction. The controllable crushing device (CCD) assisted the DT of rubber seeds and operated at ambient temperature and pressure achieved a maximum biodiesel conversion of 97.5 ± 0.6% in a reaction time of 7 minutes. The biodiesel quality estimated based on the FA extraction profile is comparable with the biodiesel standard. In terms of energy efficiency and reaction time, the CCD saved 71–98% energy consumption and reduced the reaction time up to 99%.

A review: Effect on performance and emission characteristics of waste cooking oil Biodiesel- diesel blends on IC engine

Many of the efforts to come across potential sources for producing biodiesel from domestic resources have been motivated by the depletion of reserves fossil fuel, continuous rising demand of diesel fuel, and environmental concerns. Waste cooking oils (WCO) can be used to generate biodiesel, which is more cost effective than other biodiesel feed stocks. WCO can be used as a feedstock for biodiesel also solves issue of waste oil disposal. WCO contains high free fatty acid (FFA) that makes biodiesel production difficult, to solve this problem two step transesterification method adopted. This review contains biodiesel making from waste/used cooking oil through two step transesterification methods. It also assesses WCO biodiesel blends emissions, and engine performance characteristics and also discuss factors that affect production of WCO biodiesel.

Investigation of Fuel Properties of Tea Seed Oil Biodiesel and Diesel Fuel Mixture

In this study, tea oil methyl ester was obtained from tea seed oil by transesteri-fication method. D100, B100, B50D50 and B20D80 test fuels were obtained by mixing the methyl ester fuel obtained from tea oil with diesel oil at a rate of 50% and 20% volumetrically.Fuel properties were determined by performing the density, kinematic viscosi-ty, cetane number, pH amount, clouding, pouring and freezing point tests, and calorific value, color determination, flash point, cold filter plugging point and copper rod corrosion tests of the test fuels. Considering the test results, it was concluded that the mixtures of B50D50 and B20D80 methyl ester produced from tea oil could be used in diesel en-gines without any modification on the engine and they were alternative fuels to diesel fuel. However, when it is used as B100 fuel, it is not suitable for use on diesel engines in terms of cold flow properties.