Abstract
The embedded immobilized enzymes (Rhizopus-oryzae) on the magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) is a new application for the sustainable production of high-quality biodiesel. In this study, biodiesel is derived from Kapok oil via ultrasonication (US)-assisted catalytic transesterification method. A novel attempt is made to prepare magnetic nanoparticles embedded by an immobilized enzyme to solve the problem of enzyme denaturation. This innovative method resulted in optimum biodiesel conversion of 89 ± 1.17% under reactant molar ratio (methanol: oil) of 6:1, catalyst loading 10 wt% with a reaction time of 4 h at 60 °C. The kinetic and thermal study reveals that conversion of Kapok oil to biodiesel follows a pseudo first-order reaction kinetic with a lower ΔE of 30.79 kJ mol−1. The ΔH was found to be 28.06 kJ mol−1 with a corresponding ΔS of −237.12 J mol−1 K−1 for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester formation. The ΔG was calculated to be from 102.28 to 109.40 kJ mol−1 for temperature from 313 K to 343 K. The positive value of ΔH and ΔG is an indication of endothermic and non-spontaneous reaction. A negative ΔS indicates the reactant in the transition state possesses a higher degree of ordered geometry than in its ground state. The immobilized catalysts provided great advantages towards product separation and efficient biodiesel production. Highlights: 1. Effective catalytic transesterification assisted by the ultrasonication method was used for bi-odiesel production. 2. Magnetite nanoparticles synthesized by the co-precipitation method were used as heteroge-neous catalysts. 3. An immobilized enzyme (Rhizopus-oryzae) was embedded in the heterogeneous catalyst, as it is reusable and cost-effective. 4. The maximum biodiesel yield obtained from Kapok oil was 93 ± 1.04% by catalytic trans-esterification reactions.
Highlights
The economically significant production of carbon-neutral biodiesel from non-edible oilseeds has attracted attention as the ultimate alternative to depleting resources of petrodiesel [1]
In the wake of the issues concerning the increased demand for edible vegetable oil, environmentalists are concerned about a negative impact on the food chain due to biodiesel production
Unlike edible oil seeds that provide tough completion to using the land for production as the feedstock of biodiesel, these non-edible oil plants grow in wastelands, which further aids as green cover to the wastelands [7]
Summary
The economically significant production of carbon-neutral biodiesel from non-edible oilseeds has attracted attention as the ultimate alternative to depleting resources of petrodiesel [1]. The decentralized nature of such a renewable energy technology makes it well suited to the rural context [4,8]. In this regard, Ceiba pentandra, a non-edible oilseed locally known as kapok, can be used as raw material for producing biodiesel of high quality. Ceiba pentandra, a non-edible oilseed locally known as kapok, can be used as raw material for producing biodiesel of high quality It is mainly composed of cellulose, lignin, polysaccharide, and a small amount of waxy coating to give it more hydrophobic characteristics [5]. The application and natural production of this non-edible oilseed remain underutilized
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